HNN207: Factors Affecting Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation

This report examines factors influencing breastfeeding initiation and continuation, focusing on a hypothetical patient, Sara, and her care across the continuum. It explores one antenatal and two intrapartum factors that can positively influence breastfeeding in the early weeks after birth, drawing on evidence-based strategies for healthcare professionals. The report highlights the importance of antenatal care, including maternal education, in promoting breastfeeding. It also discusses the impact of intrapartum factors such as access to training and standard of living on breastfeeding outcomes. The analysis considers the role of postnatal care and the management of perinatal depression in supporting breastfeeding mothers. The report emphasizes the benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and baby, and the need for comprehensive strategies to improve breastfeeding rates.

Running head: REPORT
H326
JANUARY 9, 2020
STUDENT DETAILS:

REPORT 1
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
A hypothetical patient, Sara.............................................................................................................2
Antenatal care to pregnant woman..................................................................................................2
Intrapartum care to pregnant women...............................................................................................3
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................6

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Introduction
The breastfeeding is very helpful as well as advantageous for the mother as well as new-
borns. There are various females, who face several obstacles along with challenges to
breastfeeding. However, the effective breastfeeding origination can put the women at great risk
for earlier cessation of breastfeeding. The effective breastfeeding for initial period of 6 months of
life is considered as best nutrition for new-borns. From 1980, the United Nations Children’s
Fund (UNICEF) as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) promote the breastfeeding.
UNICEF as well as WHO put impacts on the benefits and proposing initiative to enhance the rate
of breastfeeding at the global level. The following parts explain the factors related to earlier
discontinuation of breastfeeding (at two week postpartum) following hospital’s discharge and
recognise the reasons of women for very early interruption of the breastfeeding. The postnatal
care is beneficial to implement changes in the behaviours related to health. This report supports
findings from the case study of the hypothetical patient SARA’s postnatal care and perinatal
depression. It states one antenatal as well as two intrapartum factors, which can positively affect
the Sara’s initiation along with continuation of breastfeeding in earlier week of the birth. These
below mentioned parts state the health professionals to support Sara to breastfeed can use the
evidence-based strategies.
A hypothetical patient, Sara
The perinatal depression takes place in new mother after the birth of baby. The mood
disorder is common in pregnant females. The method followed to treat the perinatal depression

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are as same as methods used for different categories of depression. It is required to render them
talk therapy as well as proper medications. The postnatal care can be ensured by rendering 3
home post-delivery visits in a week for mother and new-borns (Abalos, et. al, 2017). It can be
understood from the example of Sara. The home of Sara is in rural area ‘Colorado.’ The
pediatrician is considered by her that is the part of PCMH-designated practices in an area of
hometown. The pediatrician is considered as the part of Joint Venture Physician Hospital CIN
that allows her to leverage the broad community of expert, involving one of top pediatric
endocrinologists of country. Sara has check-in with the pediatric endocrinologist as well as
pediatric dietician by taking help of tele-health. “Visiting” these members of her care team
virtually allows Sara to miss as little school as possible and saves her family hours of drive-time.
The pediatrician of Sara includes Sara as well as her family in care planning. The pediatrician of
Sara is considered as the point person for the healthcare team of Sara. Her care providers utilise
the e-healthcare records in which they are able to trace updates. They utilise the decision-
supporting technique to make sure that Sara is stickled with her target with laboratory work and
different testing that are essential to monitor review the condition. It can say that the healthcare
team is supporting for Sara as well as her family by focusing on postnatal care and perinatal
depression. They communicate well so they have clear role in the healthcare team. They are
doing work towards well-communicated and reported healthcare objectives based on the best
approaches in pediatric diabetes care (Tunçalp, et. al, 2017). Further, it is significant to
implement different programs to enhance access to and quality of postnatal care in a nation. The
programs are helpful in encouraging females and their relatives to plan for pregnancy along with
postnatal period, involving how to manage emergency.

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Antenatal care to pregnant woman
The antenatal care is considered as the care provided to the pregnant women for having
the secure pregnancy as well as strong infant. It is evident that the antenatal care is considered as
significant determinant of higher rate of maternal mortality. It is one of the fundamental elements
of maternal care, on which the life of mother as well as baby is depended. It can say that the
antenatal care is the fundamental approach to enhance the health of baby and mother. It is
evident that the inappropriate antenatal care is related to the negative results of pregnancy. The
facility of antenatal care services puts the significant impacts on pregnancy because this enables
recognition of risky elements as well as earlier diagnosis of the pregnancy complication such as
proper administration along with premature deliveries (Downe, et. al, 2016). The significant
impacts can be attained by screening for issues related to pregnancy, reviewing risks related to
pregnancy, and handling issue that can take place at the time of antenatal period. It can also
render medication that can enhance the results related to pregnancy, rendering data to pregnant
females, enabling psychologically as well as physically for the parenting and giving birth. In the
present time, the practical functioning group of WHO (World Health Organization) has
recommended the minimum stage of care to be 8 visits through pregnancy to decrease maternal
illness as well as humanity (Taylor, et. al, 2016). There are various socio-cultural along with
demographic elements affecting the utilisation of antenatal healthcare service. These factors are
numbers of living kids, women’s education, maternal age, residential places, profession,
conviction, and ethnicity. These factors are importantly related to the utilisation of antenatal care.
The finding of different components related to use of antenatal care have not been synthesized in
collective manner. In this way, it is required to consider the factors that put impact on the use of
antenatal care (World Health Organization, 2018).

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The main antenatal factor is education of woman. The educated females tend to have the
great responsiveness of existence of antenatal care services along with benefits of utilising these
services. Kumar (2019) that the educated females were very careful about the issues relate to
health states this. In comparison of uneducated females, the educated women have more
knowledge about the availability of healthcare service, and utilize the information more
effectively than non-educated women (Gunn, et. al, 2016). Moreover, the higher level of
education tend to affect health-seeking conduct. The education is good control over the
pregnancy of women. Additionally, the education is helpful for the females to join more health
education message along with campaign. It enable the females to identify sign as well as
complication of risk and take proper actions. The educated females may have great chances to
get data related to health. It is also opportunity for them to pay key attention to the maternal
healthcare. It is found that the women having lower education normally have less knowledge in
relation to antenatal healthcare services and additional issue to have access to antenatal care
services (World Health Organization, 2016). It is found that the educated females were more
than times more likely for getting antenatal care (OR = 2.64) as compared with the females
having no education (Yende, et. al, 2017).
Intrapartum care to pregnant women
The pregnancy is considered as the higher risk pregnancy if this is related to different risk
factors in relation to the pregnancy to mother or babies. Conversely, the lower risk pregnancy is
related to the no recognised risky element for either mother or infant. The time spanning
delivery, from commencement of labour by the delivery of placenta. The Intrapartum is referred
to both females as well as fetus. Various elements affect the care that SBA is capable to render to
mother at the time of birth of child. There are various intrapartum factors. These factors include

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access to training as well as administration; number of staff as well as workload, salary along
with living standard and access to equipped amenities, well‐managed care amenities with water,
transporting services along with electricity. There are also some other factors such as presence of
co-operation and of belief, co-operation, and communication between health workers as well as
with mothers. The expert birth attendant reported various issues tied to all of the elements. These
factors play significant part in the healthcare of mother and babies (Urassa, et. al, 2017).
The main intrapartum factor is access to training. If a woman is having a
normal pregnancy then that female is secured to stay fit securely right up to the end of the
pregnancy. The exercise is secured to perform at the time of pregnancy (Hildingsson, et. al,
2019). The women should do exercise with caution for longer time. In addition, the secured as
well as most productive exercises include swimming, brisk running, indoor stationary riding,
steps or egg-shaped machineries, as well as lower-impact aerobics (trained by the certified
aerobics instructors). In this way, keeping the regular exercise routine through
the pregnancy may be helpful to stay healthy and have feeling of positivity and best. The
daily exercise at the time of pregnancy may enhance the attitude. It also reduce the some
discomforts like back-pain and exhaustion. Utilising weight along with doing different types of
strength exercise at the time of pregnancy will be helpful for females to ignore ache as well as
pain as the bump develops. It also helpful in strengthening the body for labour, and preparing for
the lifting (De masi, et. al, 2017).
The mother is likely to face multiple stressful life events at the time or after pregnancy.
These stressful events of life may include single-mother as well as teenager’s pregnancy,
joblessness, more congested atmosphere, polluted physical environment, as well as few resources
to handle the experiences. The pre-mature children health consequences of poverty as well as

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prenatal period are compounded. They set the new-borns child on the life-long courses of
disparity in results related to health. The particular characteristics of the local atmosphere, such
as vicinity poverty, local access to healthy food and environmental exposure and affect the
pregnant female’s risks of preterm deliveries. The issues of conduct amongst young child and
teenagers is powerfully related to the maternal poverty. However, it does interaction with various
features found amongst females residing in the poverty (Jolivet, et. al, 2018).
In this condition, a standard of living of pregnant females is another intrapartum factor.
The pregnant females who reside in the fields with high population welfare have low risk of pre-
mature delivery, even after accounting for personal risk elements. The welfare of the population
is the significant end itself. However if causal ways exist between population well-being as well
as different valued results, investment in population well-being may yield different advantages,
potentially involving few pre-mature births. Understanding the full effects of population well-
being can inform the emerging dialogue about its value as a health investment. It can say that
earlier as well as regular prenatal care is significant for both before and throughout the
pregnancy to ensure the healthy delivery as well as fit infant. The shopping for the new-borns
can be overpowering. It is required that the pregnant females should have high living standard so
that they can spend enough money on the care as well as health of babies. The management and
government should make various strategies and approaches to improve living standard of
pregnant women such as giving employment and job opportunities (Forster, et. al, 2017).
Conclusion
As per the above analysis, it can be concluded that the breastfeeding is beneficial for the
health of baby and mother. The women having depressing signs at the time of pregnancy appear
to be more risky to the consequence of suspended primary session of breastfeeding upon

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exclusive period of breastfeeding. It is concluded that the females having stressful signs can get
advantages from the directed breastfeeding assistance in initial hours of birth of baby. It is
essential to plan as well develop the strategies or approaches for use of antenatal care amongst
the pregnant females. It is concluded that there are various socio-demographic, reproductive as
well as access related elements that influence the use of antenatal care amongst pregnant females
in different nations. It can say that factors such as maternal age, living child, learning, socio-
economic background, earlier wicked obstetrical olden times, assistance from partner,
healthcare’s quality and distance from healthcare facilities are suggestively related to utilisation
of the antenatal care. The finding of this report could assist policy maker as well as researcher to
design certain nation specific approaches to enhance utilization of the antenatal care services. It
is also found that there are various intrapartum factors including living standard as well as access
to training and programmes. The females residing in the nations with high population well-being
had the low rate of premature delivery. It is recommended to improve the living standard of the
pregnant females. It is also suggested that the pregnant females should get training to do
exercise.

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References
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de Masi, S., Bucagu, M., Tunçalp, Ö., Peña-Rosas, J. P., Lawrie, T., Oladapo, O. T., &
Gülmezoglu, M. (2017). Integrated person-centered health care for all women during
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Downe, S., Finlayson, K., Tunçalp, Ӧ., & Metin Gülmezoglu, A. (2016). What matters to
women: a systematic scoping review to identify the processes and outcomes of antenatal
care provision that are important to healthy pregnant women. BJOG: An International
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Forster, D. A., McLachlan, H. L., Davey, M. A., Biro, M. A., Farrell, T., Gold, L. &
Waldenström, U. (2016). Continuity of care by a primary midwife (caseload midwifery)
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28.

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Gunn, J. K., Asaolu, I. O., Center, K. E., Gibson, S. J., Wightman, P., Ezeanolue, E. E., & Ehiri,
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Tanzania. African journal of reproductive health, 7(3).

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