Historical Development of Management and Leadership - HRM Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical development of management and leadership, focusing on the contrasting practices of British Airways and Apple. It explores key theories and perspectives from the 1900s to contemporary practices, examining the roles of management and leadership within these organizations. The report delves into the organizational structures, employee benefits, and leadership styles, including autocratic, democratic, and transformational approaches. It highlights how Apple employs a hierarchical structure and democratic leadership, while British Airways utilizes transformational leadership. The report also considers the impact of these approaches on employee morale, motivation, and overall organizational success, offering a comparative evaluation of management and leadership in the context of human resource management and strategic objectives. The report also discusses how organizations are adapting their practices to drive success through their human resources, offering insights into the evolution of management and leadership theories and their practical applications.

RUNNING HEAD: MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP

MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 1
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Role of management..................................................................................................................2
Role of leadership......................................................................................................................3
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................4
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................5

MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 2
Introduction
The report focuses on the concept of ‘Historic Development of Management and leadership’.
With the passing years, the need for management and leadership is highly raised for human
resource management. The organizations are altering their practice to drive success from their
human resource with the application of appropriate management practices and leadership
styles (Noe et al., 2015). Considering the report structure, the initial section includes the role
of management. The passing part comprises of the role of leadership with the application of
leadership theory. The key purpose of the report is to contrast the role of management and
leadership in British Airways and Apple.
Role of management
Management is a process of planning, organizing, directing, motivating, staffing, and
controlling for the fulfillment of organizational objectives. Belo is the role of management in
both the organization (Drucker, 2012).
Apple is a multinational company offering a wide variety of consumer electronic products.
The company relies on a 'Hierarchical organizational structure' for the effective management
of the human resource. The Hierarchical structure involves a direct chain of command from
the top-level management to a lower level. It has many management layers and indirect
communication usually prevails in the organization.
It is a follower of the traditional organization structure to manage rising employee strength. It
offers strong corporate control and enables coherence throughout the organization. It offers
minimized flexibility to the subordinate's department. To manage the employees, the
company offers a wide number of benefits and it includes. On Glassdoor, it has received a
rating of 4.5 stars and a high number of positive reviews. This clearly states that the company
lays high attention in management (Cain, 2020).
At present, business organizations devote efforts to the well-being of their employees. The
Apple Company employees were facing health issues and it as directly affecting their work.
Therefore, the company has initiated health services for its employees. These health centers
aim to improve the health of the employees to raise their health status (Apple, 2020). This
states that the business organization has to lay more efforts and undertake strategies for the

MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 3
effective management of human resources to retain the best outcome for the fulfillment of
organizational objectives.
British Airways is a U.K. based airline founded in the year 1974. In the year 2015, it has an
employee strength of 42322. To maintain its employee morale, it offers Health insurance,
Dental Insurance, Vision Insurance, long term disability insurance, Accidental Death &
Dismemberment Insurance (Payscale, 2020). It has received a rating of 3.4 stars from its
employees for management. To motivate employees, the company offers performance-based
incentives. According to the employee reviews, they gain quality support from their top
authorities based on work. They also provide an opportunity to gain new knowledge by
providing learning opportunities. Additionally, it also organizes training programs (Indeed,
2020). This depicts that in the present decade, organizations offer a high number of benefits
and perks to maintain their morale and motivation to attain quality outcomes and gain a
competitive advantage.
Role of leadership
Leadership is the art of motivating, inspiring, and influencing the behavior of human
resources to achieve a common objective (Nanjundeswaraswamy & Swamy, 2014).
In the year, 2019, Apple has an employee strength of 137 thousand. There is a continuous
enhancement in its employee strength (Liu, 2019). Steve Jobs serves as the CEO and relies on
the ‘Autocratic Leadership style’ to achieve the goals. An autocratic leadership retains all the
power and reserve the rights for decision making. A leader adopts one-way communication
and does not consider the ideas and suggestions of the employees (Nanjundeswaraswamy &
Swamy, 2014). Likely, Steve Jobs lay high control over the employees. Under his leadership,
he has brought Apple to greater heights of success.
The Apple Company adopts the leadership style to effectively lead to an increasing number
of employees. Tim Cook adopts the ‘Democratic Leadership’ to lead the human resource. It
refers to the distribution of leadership by empowering and including employees in the
decision-making process. Likely, Tim cook relies on group decision making and develops the
application of positive means (rewards and benefits) to motivate and inspire the employees of
the organization. He seeks the cooperation of employees to retain the best talent. He aims to
build a positive relationship with the employees for the fulfillment of long term goals and
objectives.

MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 4
British Airways leaders inspire their employees and share a common vision. They rely on the
'Transformational leadership style' to guide, motivate and lead them. A Transformational
Leader sets clear goals and attains high expectations from them. They offer high support and
lay prior attention to employee recognition. They offer rewards to maintain their morale and
raise the motivation of existing employees. It assists the leader to raise highly motivated
employees for the fulfillment of key objectives (Nanjundeswaraswamy & Swamy, 2014).
Similarly, the British Airways leaders develop efforts to timely boost employee morale as
they have to directly deal with the customers.
British Airlines offer rewards beyond the competitive salary of the employees. It also
appreciates the employees and organizes a reward program to acquaint the employees and the
top authorities with the top performers. It has assisted the British Airways to offer quality
service to its customers and gain fine financial returns.
Conclusion
The report summarizes the 'Historic development of Management and leadership' by
considering organizations named 'British Airways' and 'Apple'. It is analyzed that Apple
offers multiple benefits for human resource management. It relies on a democratic leadership
style to effectively lead the employees. Considering British Airways, the organizations offers
few perks to its employees. From the above discussion, it is acknowledged that there are high
amendments and differences in management and leadership practices in both organizations.
Thus, it concludes that Apple has initiated more policies and offered more perks to its
employees. Hence, it suggests that business organizations are undertaking the best possible
measures for their human resource as they are perceived as a core asset.

MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 5
Bibliography
Apple, 2020. The future of healthcare. [Online] Available at:
https://www.apple.com/in/healthcare/ [Accessed 31 January 2020].
Cain, A., 2020. 6 Incredible Perks for Apple Employees. [Online] Available at:
https://www.inc.com/business-insider/apple-employee-benefits-perks-glassdoor.html
[Accessed 31 January 2020].
Drucker, P., 2012. Management. Routledge.
Indeed, 2020. Indeed. [Online] Available at:
https://www.indeed.co.uk/cmp/British-Airways/reviews?ftopic=mgmt [Accessed 31 Janauary
2020].
Liu, S., 2019. Number of employees of Apple 2005-2019. [Online] Available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/273439/number-of-employees-of-apple-since-2005/
[Accessed 31 January 2020].
Nanjundeswaraswamy, T.S. & Swamy, D.R., 2014. Leadership styles. Advances in
management, 7(2).
Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. & Wright, P.M., 2015. Human resource
management. Gaining a Competitive.
Payscale, 2020. British Airways Benefits in United Kingdom. [Online] Available at:
https://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Employer=British_Airways/Benefits [Accessed 31
January 2020].