Breastfeeding, Overweight, and Child Development: A Research Study

This research report investigates the statistical relationship between breastfeeding and overweight in children. The study explores the impact of breastfeeding duration on child development and nutrition, utilizing both descriptive and quantitative research designs. The methodology includes surveys, observations, and measurements to collect data from children and their parents. Statistical analysis, employing one-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA, is used to determine the significance of breastfeeding on children's BMI and the extent to which lack of breastfeeding contributes to overweight. The report aims to highlight the importance of breastfeeding practices and their long-term effects on child health, contributing to a better understanding of the issue and providing insights for parents and healthcare professionals. Findings are presented in tables, charts, and discussions, with a focus on the statistical significance of the relationship between breastfeeding and overweight.

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The statistical significance between breast feeding and overweight on child development and
nutrition
Student number
Name of the module
Assignment number
Word count: 3851

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Abstract
The research seeks to find out the statistical significance between Breast feeding and overweight
on child development and nutrition. Most children end up becoming overweight because of the
feeding practices adopted by their parents. Parents and children are the participants in this study.
This study seeks to unravel the statistical relationship to enlighten parents the extent to which
they expose their children to overweight related complications. Statistical tests such as bivariate
and Pearson correlation will be used besides analyzing data using one sample t-test and one way
ANOVA. Results will be presented in tables, charts, and discussion.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Problem statement...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Research objectives..........................................................................................................................5
1.3 Research questions..........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research hypothesis........................................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of the research............................................................................................................6
1.6 Purpose of the research...................................................................................................................6
2.0 Literature review.................................................................................................................................7
3.0 Methodology.........................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Research design...............................................................................................................................9
3.2 Research strategy.............................................................................................................................9
3.3 Target population............................................................................................................................9
3.4 Sampling and sample size..............................................................................................................10
3.5 Data collection methods.................................................................................................................10
3.6 Data analysis..................................................................................................................................10
3.7 Validity and Reliability.................................................................................................................11
3.8 Ethical considerations...................................................................................................................12
3.9 Limitations.....................................................................................................................................12
4.0 Appendix............................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Consent letter.................................................................................................................................13
4.2 Work Schedule...............................................................................................................................18
4.3 Instrument of data collection........................................................................................................19
4.4 Data Analysis template..................................................................................................................22
5.0 References...........................................................................................................................................25

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1.0 Introduction
According to Krause, Lovelady, and Østbye (2011), breast feeding plays a significant role in a
child’s nutrition and development. Breast milk is the preferred food for infants due to its health
benefits for both the child and the mother. Moreover, Jing et al. (2014) and World Health
Organization agrees that children should absolutely feed on breast milk for the first six months
and if possible carry on up to at best, the first year of their life.
Notably, many women fail to feed their children exclusively on breast milk for the first six
months because of commitments. Studies conducted by World Health Organization on breast
feeding reveal that it helps prevent atopic diseases (Yan et al, 2014). However, the some studies
conducted previously just highlight that lack of adequate breast feeding causes obesity and
overweight but fails to show the actual degree of the problem. Furthermore, Vafa et al. (2012),
acknowledge that childhood obesity is increasing globally at a worrying rate. This has prompted
world organizations such as WHO to declare it an epidemic. In the same line of argument, Jing et
al. (2014) reports chat most Chinese children are overweight because of the feeding practices
their parents exposed them to while young.
Additionally, Grube et al. (2015) assert that the duration of feeding infants on breast milk has an
impact in their lives later. Although, Krause, Lovelady, and Østbye (2011) attribute lack of
proper breast feeding to the body weight of their parents, most parents are getting more
concerned with their career at the expense of their children. Nevertheless, the overweight BMI is
between 85 and 95th percentile and that of obese is over 95th percentile (American Cancer
Society 2018). This research therefore wants to find the statistical significance between breast
feeding and overweight on child development and nutrition. It wants to determine the extent by

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which lack of feeding children on breast milk up to one year exposes them to obesity and
overweight.
1.1 Problem statement
Parental responsibilities is limiting the time mothers breast feed their children. In fact, education,
employment, and other commitments reduce the time for mother-child relationship. As such,
these parents resort to introducing solid foods to their children way below the recommendation
the World Health Organization. Intrinsically, they deny infants the precious breast milk and thus
affect their nutrition and development. Despite some parents acknowledging that failure to feed
children exclusively on breast milk up to six months and continuously up to one year has health
implication, they just ignore this truth and thus expose their children to future complications
1.2 Research objectives
The broad objective of this research is to find out the impact of breast feeding on children
nutrition and development.
i. Besides, the specific objective is to find whether statistical significance exist between
breast feeding and overweight among children.
ii. Another objective is to find out the extent by which lack of breast feeding causes
overweight among children.
1.3 Research questions
Is there a difference in the mean of Body Mass Index (BMI) of children who do not feed
exclusively on breast milk and the standardized overweight BMI of over 90th centile?
1.4 Research hypothesis
H0: 90 centile = μBMI ("the average BMI of the children is equal to 85-95th percentile")

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H1: 90 centile ≠ μBMI ("the average BMI of the children is not equal to 85-95th percentile")
1.5 Significance of the research
This study is important as it contributes to the understanding of the impact of breast feeding on
child’s child development and nutrition. It shall help parents understand that different degree of
breast feeding affect the lives of their children later on.
1.6 Purpose of the research
This research will not only highlight the impact of not feeding children on breast milk
exclusively but also show the statistical relationship between the two. Again, the study will
reveal the extent of damage brought by not breast feeding children by examining the p-value of
the one way ANOVA and one sample t-test statistical test.

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2.0 Literature review
Consistent with McCrory and Layte (2012), breast feeding development concerning child’s
obesity and overweight is not conclusive. The duo allege that the number of research and meta-
analyses conducted on the subject is not conclusive even though many studies indicate that breast
feeding reduces chances of children becoming overweight. In the spirit of McCrory and Layte
(2012), this research aims to fill the gap on examining the extent how breast feeding influences
overweight. According to Bryhn and Dimberg (2011), when carrying out a statistical significance
test, the p-value should be below the conventional threshold of 0.05. As such, with this research,
we shall reject the null hypothesis which assert that the mean BMI of the participants is not equal
to 85-95th percentile. Carrying out this research will help know the strength of the relationship
by observing the value of p.
Studies conducted by Harder Whaley et al. (2017) reveal that obesity and overweight is on the
increase globally. Moreover, research conducted focus on how to alleviate overweight and
obesity. Interestingly, these studies does not show different aspect of strengths of statistical
significance which this study aims to fulfill. In ideal situation, breast feeding combined with
formula feeding can help alleviate the dreaded risk of overweight (Whaley et al. 2017). Despite
such revelations, such studies does not reveal the statistical significance on different durations of
the study.
In other studies, researchers have observed a positive impact on breast feeding on lowering
overweight and other infectious diseases within the first two years of a child’s life (Horta and
Victora 2013). The duo further observe that feeding children on breast milk help alleviate other
non-communicable diseases later in life which include overweight and obesity. However, the

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study fails to examine what extent of breast feeding help to minimize chances of overweight in
children which is study is out to examine.
Uwaezuoke, Eneh, and Ndu (2017) acknowledge that there is a strong link between breast
feeding and weight and length gain in the first years of children development. The relationship is
not clear whether continuous breast feeding leads reduced BMI, height, and weight during
childhood as well as lowering them later in life. This research therefore comes in handy to find
out the statistical significance between breast feeding and overweight. The revelation will help
understand the extent by which breast feeding influences overweight in children.

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3.0 Methodology
3.1 Research design
This research will combine both descriptive and quantitative research design. However, a
qualitative design will be the most prominent because there is need to find out how parents fed
their children between birth up to one year. As such, a qualitative approach is the best to collect
information from parents. In essence, qualitative research involves collecting data from
population sample by asking questions and interviews in a controlled manner. Worth mentioning,
Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016) recently found out that qualitative approach enables
researchers to get detailed and comprehensive data without the participants holding back
significant information. Besides, quantitative approach will help in obtaining secondary data on
BMI.
3.2 Research strategy
Research strategy refers to the path that researchers follow when identifying the sample
population from which to collect data (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). Intrinsically,
Sekaran and Bougie (2016) identified surveys, case studies, and ethnography as the main
research strategies. In the same line of argument, Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016) argue
that surveys are the most appropriate strategy to obtain information from people on what they
have been doing overtime. Based on their recommendation, this study adopted survey of six
learning institutions due to limited time and financial resources.

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3.3 Target population
The population of concern is learning institutions. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), data
from different settings concerning the same subject allows comparisons. The target population
comprise of kindergarten and lower primary school going children. From these institutions, the
researcher will access the children to measure their height and weight for calculating their
respective BMI. This will not only boost external validity but also facilitate the formation of
tentative conclusions.
3.4 Sampling and sample size
Owing to a large number of schools around, this study will adopt random sampling technique to
choose participating institutions. Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim, (2016) observe that random
sampling is preferable where the sample population is too big and similar. Therefore, the
researcher will write the names of the schools, put them in a jar and select six institutions. From
the institutions, the researcher will use purposive sampling technique to choose 50 children
between ages 5 and 7 years. This will bring the number of children under study to 300 due to
time and budget constraints. Moreover, Sekaran and Bougie (2016) acknowledge that sampling
help obtains information that represents the entire population from the chosen sample.
3.5 Data collection methods
The data for this research will be collected using questionnaires, observations, and
measurements. Questionnaires will help collect data about feeding practices from parents and
their respective ages. Measurements will help collect data on height and weight of each
participating child while observation will help to easily identify participating children based on
their persanl recordss. Additionally, secondary data on the standard BMI will also be very crucial
for this study.

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3.6 Data analysis
The collected data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Ozgur,
Kleckner and Li (2015); Wagner III (2016) recommends SPSS as it can help explore
relationships between responses to variety of questions. It can also help generate routine
descriptive statistical data to question responses which are important in reporting, presentation,
and publication. In isolation, the research will use one sample t-test and one way ANOVA
testing.
According to Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero (2018), one sample t test help to find out
whether the population meant which is being investigated is statistically different from the
already identified population mean. Therefore, one sample t test gives us the opportunity to
compare the standard BMI mean and those calculated from children. Moreover, the one way
ANOVA will help compare the means of those children who were exclusively fed on breast milk
and those whose parents introduced solid food in their diet. Such will help determine if there is a
statistical relationship between the associated population mean (Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-
Guerrero 2018). Therefore, the researcher will be able to ascertain whether the number of months
of breast feeding children has an impact of children being overweight or not based on the level of
significance achieved. The analyzed data will be presented in tables, charts, graphs to accomplish
the objectives of the study.
3.7 Validity and Reliability
According to Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016), validity is the extent to which a research
achieves what it is supposed to measure. The researcher will follow qualitative and quantitative
approaches to collect data, choose the sampling method and presentation of results. Additionally,
the study will not deviate from studying other things unknowingly. The process will be guided

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by the objectives and research questions. Besides, the validity of both external and internal for
this research will apply continuous assessment and revision on methods used, assumptions and
conclusions.
Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016) assert that the ability to reproduce a research measures its
reliability. It measures the degree to which other scholars can carry out the same research and
come up with similar results. As such, this study will follow the principles of research methods,
both quantitative and qualitative to produce results that other researchers and can relate with. The
data collection will be done cautiously, documenting each step to ensure that the goals and
objectives of the study were met
3.8 Ethical considerations
Ethical consideration is very significant in any research activity. Mollet (2011) observes that
both quantitative and qualitative approaches determine the validity and reliability of any study.
Besides, the researcher will seek permission from parents before subjecting their children to this
study. They also get to know the aim of the study before allowing their children to participate.
Moreover, the data collected will only be used for the purpose of this research only.
3.9 Limitations
Every research require time and resources to accomplish. This research thus will experience time
to constraint. Considering the fact that the researcher is still a student, it will be strenuous to
collect data for 300 participants. Again, financial resources to print questionnaires and bus fare is
a challenge at this stage of research. Moreover, the research may experience challenges with
uncooperative parents who may not like their children participating in this study.

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4.0 Appendix
4.1 Consent letter
Hello (name of candidate),
My name is (your name), and I am a bachelors level student at the Coventry University Group
(Indicate your department). Currently, we are doing a module called, Introduction to social
science research methods. I am conducting qualitative research that requires parents and pupils
of between 5 and seven years to participate. I have confirmed this research with the Coventry
University Group authority and the school’s administration (Where your child learn) and I
received your email information from them as a potential participant. Kindly, find the
information about the research study below and your potential role in it. You can contact me
regarding any questions you may have at (your email)
Purpose of this research:
You are requested to take part in a study seeking to examine the extent by which children are
exposed to overweight complication when they are not fed on breast milk exclusively during the
first year of living. The study will also examine a statistical relationship between overweight and
breast feeding so that parents can understand the importance of feeding children on breast milk.
The research draws observation that due to commitments in education, career, and business,

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many parent opt to introduce other solid foods to their children way below the recommended age
by World Health Organization (WHO). Currently, WHO has declared overweight and obese as
an epidemic and thus requires closer consideration by parents. Even though several research has
been done on the benefits of breast feeding, this research intends to show the extent of damage
parents expose their children to by not exclusively feeding their children on breast milk. This
study could shed some light on this phenomenon.
Procedures:
This research will be based on questionnaires, observation, and measurements. As a parent, you
will provide your demographic information and the feeding approaches you applied to your child
under the study. Consequently, the researcher will measure the weight and height of your child to
help in calculating their respective Body Mass Index (BMI). This measurement will be recorded
and analysed by the researcher afterwards. This analysis will happen with a number of
measurements and the researcher will look for common themes in the experiences of the various
participants. After that, the respective BMI will be compared against the standard BMI of 85-95th
percentile for overweight children. From this calculation, the researcher shall know whether your
child is overweight or no. In circumstances a child is overweight, the researcher will run a
statistical test, specifically one sample t-test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation
regression to determine the degree of deviation from the standard mean. From the deviations, the
results shall be interpreted in percentages to determine the strength of significance between
breast feeding and overweight.
This information will make up the findings of the study. The specific details of this interview
that could in any way identify you will be kept completely confidential when being analysed or

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reported.
Possible risks or discomfort:
This research has no risks involved for the participant. There could be some discomfort in
expressing your experience to the researcher. The potentially personal nature of this research is
taken into account. However, if at any stage you wish to stop the process, this will be taken into
consideration without question.
Documents:
The research documents such as the transcript of the questionnaire, the measurements of height
and weight; the notes taken through the analysis; and the findings will be kept by researcher
confidentially for at least five years. After this time, this documentation will be destroyed. It
should be noted that ownership of such documents would be vested in the researchers. This
highlights the researcher's responsibilities in this regard.
Benefits to you:
Firstly, this is an opportunity for you to express and explore your experience as a parent. A
chance to reflect on this experience could be beneficial in understanding your lifestyle and that
of your children. This can be very cathartic. Secondly, you will be a fundamental part of research
in an area that is getting attention of the international community. You will have an opportunity
to review some of the raw themes that relate to your child or children when I am conducting my
analysis. Your insight would offer a validation to the research.

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Financial deliberations:
I would like to inform you that there is no financial compensation as a result of taking part in this
research.
Privacy:
Your personal information in this research will remain confidential as treated as so. For scientific
purposes, the outcome of this research, including the measurement of your child’s weight and
height, may be published but will not reveal your identity and those of your child or children.
Moreover, the data collected will not be used on any other research apart from this study. On the
other hand, any data or record the researcher obtains as you participate in this study may be
inspected by the Coventry University Group Institutional Review Board, except in circumstances
where law or a court of competent jurisdiction otherwise requires the disclosure.
Closure of the research:
You are at liberty to participate in this research or not. As such, there is no loss of benefit or
penalty that you are otherwise entitled to if you choose not to take part. Besides, the researcher
will provide you with important outcome arrived at in the course of this research, which may
relate to or influence your enthusiasm to continue participating. In the event you decide to
discontinue your participation in the study there will be no penalty or recourse. In addition, the
researcher without your consent in an exceptional circumstance may terminate your participation
in the study.
Authorisation:
Having read and understood this content form, I am volunteering my child and I to take part in

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this research process. I also understand that there will be no financial gain in this process.
However, my participation in this process is not taking away my legal rights and freedom as a
citizen. I further acknowledge that I will receive a copy of this study and that consenting to this
research does not contravene any applicable laws.
Participant Name:
Participant Signature:
Date:
Researcher Name:
Researcher Signature:
Date:

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4.2 Work Schedule
Activities March
2018
March
2018
March
2018
April
2018
May
2018
May
2018
June
2018
Development
and writing of
the proposal
Editing and
review of the
Proposed study
Submitting the
final proposal
Collection of
data
Analysis of data
Final report
writing
Submission of
the final report

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4.3 Instrument of data collection
The questionnaire
My name is (your name), and I am a bachelors level student at the Coventry University Group
(Indicate your department). Currently, we are doing a module called, Introduction to social
science research methods. I am conducting qualitative research that requires parents and pupils
of kindergarten and lower primary as participants. This research aims to find out the extent by
which failing to feed children exclusively on breast milk exposes them to become overweight.
Any information you give will only be used for the purposes of this research. Feel free to
participate.
PART A (parents’ account)
Date………………………..
Name………………………………………………………. Contact………………………….
Gender…………………………
Email address………………………………………………
1. What is your age
Below 20 years
Between 21 – 25 years
Between 26 – 30 years

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Between 31 – 35 years
Between 36 – 40 years
Between 41 – 45 years
Above 45 years
696284
2. What is your level of education?
High school
Diploma
Degree
Masters
Doctorate
3. Are you employed?.......................... If yes, for how long have you been employed?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. How many child/children do you have?...........................................................................
5. Was your child/ children breast fed?.................................................................................
If yes, for how long was your child/children exclusively fed on breast milk (feeding on
nothing else apart from breast milk)?
3 months or less 8 months
4 months 9 months
5 months 10 months
6 months 11 months
7 months 12 months and above
6. When did you introduce solid foods to the child’s diet?

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3 months or less
4 – 5 months
6 – 8 months
8 – 12 months
More than 12 months
7. Was there any complication during birth? E.g. premature birth or low birth
weight…………………..
If yes, which type of complication…………………………………………………
PART B (child’s details)
Name………………………………………………………. Age………………………….
Gender…………………………
8. Weight (kilograms)………………….
9. Height (metres)………………………
Thank you for taking part in this research together with your child. The information you have
provided is private and confidential.

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4.4 Data Analysis template
The collected data will be analysed using one sample t-test and one way ANOVA. These two
tools of analysis are used since they give us an opportunity of comparing the means of related
data with an existing mean. In this case, a BMI of 85-95th percentile for the overweight children.
Additionally, to test for the strength of the relationship, the data shall be subjected to Pearson
correlation and bivariate regression. According to Wager III (2016), bivariate Pearson
Correlation aids in producing a correlation coefficient, r, which helps to measure the direction
and strength a of linear relationship between a pair of continuous variables (months of exclusive
feeding of children on breast milk with respective body mass index). Besides, Pearson
Correlation enable researchers to evaluate whether a statistical evidence exist in a linear
correlation between similar pairs of variables in an identified population sample.
Furthermore, consistent with Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero (2018), correlation of
variables takes a range of between -1 and 1. Additionally, the sign of the correlation indicate the
direction of the relationship whereas the size of the correlation shows the strength of the
relationship. Wager (2016) also notes that 0 shows no relationship, -1 indicates perfectly
negative linear relationship, and +1 shows perfectly positive linear connection.

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Proposed statistical test
For example, the strength of the relationship will be measured using the analogy shown below
Source: Kent State University (2018)
Therefore, the researcher shall reveal the existing relationship between months of breast feeding
a baby and their respective BMI.

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The table below show an expected output of Pearson Correlation test
Correlations
Years of
exclusive
breast feeding
Body mass
index
Years of exclusive
breast feeding
Pearson
Correlation 1 - .717**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 300 300
Body mass index Pearson
Correlation -.717** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 300 300
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The output show a strong negative correlation between months of breast feeding with the BMI.
The more months mothers feed their children exclusively on breast milk, the less, they become
overweight (which the researcher determines through the BMI).

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There will be no special coding scheme since the number of months of exclusive breast feeding
will be entered on SPSS with respective BMI of the child. From the data, statistical significance
shall be established as well as the strength of the relationship.
5.0 References
American Cancer Society, 2018. Normal weight ranges: Body mass index (BMI). [Online]
Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/diet-physical-activity/body-
weight-and-cancer-risk/adult-bmi.html
Bryhn, A.C. and Dimberg, P.H., 2011. An operational definition of a statistically meaningful
trend. PLoS One, 6(4), p.e19241.
Frankfort-Nachmias, C. and Leon-Guerrero, A., 2018. Social statistics for a diverse society. Sage
Publications.
Grube, M.M., von der Lippe, E., Schlaud, M. and Brettschneider, A.K., 2015. Correction: Does
breastfeeding help to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity? A propensity score
analysis of data from the KiGGS study. PloS one, 10(4), p.e0126675.
Harder, T., Bergmann, R., Kallischnigg, G. and Plagemann, A., 2005. Duration of breastfeeding
and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. American journal of epidemiology, 162(5), pp.397-403.
Horta, B.L. and Victora, C.G., 2013. Long-term effects of breastfeeding-a systematic review.

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Jing, H., Xu, H., Wan, J., Yang, Y., Ding, H., Chen, M., Li, L., Lv, P., Hu, J. and Yang, J., 2014.
Effect of breastfeeding on childhood BMI and obesity: the China Family Panel
Studies. Medicine, 93(10).
Krause, K.M., Lovelady, C.A. and Østbye, T., 2011. Predictors of breastfeeding in overweight
and obese women: data from Active Mothers Postpartum (AMP). Maternal and child health
journal, 15(3), pp.367-375.
Kent State University. 2018. SPSS Tutorials: Pearson Correlation. [Online] Available from:
[Accessed March 21 2018].
Mollet, J., 2011. Ethical issues in social science research in developing countries: Useful or
symbolic. In Transmission of academic values in Asian Studies workshop (2009: Australian
National University, Canberra, ACT). The Australia-Netherlands Research Collaboration
(ANRC).
McCrory, C. and Layte, R., 2012. Breastfeeding and risk of overweight and obesity at nine-years
of age. Social science & medicine, 75(2), pp.323-330.
Ozgur, C., Kleckner, M. and Li, Y., 2015. Selection of Statistical Software for Solving Big Data
Problems: A Guide for Businesses, Students, and Universities. SAGE Open, 5(2),
p.2158244015584379.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2016. Research methods for business students. 1st ed.
Harlow (Essex): Pearson.
Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. J. 2016. Research methods for business: A skill building approach.
John Wiley & Sons.

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Uwaezuoke, S.N., Eneh, C.I. and Ndu, I.K., 2017. Relationship between exclusive breastfeeding
and lower risk of childhood obesity: A narrative review of published evidence. Clinical Medicine
Insights: Pediatrics, 11, p.1179556517690196.
Vafa, M., Moslehi, N., Afshari, S., Hossini, A. and Eshraghian, M., 2012. Relationship between
breastfeeding and obesity in childhood. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 30(3),
p.303.
Whaley, S.E., Koleilat, M., Leonard, S. and Whaley, M., 2017. Breastfeeding is associated with
reduced obesity in Hispanic 2-to 5-year-olds served by WIC. Journal of nutrition education and
behavior, 49(7), pp.S144-S150.
Wagner III, W.E., 2016. Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science
statistics. Sage Publications.
Yan, J., Liu, L., Zhu, Y., Huang, G. and Wang, P.P., 2014. The association between
breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. BMC public health, 14(1), p.1267.