Bridge Construction over River: Method, Safety, and Planning Report

This project report delves into various aspects of bridge construction engineering, focusing on the development of a bridge across a river. It explores sustainable bridge design and technology, considering commercial, financial, and economic factors. The report addresses the need for new river...Read More

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Construction of bridge over river
Student Name
University
Table of Contents

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Construction of bridge over river....................................................................................................1
Introduction:....................................................................................................................................2
Selection of construction method for sustainable bridge construction:...........................................3
Health and safety obligation:...........................................................................................................9
Program and activity outline for bridge construction project (Gantt chart):.................................12
Evaluation of low carbon planning for cost effective bridge design and development:...............15
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................17
References:....................................................................................................................................19
Introduction:

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The project report is discussed about the different aspects of construction engineering in order to
develop bridge across the river. In this project, there are discussion for sustainable bridge design
and technology uses by considering commercial, finance and economical aspects. As per given
case, due to excessive amount of traffic flow and population increases day by day, the state
government will planning for bridge construction of four new river crossings site have been
proposed in East London and kent, from the Themes barrier to Dartford, to unlock as “wave of
regeneration.
In order to construction and prepare bridge design, the employers hiring professional structural
engineering team for designing bridge construction by considering sustainable approach. The
design engineer and structural engineering team will plan for construction by considering
specific aspect such as “the bridge design should integrated with existing infrastructure and
suitable for local community”. The project management team should consider commercial,
planning, transportation, legal, quality, procurement and financial strategy while designing and
planning phase of bridge construction. The design and project planning should consider
innovative money plan by considering maximum utilization of manpower, material and
resources, and minimum loss. The project planning may consider health, safety and welfare for
risk free operation Alkass, S. (2008).
Objectives:
 To discuss about the selection of suitable construction method by considering sustainable
design and buildabiilty for river crossing.
 To discuss about the health and safety obligation for construction important work.
 Provide project planning from starting to ends with bridge construction activity (Gantt
chart).
 Discuss about the critical activity and necessary resource for smooth operations.
 To discuss for low carbon planning will helps to merge energy efficiency and cost
effective renewable energy source for new development.
Selection of construction method for sustainable bridge construction:

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In general, there are seven methods uses for bridge construction such as cast-in situ method,
balance cantilever method, pre-cast method, span by span casting method, incremental launch
method, cable-stayed method, arch method. The selection of method depends on various factors
such as scale of bridge, obstacles to be crossed, regularity of the span lengths, horizontal and
vertical profile, nature of the soil, climate, cost of material, budget, and site and time duration for
the specific production Riley, D. et.al.(2010). Therefore, construction method selection for bridge
construction would be choosing according to suitable factors. The following are briefly
demonstrate the suitability of bridge as per given scenario.
a. Cast in situ method :
This is flexible method for bridge development where the unusual geometric shape of bridge can
construct. This method is suitable for heavy traffic, high transportation and unpredictable volume
of traffic.
b. Balanced cantilever method :
In this method, the construction bridge spans around 50 to 250m. The bridge either precast or
cast in place. This may be best selection for those bridge which length of span irregular and cable
stayed bridges needs to construct Fu, B. (2017).
c. Precast method :
The bridge constructed with the help of precast concrete elements. The elements are pre-cast
beams, deck and decks segments.
d. span by span casting method :
This method is suitable with cantilever construction method but various advance technique for
this method. This method is most economical method for bridge construction.
As discussed above, there are mainly four bridge construction methods are available. But, as
considering actual situation and planning for “Gallons Bridge” construction. The bridge is
suitable for 50 to 250m length of span where two column needs to construct. The fundamental

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method of bridge construction based on balanced cantilever construction method which attached
to the segments in the alternative arrangement of the opposite end in a cantilever support through
piers. Additionally, this method is capable to construct irregular span lengths, congested project
sites, water terrain, rail crossing while construction Raied, A. et.al.(2017).
As Gallon bridge require long span, irregular shape of road and fluctuate traffic, this bridge is
highly suitable for the developing cable style bridges. The cable style bridge can reduce overall
weight, mass, pressure and force transfer to bridge column and reduce vibration occur due to
fluctuate traffic throughout the bridge. The result may not creating resonance and ensures bridge
life span as per the construction material required. Due to cable support, there is no additional
or auxiliary supports are required and the cable stayed bridge is highly economical, sustainable
and practical possible in area of bridge construction.
Procedure for construction of cantilever cast-in-situ bridge construction method for
“Gallon bridge” construction:
As shown in following figure, the bridge construction of the lower infrastructure has been
provided. The bridge construction can be started from the nearest area of ground pier. The pier
require special framework that needs to position and cast in situ pier segment has been started.
The entire pier segment is then used as the erection platform to support the form traveler for the
cast in place segments.

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Figure: bridge construction initiate by the lower infrastructure of bridge.
As shown in above figure, the bridge pier produce by the rectangle section and it was remaining
equally throughout the segment. The cross section of pier may decide and agree by the structural
engineer. The project manager and structural engineer may prepare drawing manually; perform
static and dynamic analysis through analytical and software method. From that result, the pier
cross section area will be decided Abu Dabous, S. et.al. (2018). Usually, the circular or square
cross section area selected for long bridge construction. The rectangular, circular or square
section change the area from the top section of the bridge to the bottom layer of the bridge. Then
after, the soffit shuttering, shuttering for the web section and deck shuttering which is fixed at the
both side of the pier as provided in following figure.

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Figure: shuttering soffit, web and decks
The construction material has been provided in the both sides of the pier as shown in following
figures. The following figure demonstrates the concrete placement for rigid, high strength
construction developed.
Fig.7: concrete placement
Fig.8: Concrete placement

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The cast in situ segments approximate range around 15 to 20 m by considering formwork which
moves in the tandem that moves with each segment. The segment developed continuous until
the connection of the mid-span which is reached where the balanced connection is closed as
shown in following figure. The construction of the closer section of the bridge is provided in
following figure.
Construction sequence of the balancing cantilever method for “Gallon Bridge” construction :
a. Foundations and pier shaft with the permanent piers in the main unit which needs to
construct Riley, D. et.al.(2010).
b. As the foundation and piers are built, the next processes are used an erection platform
for the precast segments.
c. Assembly of frame structure and installation of lifting frame.
d. Installation of the first foundation pair of the precast segments.
e. Development, installation and construction of wet joints
f. Curing procedure for the wet joints.

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g. Installation of the next pair of the precast segments. After the construction and
arrangement of the cure joints. The entire procedure needs to expand and continues till
the ends of construction process.
h. Extraction and removal of the lifting frame.
Health and safety obligation:
As considering real life scenario and given case studies, the construction project and procedure
highly engage with risk, health and safety issues. The project manager, employers, supervisors
and employees needs to take care about the health and safety obligations. The current problem
may be hired and allocate to government organization or public sector therefore, the government
and public organization should take steps for safety and health duty.
The following sections are provide the basic and useful application considering OSHA regulation
for different hazardous. Still, the project manager should consider the standard for safety and
health precaution. Additionally, the project manager should consider the regulation mentioned
in OSHA, publication by the other authorities, state and local governments, national fire
protection association and trade associations needs to consult which provide the more
comprehensive and actual information about the health and safety work practices for the
construction or special hazardous.
By considering actual case of bridge construction, there are numbers of workers, employers and
engineers are engage with the project. it is obvious that human body parts are engage with the
construction procedure, therefore, the workers , employers needs to take care and use personal
protective equipment while working.
The workers needs to take care about the hand while working therefore they must use lather hand
gloves while working. In general, the heavy equipment, materials are laid over the floor of
construction site, therefore the worker must wear safety shoes. Apart from this, they need to
wear helmet, goggles and noise protective devices in order to protect organ from permanent
damage. The instrument uses for safety purpose must be standards. For construction purpose,
there should be special dress code for workers and engineer while worker. The cloth must be

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design according to activity of construction. Therefore, it should be light weight, free and
comfort to wear. The worker must wear ultraviolet and x-ray protection goggles while engaging
with welding activity. The worker must use ear piece while working for drilling, hammering and
noise creating activity.
At working site, there must be sign of hazardous or potential element which invite hazardous
while working. The employers should take seriously and develop action plan in order to
maintain safety at work place. They needs to stick poster, provide significant alert signal and
sign while work at construction site.
The bridge construction procedure is highly connected with activity which is working with
specific height. According to research and survey provide significant evidence and result about
the fall accident while working at construction site. Therefore, the bridge construction project
planning ensure the fall protection safety equipment and special budget provided for safety
device and equipments Chow, Y. (2009). The worker who works at certain height needs to use
stair and ladder which must be design according to standard health and safety procedure. in case
worker works at above the ladder height they needs to use harness which able to carry weight of
worker and provide safety while working. Apart from that, the project manager allows to tie net
which make and provide safety environment for that worker who are work at certain height. The
wire net should be placed below that area where the workers are work and construction may go
on.
Use standard hand and power tool to avoid unnecessary noise, vibration and provide accurate
operation while working at construction site. Avoid to use broken, defective, mushroomed tools
and burned tools. the workers should report to department to change that tools. the workers may
not allows to use random tools and element in order to perform any operation. the worker must
use suitable tool with wearing safety instrument while working. The proper tools and suitable
equipment may reduce human effort and provide precise operation, the worker may feel lower
fatigue through operation De Neufville, R. (2008). Take extra care while using extra sharp tool
and place at suitable location after construction activity has been completed.

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In order to make healthy and safe environment, the employers, project contractor and project
manager should hire skilled, experience safety engineer who can take charge and ensure safety
and health maintenance at construction site. There is special duty of safety engineer in order to
reduce hazardous at work place and make safe environment at work place. The safety engineer
must provide safety training to each employers and worker who are engange with the
construction activity. There must be special activity arrangement in order to make aware about
the important of safety at workplace Fu, B. (2017). the safety engineer ensure that the worker
must wear safety equipment while working and ensure that they must follow standard
methodology of safety procedure.
The safety engineer need to place audit and prepare report for safety issue, hazardous and
accident occur at work place and provide necessary action plan in order to avoid hazardous and
safety issue occur in future.
For health concern, the management, engineer and supervisor need to take step in order to
maintain healthy working environment. It is obvious that the construction work are highly
strength based and needs more human effort compare to other engineering work. Therefore, the
work and duty allocation to the worker as per skills, knowledge and area of expertise. The
employers must take care about the government rules for health and safety issues. The employer
should assign fixed duty for eight to ten hours as per government norms and specification. the
employer may not force or not assign more work above the capacity and endurance strength. For
overtime work, the worker must applicable for additional wage and it must be take from his or
her convince Liu, J. (2012). The supervisor or engineer must not assign more work, in case, this
scenario occurs at work place, the worker should take action and management should take
necessary steps in order to avoid fatigue and high endurance work.
Due to continuous heavy work and high strength work, the worker feels fatigue and there may be
less concentration for next duty. They might not perform accurate work due to fatigue and
physical endurance Watanabe, E. et.al.(2015).
In order to maintain health, the worker should wear mask in order to protect from dust, debris
particles. Due to dust and debris particles, the worker, supervisor and engineer may invite
allergy which may affect the health and make serious issue for human body.

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The worker should use standard and new equipment which may create less noise and vibration.
Due to vibration and noise, the human organ may feel tire and weaken due to vibration. Due to
continuous noise, it is invite ear issue for long term working at construction site Horváth, A.
(2011).
The construction material such as sand, cement, concrete and silica highly affect to the body
organ while working and enter inside lung when breathed. The small particles and powder may
affect the human body and invite many dieses such as cancer and all. The safety engineer should
take seriously care and ensure that each worker must wear safety mask while working in order to
avoid health issues Huang, L. (2014).
Program and activity outline for bridge construction project (Gantt
chart):
The following are discuss about the critical path method with associate activity in bridge
construction procedure. In this method, the activities are include those activities which are
actually require for bridge construction procedure. The aim of critical path method is to obtain
optimum or most critical procedure of construction. That will helps to manage and planning
entire bridge construction procedure. The management and planning team have freedom to
choose desire activity as the maximum time allowed through critical path method. The following
are demonstrate the critical path method and activities associate with the bridge construction
procedure Castellote, M. et.al.(2019).
Activities Sequencing
Planning for building construction
Sequen
ces Activities
Durati
ons
Sequen
ces Activities
Durati
ons
1
Site
clearance 3 21
Laying of
decks 1
2 Caisson
Excavation
2 22 Positionin
g
framewor
2

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k
3
Drilling
Caisson 1 23
installatio
n of
reinforce
ment bar 3
4
install steel
casing 2 24
concrete
block
lying 2
5
Pour
concrete
work 1 25
Constructi
on of
approache
s on both
sides of
bridge 5
6
installation
reinforce
bar 3 26
prefabrica
ted roof
truss and
plant 4
7
Excavation
for
foundation 5 27
installatio
n of roof
trusses 3
8
Positioning
framework 4 28
Installatio
n of roof
membrane 3
9
installation
of
reinforcem
ent bar 2 29
installatio
n of roof
covering 2
10 curing
process
1 30 internal
constructi
on and
1

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finishes
11
Constructi
on of
abutments
and piers 3 31
Constructi
on of
roads and
sidewalks
on bridge 2
12
slab
developme
nt 3 32
Installatio
n of side
rails or
safety
guards 2
13
Installation
of
Suspension
cables 2 33 Plastering 1
14
Installation
of Base
Reinforce
ment
Concrete 2 34
concrete
mixture 1
15
stripping
concrete
work 4 35
rope
wiring 2
16
Ground
floor
column 2 36 Plumbing 1
17
column
plumbing 1 37
Ground
floor
column 2
18 staircase
constructio
3 38 mechanica
l work
1

15
n
19
Ground
floor level
wall
constructio
n 2 39
electrical
work 1
20
installation
of
reinforcem
ent bar 1 40
wiring
work 1
Figure: Critical path method for bridge construction work
Gantt chart:
Weeks
Activities 1 3
5
` 7 9
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
2
1
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
9
3
1
3
3
3
5
3
7
3
9
4
1
4
4
4
6
4
8
5
0
Site
clearance
Caisson

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Excavation
Drilling
Caisson
install steel
casing
Pour
concrete
work
installation
reinforce bar
Excavation
for
foundation
Positioning
framework
installation
of
reinforcemen
t bar
curing
process
Construction
of abutments
and piers
slab
development
Installation
of
Suspension
cables
Installation
of Base
Reinforceme
nt Concrete
stripping
concrete
work
Ground floor
column
column
plumbing
staircase
construction
Ground floor
level wall
construction
installation
of
reinforcemen
t bar
Laying of
decks
Positioning
framework
installation
of
reinforcemen
t bar
concrete
block lying
Construction

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of
approaches
on both sides
of bridge
prefabricated
roof truss
and plant
installation
of roof
trusses
Installation
of roof
membrane
installation
of roof
covering
internal
construction
and finishes
Construction
of roads and
sidewalks on
bridge
Installation
of side rails
or safety
guards
Plastering
concrete
mixture
rope wiring
Plumbing
Ground floor
column
mechanical
work
electrical
work
wiring work
Evaluation of low carbon planning for cost effective bridge design and
development:
The carbon emission and reduction is major issues for all types of organization includes
construction project also. The construction project highly engages with metal and material which
basic source as carbon element Kim, N. (2013). The carbon emission and production are
considering each aspects of construction activity includes design, production, quality, supply
chain management etc. Any energy efficiency methods can improve and resolve the issues of

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carbon emitted directly through the supply chain, even the larger proportion of the building
lifetime footprint.
As considering basic source and elements of carbon emission, it may extract from various raw
material, energy intensive process concern with the manufacture and delivery of the construction
materials and activities of the multitude of the contractors. With the effective management and
effective change in the supply chain procedure, the construction organization can reduce the
carbon emission through certain extend. That will be additional environment advantages and
reduction in carbon throughout the procedure of construction Zhang, Y. (2014).
The following are recommendation and useful approach for low carbon planning for cost
effective design:
a. Selection and review of the raw materials : The extraction, transportation and production
of the basic construction materials are energy and carbon intensive, therefore it is difficult
to select suitable supplier for construction products and material who are actively work
and highly engaged with the own carbon impacts.
b. According to past evidence and research suggest that the Cemex produce high intensive
carbon. Therefore, the supply chain management needs to take care about transportation,
material storage etc. similarly, the new cement manufacturing organization, a carbon trust
incubator company develop a new class of the cements which may offer the performance
and cost parity with the ordinary Portland cement, but the carbon have negative footprint.
c. Investigation of the origin of the raw materials: the company or construction project
needs to use natural stone, for example the stone produce minimum emission during the
production process but the transportation from the source of the manufacture site can be
maximum cause of emissions. In this case, the project manager needs to manage the
transportation procedure which is critical to manage the supply chain emissions. This
contrasts through concrete where the ordinary carbon emission during the production are
maximum than those created during transportation.
d. Design and construction procedure emissions: the key element for the construction
process emissions includes the various, temporary site, transportation and heavy
machinery which is common in the large building projects. According to the “Taylor

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winpey” who were work with the carbon trust advisory to manage and reduce the carbon
across the every one of that factors Tang, Y. (2016).
e. The design, planning and activity associate with the construction procedure needs take
care about the carbon effect. The motive and design of bridge contribute toward the
carbon. The worker, engineer, supervisor and those people who are engage with the
bridge construction procedure may use the lighting, heating and different insulated
properties of material such as glass, metal, concrete, wood and brick have a considerable
impact on the carbon footprint. The each element has more or less margins of carbon
content.
As considering each aspect of bridge construction, the following are some expert advice
which works for various organizations that may helps to reduce carbon emission and
establish low carbon bridge construction activity and policy in order to make sustainable
bridge development procedure.
1. Manage the carbon throughout the bridge construction procedure.
2. Precisely measure the footprint of the individual products in order to find the carbon
intensive areas and focus on the efforts on the carbon reductions.
3. Suggest and recommends to construction material supplier to offer and use low carbon
products and those can demonstrate the consideration for the both the direct and indirect
activity of the products and services.
4. Develop carbon controlling activity and implement the action plan.
5. Ensure the carbon footprint which developed in the each phase and encourage the project
plan for the sustainability throughout the construction procedure.
6. The construction project can demonstrate the rightful green licenses are now the highly
demand in construction sector, especially in UK construction industries. As the profitable
project accepted from large infrastructure to the non-domestic new construction
technology Voo, C. et.al.(2015).
7. Apart from this, the construction sector and activity engage with the carbon producing
activity, the construction project and process require to complete within fixed span and
that will increasing pressure of working over worker, supervisor and engineer and that
may be reason for poor result from low carbon emission strategy.

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Conclusion:
The research article discuss about the bridge construction procedure for “Gallons Bridges
“construction over the river site. The article discuss about the sustainable procedure of bridge
construction and ensure suitability of bridge construction process. The project article discusses
different bridge construction methodology which are conventionally used in construction
process. Among all that bridge construction procedure by selecting cantilever cast in situ
bridge construction procedure. According to research and considering mechanical aspects of
bridge construction process, the cantilever cast in situ bridge construction procedure is effective
and long span methodology as given case of bridge construction.
The article discuss about the important aspect and usefulness of health and safety essential for
bridge construction process. Further, the article present activity of bridge construction process
after amendment of complete design of bridge construction. The critical path method is useful to
allocate maximum time duration in order to complete the construction process in given
maximum time span.
At last, the project article discuss about the “low carbon planning for cost effective bridge design
and development procedure”. The article suggest complete planning, health and safety
instruction and cost effective Gallons bridge design.

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