MN505 Community Health Screening Report: Breast Cancer

This report details a community health screening initiative focused on breast cancer in Naples, Florida. It applies Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory to build a nurse-patient relationship. The screening aims to detect breast cancer early through mammography, targeting women over 40, particularly Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American populations. The screening activity will be held at Naples Community Hospital, with an estimated budget of $1,190. The initiative's goals include early cancer detection, reduced mortality, and increased awareness. The report outlines the screening process, preventive education, and anticipated outcomes, emphasizing the importance of early detection and routine mammograms. References are provided to support the findings and recommendations, highlighting the role of medical experts and nurses in health promotion and community education to reduce breast cancer prevalence.

Running Head: HEALTH SCREENING
HEALTH SCREENING
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Theory or Conceptual Model
The chosen theory for this health screening initiative is Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal
Relations Theory. The focus of this model is to build an interpersonal relation between a nurse
and a patient, which is the foundation of nursing practice. This model is an emphasis on the give
and take relation between a client and a nurse, and it is seen as a revolution for many. Peplau
aimed to build a partnership between a nurse and her client, which is the opposite of
submissively receiving treatment and the nurse just blindly following the orders of a doctor.
There are four components in this model such as person, which is the concept of reducing
anxiety that is caused by the greed in humans, environment is the cultural background and
existing forces around a person, health is another form of personality that signifies moving
forward, and lastly nursing, which is the therapeutic interpersonal process that helps in
interacting and functioning with other people to promote health in communities. It has a
sequential phase that is found during the buildup of an interpersonal relationship, which is
orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution (Deane & Fain, 2016).
Screening Purpose
Breast cancer is a life threatening diseases if not treated in the initial stages, which is the
reason the screening of breast cancer is extremely necessary. There is a need for this screening in
my community of Naples is because the women in this location is highly prevalent of breast
cancer. According to statistics, breast was found in 102/352 affected patients, which is 29% and
it is the highest amongst all type of cancer including colorectal, vulva, prostate and ovary (Pizzi
et al., 2013). This population needs to be tested of breast cancer with the help of screening

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methods such as mammography. Women above the age of 40 are more vulnerable to breast
cancer, so the target group will consist of them (Pace & Keating, 2014).
Population
The population being tested is women above the age of 40 in Naples and they will be
chosen according to their race, which is Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American. The focus
of this screening is Naples because according to medical databases cancer has a prevalence in the
historical centers of this city, which makes it necessary for the people of this location to be aware
about the initial screening of cancer. The condition of this population should be made aware
about the complications of breast cancer with the help of screening activity (Corbex, Bouzbid &
Boffetta, 2014).
Location
The chosen location for this screening activity will be Naples community hospital on
March 21st. It has a large capacity that will allow 100 people and it has several facilities
including chairs. This activity will need a vast area for the people to sit and a front space, where
the audience will face for the health education and it will have a small area for screening. The
target population is women and it will be appropriate for them because it is a large space with
few private spaces for mammography. The total number of attendees will be 100.
Screening Activity
The screening is done for breast cancer, which makes it necessary to include a
mammography testing for the women who will be present. It is an appropriate testing method
used by the United States Preventive Services Task Forces (Siu, 2016). It is an organization that
consists of medical experts and disease experts who work together to prevent diseases. They

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recommend that women above the age of 40 should start consulting their doctors about the risks
and benefits of mammogram before they get themselves screened. The activity will begin with
the awareness of breast cancer including its prevention, symptoms and treatment. The screening
process will also be explained and the measure taken by the patient before mammogram will also
be given. Mammogram is the X-ray of breast to detect tumors that cannot be felt. It also
identifies lumps, nipple thickening or discharge, pain or change in breast size or shape (Hodgson
et al., 2016). A brief preventive education segment will also be included for women above the
age of 40 as they are more vulnerable to breast cancer.
Outcome Goals
The accomplishment from this screening initiative is related to the welfare and wellbeing of the
society. There are various diseases that needs to be prevented because it easily targets certain
groups and ethnicity. This screening tests has outcomes:
 The most significant outcome goal for this test is to identify breast cancer in the early
stage because the symptoms are not very informative about the condition in the initial
stages. The treatment of cancer patients in the early stage is more convenient and they
have a higher chance of survival (Oeffinger et al., 2015).
 Another outcome for this initiative is decreasing the chances of death in women due to
breast cancer because studies show that women who have routine mammograms have
10%-25% of less chances dying from breast cancer, which is an essential outcome goal
for this screening initiative (Monticciolo et al., 2017).

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Cost
Facilities Budget
Mammogram machine for rent 500$
Rent for hospital 100$ for 8 hours
Refreshments 500$
Cost for the attendees (registration charges) 10$x100
Promotion for the event prior to the event 40$
Charges for the medical experts 50$
The mammogram machine will be rented for 8 hours, the cost of refreshment for a single person
is 5$ and the promotion will be done through banners, pamphlets, and social media.
An estimated total of 1,190$ will be spent for this community program and the cost for the
attendees will be 1,000$.
Summary
This community screening will be held in Naples because there is a high incidence of
breast cancer found in women. This will benefit the community because they will be more about
the preventive measures of this disease, which will help in reducing the prevalence of this
disease. They will be screened for breast cancer through mammography because it is a protocol
for its diagnosis. The focus of the screening will be Caucasian, Hispanic and African American

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because they are highly vulnerable to breast cancer. The medical experts will be taking part in
this screening initiative for educating people about the prevention such as senior nurses, nurse
educators, nursing students and the whole of nursing field. They have been contributing in the
aspect of health promotion for all the life span.

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References
Corbex, M., Bouzbid, S., & Boffetta, P. (2014). Features of breast cancer in developing
countries, examples from North-Africa. European Journal of Cancer, 50(10), 1808-1818.
Deane, W. H., & Fain, J. A. (2016). Incorporating Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations to
promote holistic communication between older adults and nursing students. Journal of
Holistic Nursing, 34(1), 35-41.
Hodgson, R., Heywang-Köbrunner, S. H., Harvey, S. C., Edwards, M., Shaikh, J., Arber, M., &
Glanville, J. (2016). Systematic review of 3D mammography for breast cancer
screening. The Breast, 27, 52-61.
Monticciolo, D. L., Newell, M. S., Hendrick, R. E., Helvie, M. A., Moy, L., Monsees, B., ... &
Sickles, E. A. (2017). Breast cancer screening for average-risk women: recommendations
from the ACR Commission on Breast Imaging. Journal of the American College of
Radiology, 14(9), 1137-1143.
Oeffinger, K. C., Fontham, E. T., Etzioni, R., Herzig, A., Michaelson, J. S., Shih, Y. C. T., ... &
Wolf, A. M. (2015). Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 guideline
update from the American Cancer Society. Jama, 314(15), 1599-1614.
Pace, L. E., & Keating, N. L. (2014). A systematic assessment of benefits and risks to guide
breast cancer screening decisions. Jama, 311(13), 1327-1335.
PIZZI, C., ARPINO, G., ACAMPORA, G., AIELLO, N., DE ROSA, A., & DIAFERIA, I. et al.
(2013). Cancer prevalence in the city of Naples: Contribution of the GP database analyses
to the cancer registries network. Molecular And Clinical Oncology, 1(4), 726-732.

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Siu, A. L. (2016). Screening for breast cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force
recommendation statement. Annals of internal medicine, 164(4), 279-296.