Researching UK Trade with East Africa: Import and Export Post-Brexit

This research proposal investigates the influence of East African import and export activities on UK trade following Brexit. It explores the trade relations of the UK outside the EU, evaluates East African import and export trade, and determines the importance of strong trade relations for the UK post-...Read More

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Table of Contents
TITLE: UK Trade with East African Import and Export after Brexit.............................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Overview and background....................................................................................................4
1.2 Research aim.........................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Objectives..............................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions...............................................................................................................4
1.5 Rationale of research.............................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
2.1 Chapter overview..................................................................................................................5
2.2 Trade relations of UK outside the EU...................................................................................5
2.3 East African Import and Export trade...................................................................................6
2.4 Importance of strong trade relation of UK outside EU after Brexit......................................6
2.5 Influence of Brexit the UK's trade performance...................................................................7
2.6 Ways to mitigate any risk factors of Export and Import associated with Brexit..................7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................7
3.1 Chapter Overview.................................................................................................................7
3.2 Research philosophy.............................................................................................................8
3.3 Research approach................................................................................................................8
3.4 Research method...................................................................................................................8
3.5 Data collection method.........................................................................................................9
3.6 Data analysis methods...........................................................................................................9
3.7 Research Limitation............................................................................................................10
3.8 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................10
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................11
GANTT CHART...........................................................................................................................11

TITLE: UK Trade with East African Import and Export after Brexit
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview and background
Trade is basically determined as the economic concept which include buying and selling
of products and services between two parties. Trade relations basically means the relationship
between two or more countries while exchanging their goods and services with one another in
rightful manner. BREXIT is acknowledged as one of the important topic which states that UK
has separated itself from EU (Langan, 2016). This has directly placed impact over the
performance of the UK as the nation have to now focus on developing their trade relations with
other nations effectively. The present investigation has been conducted on analysing overall
influence of East African Import and Export on UK's trade after BREXIT. In this research,
detailed information is provided on the presented topic. For this, researcher has developed
appropriate research aim, objectives and questions which will provide guidance to researcher on
this topic and also helps them out in obtaining research outcome in appropriate manner.
1.2 Research aim
The research aim for the current study is “To analyse influence of East African Import
and Export over UK trade after Brexit”.
1.3 Research Objectives
 To analyse trade relations of UK outside the EU.
 To evaluate East African Import and Export trade.
 To determine importance of strong trade relation of UK outside EU after Brexit.
 To evaluate how Brexit can influence the UK's trade performance.
 To provide proper recommendation to mitigate any risk factors of Export and Import
associated with Brexit
1.4 Research Questions
 Explain trade relations of UK outside the EU?
 How East African enterprises Import and Export trade?
 What is the importance of strong trade relation of UK outside EU after Brexit?
 How Brexit can influence the UK's trade performance?

 What are the ways to mitigate any risk factors of Export and Import associated with
Brexit?
1.5 Rationale of research
Th main motive of choosing this research theme is to find out develop understanding over
the Brexit and its influence trade relations of UK with East African import and important. Apart
from this, investigator has personal interest on this topic as he/she has read about it past and also
wants to develop their knowledge on same. The another motive of conducting this research is to
enhance range of skill of investigator in rightful manner. This includes communication skills,
research skill, analytical skill and other skills. Development of these skills will help investigator
in conducting more effective research in the near future.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Chapter overview
Literature review is determined as scholar paper which presents detailed information on
the particular topic from different viewpoints. In this section, investigator gathers information
from several books, Journals, online articles and other published data in which different authors
has expressed their viewpoints effectively (Razzaque and Vickers, 2016). For present
investigation, researcher has made use of different authors in order to develop their
understanding over trade relations between UK and East African import and export. Overall
information developed on this topic are stated as below in detailed manner:
2.2 Trade relations of UK outside the EU
On the basis of viewpoint expressed by Jafari and Britz, (2020), UK trade performance is
very significant which depicts that the respective company performs its trading activities outside
the EU. At present stake, the respective company is having more number of options in which
they can easily enhance their trade in rightful manner. UK trade relation with Association of
South east Asian Nations (ASEAN) can be become worse post Brexit. This is so because the
respective nation is connected with ASEAN through Brexit only. This will directly create
difficulty for the nation in future as they were not having direct relationship with one another. In
context to UK, it can be said that the respective nation could indulge into formal agreement post
Brexit with the ASEAN in order to initiate free flow trade effectively. Apart from this, it can be
further said that UK will be required to disentangle their relationship with World Trade

Organisation (WTO) membership from UK. The main reason behind this was that it involves
negotiation the terms of its commitment with relation to trade in services and merchandise. This
could take some time as the WTO operates by consensus. In terms of formal partnerships with
ASEAN, the UK’s options consist of the three partnership categories set out in the ASEAN
Charter. In addition, it has later been explored that ASEAN-UK FTA is another dependent option
for UK which could provide them range of profits in the near future.
2.3 East African Import and Export trade
From the views expressed by Anderson and Wittwer, (2018), East African community is
mainly consist of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, South Sudan and Uganda. East African
import and export structure have been changing with the passing time. It has been analysed that
primary product share of East African are changing with the passing time. It has declined from
approx 53% to almost 44 per cent from the year 2004 to 2012. Apart from this, it has been
analysed that common market policies of EAC has placed positive impact over intra regional
trade which provided growth opportunity to the included nations in effective manner. In addition
to this, it can be further said that import and export of East African nations are mainly performed
through regional integration which simply means that they can obtain range of benefits from this
integration. The main benefit among them was it basically promotes higher level of growth as
well as productivity in effectively.
https://www.trademarkea.com/news/countries-that-trade-together-grow-together/
2.4 Importance of strong trade relation of UK outside EU after Brexit
According to the perception given by Henökl, (2017) After getting free from Brexit, UK
is now focusing on developing its relations with other nations in order to incorporate its trade
related activities in lucrative manner. There are range of options like EFTA countries, a custom
union agreement, WTO option etc. available for UK post Brexit. These options directly provides
range of benefits to UK as they are completely free to work with any of their favourite nations. It
can also be said that UK is already having strong relations with many of the nations which
supports UK in maintaining their trade flow (Brexit scenarios for the UK, EU, and global trade
relations, 2020). Along with this, it can be further said that this positive relation directly supports
UK in improving their national economy and develop themselves in the smoother manner. Also,
strong trade relation with other countries helps UK developing themselves and continuing their

business activities effectively. Also, Brexit referendum will also not place impact over its
employment rate too.
2.5 Influence of Brexit the UK's trade performance
As views presented by Curran, (2018), BREXIT has directly placed influence over the
trade performance of UK. This is so because, in the past UK was getting extra support from the
EU in terms of labour. This simply means that UK was easily getting skilled and semi skilled
workforce from other EU associated countries but after Brexit it became difficult for UK manage
its work as they are not getting cheaper labour. Along with this, it has been later analysed that
news of Brexit has also influenced existing workforce belonging to EU to quit their work and
move to native country as they are in fear that they might loose their job in the future after
execution of Brexit referendum. On the other hand, it has been analysed the influence was quite
positive for UK too as they are having more number of options from external EU countries. This
is so because, now UK is not restricted to EU and can easily approach to other countries for
enhancing their business performance and attaining success in rapid manner.
2.6 Ways to mitigate any risk factors of Export and Import associated with Brexit
On the basis of perception presented by Roy and Mathur, (2016) there are range of risky
factors which are faced by Export and Import associated with the Brexit. This simply means that
nations associated with this are required to take initiative in order to overcome these problems
in rightful manner. The first and foremost way to mitigate these risks is the establishment and
adherence of common polices. This will directly make it easier for the companies in this to
execute their business performance in rightful manner. At next, it can be further said that they
will be required to make law which will state that every import and export of goods will be
execute by placing goods in Warehouse only. This will reduce chances lack of products that
might take place in future.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Chapter Overview
Research methodology is determined as the effective framework which provides
description on different methods that have been used by investigator while conducting current
research in appropriate form. It also specifies several tools and techniques acquired by
investigator at the time of gathering, analysing, interpreting and concluding overall information

in order to attain proposed research outcome in best manner. The respective section provides
overall guidance to researcher as well as whole team to adopt which method that is beneficial for
them. This section consist of range of methods which are stated below effectively:
3.2 Research philosophy
Research philosophy mainly provides assistance to the researcher about overall way in
which they have to perform their research in effectively. Interpretivism and positivism are
determined as two main kind of research philosophy that are being used by researchers according
to their research type. With reference to the current study conducted on the topic “UK Trade with
East African Import and Export after Brexit”, it has been analysed that investigator has made use
of Interpretivism kind of research philosophy. The main reason behind choosing this type is that
it covers human perception while obtaining research outcome effectively.
3.3 Research approach
It is mainly stated as the procedure which includes range of steps that are followed by
researchers at the time of conducting research in best form. These methods simply contributes in
conducting effective research that is valuable for the one for whom it is being conducted. There
are mainly two forms of research approach that is inductive as well as deductive. For conducting
present research inductive research has been taken into consideration. The reason behind
choosing this form of research approach is that investigator can easily draw valid outcome by
taking support from the different concepts and theories. It is also considered as the theoretical
framework which contributes in obtaining meaningful outcome of research problem.
3.4 Research method
It is acknowledged as the effective process through which investigator can easily obtain
research outcome in systematic manner within the provided time frame. This also provides
instruction to researcher to perform all research activities in the disciplinary form. Research
methods are of many types such as case study, survey, experiments, action research, grounded
theory and others. In context of present investigation, it has been determined that researcher has
made use of Survey method in which questionnaire has been selected specifically by researcher.
Questionnaire is determined as the set of questions which are mentioned in single document or
paper. These questions are further given to respondents who will fill it effectively by their own
understanding in rightful manner.

3.5 Data collection method
Data collection refers to the effective method through which investigator gathers
information and obtains proposed research outcome in effective form. Here, there are mainly tow
methods that primary as well as secondary through which investigator gathers information. In
primary method data is directly gathered by investigator with one to one interaction. Whereas, in
secondary method investigator gathers information from already conducted research or other
published material. Secondary method has numerous of sources like books, journals, online
articles, newspapers, online articles etc. through which investigator can easily approach required
information. Primary methods has range of sub methods like questionnaire, interviews, focus
groups, observation, documents/reports etc. For conducting present research in adequate form
research will make use of questionnaire method as the main primary method. This questionnaire
will be further given to the chosen respondents who will provide information over the topic by
filling this questionnaire effectively. The main reason behind choosing this method is that
investigator can easily gather bulky information from the chosen respondents can also attain
proposed outcome in quicker manner. For this research around 50 respondents will going to be
selected. Sampling is explored as adequate process through which investigator select few people
as its sample population from overall population. For choosing sample population investigators
makes use of probabilistic and non probabilistic type of sampling method. For current
investigation conducted on the topic UK Trade with East African Import and Export after
Brexit, investigator makes use of probabilistic sampling method. The main reason behind
choosing this method is that it provides equivalent opportunities to all individuals to become part
of the research. In probabilistic methods, random sampling method would be chosen by the
investigator in appropriate form.
3.6 Data analysis methods
It is determined as the method through which investigator analysis overall gathered
information in appropriate form. Data analysis methods are generally of two forms that is
qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative method basically provides support to investigator to
make use of information developed different authors and other people on the same topic. This
also allows investigator in enhancing their own knowledge as they considers different opinion
before drawing valid outcome. On the other hand, qualitative method is basically seen as the
method in which outcome is mainly drawn by investigator by making use of several numerical as

well as statistical method. This method is highly supportive in obtaining project outcome with
accuracy. Also, this makes work of investigator more simpler and contributes in drawing valid
outcome within the provided time frame. In context of present investigation conducted on the
topic UK Trade with East African Import and Export after Brexit, it has been determined that
researcher will make use of qualitative form of research method. The main reason behind
acquiring this method is to obtain proposed research outcome with the human based perception.
This is so because, if investigator wont make use qualitative method then it won't be possible for
them to cover human viewpoint in the proposed research outcome.
3.7 Research Limitation
UK Trade with East African Import and Export after Brexit is acknowledged as the
broader topic that requires huge time to gather information on the same topic in detailed manner.
This investigation was highly time consuming as it includes range of activities. From overall
analysis, it can be said that provided time for this investigation was not that much sufficient as it
is not easy for investigator to gather required information on the same topic in effective manner.
Along with this, it might also make options limited for the investigator as they do not have
adequate time to approach required sources in order to gather information in effective manner. In
order to handle overall information in adequate manner researcher will make use of
questionnaire with the motive of gathering required information in quicker manner.
3.8 Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration is acknowledged as the essential part of every investigation. This
simply states every participants will not get harmed in any case at the time of conducting
research. Along with this, it is highly important for the investigator to maintain dignity of the
research and ensure that overall data which has been gathered by investigator will be secured.
Along with this, this information will be used for research purpose only. It can be further said
that researcher must take permission from its sample population each and every time before
using their personal information for research purpose. Researcher will also use only authenticate
sites and links at the time of gathering information from the online medium for literature review
section. This simply helps investigator in obtaining research outcome with secured medium. Also
investigators are required to complete whole in appropriate manner within the provided time
frame only by making use of available resources in optimum manner.

CONCLUSIONS
From the overall information, it has been analysed that BREXIT has highly affected trade
relations of UK as the respected nation has to now focus on developing their relationship with
the other zones.
GANTT CHART
Gantt chart is acknowledged as the graphical representation of the overall project
schedule. It directly provides clear information to investigator about the starting and finishing
time of each and every activity. This chart plays a good and effective role in every investigation
as it ensures that each and every activity of the research will going to be accomplished within the
provided time frame. In order to conduct present research in adequate manner investigator will
developed an effective Gantt chart. This Gantt chart has covered each and every along with the
dates. This graphical Gantt chart has been stated as below:

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Anderson, K. and Wittwer, G., 2018. Cumulative effects of Brexit and other UK and EU‐27
bilateral free‐trade agreements on the world’s wine markets. The World
Economy, 41(11), pp.2883-2894.
Busch, B. and Matthes, J., 2016. Brexit-the economic impact: A meta-analysis (No. 10/2016).
IW-Report.
Curran, L., 2018. The impact of Brexit on global value chains and trade governance. Navigating
Uncertainty: Towards a Post-Brexit Trade and Development Agenda, pp.31-40.
Henökl, T., 2017. Brexit: impact, risks and opportunities for European development policy (No.
8/2017). Briefing Paper.
Jafari, Y. and Britz, W., 2020. Brexit: an economy-wide impact assessment on trade,
immigration, and foreign direct investment. Empirica, 47(1), pp.17-52.
Kohnert, D., 2019. The Impact of the EU--MERCOSUR Deal on Africa in Times of Resurging
Protectionism. Available at SSRN 3447164.
Langan, M., 2016. Brexit and trade ties between Europe and Commonwealth states in sub-
Saharan Africa: Opportunities for pro-poor growth or a further entrenchment of North–
South inequalities?. The Round Table, 105(5), pp.477-487.
Latorre, M.C., Olekseyuk, Z. and Yonezawa, H., 2017. Impact of TTIP: Taking Brexit into
account (updated title: Trade and FDI-related impacts of Brexit).
Latorre, M.C., Olekseyuk, Z., Yonezawa, H. and Robinson, S., 2019. Brexit: Everyone loses, but
Britain loses the most. Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper,
(19-5).
Pera, B., 2017. BREXIT AND ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON TRADE BETWEEN THE
EUROPEAN UNION AND SELECTED COUNTRIES. Roczniki Administracji i
Prawa, 17, pp.67-81.
Razzaque, M. A. and Vickers, B., 2016. Post-Brexit UK-ACP Trading Arrangements: Some
Reflections.
Roy, A. and Mathur, S.K., 2016. Brexit and India–EU free trade agreement. Journal of
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Online
Brexit scenarios for the UK, EU, and global trade relations. 2020. Available Through:
<https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/brexit-scenarios-for-the-uk-eu-and-global-trade-
relations.html>.