Functional Analysis and Allocation of Bus Booking System: Report

This report provides a comprehensive functional analysis and allocation (FA&A) of a bus booking system, focusing on the 'Nuclear Investment' case study in Kenya. The report details the system's objectives, features, and booking module, examining the FA&A process, including inputs, outputs, and the use of the Waterfall model for analysis and V-shaped and Spiral models for allocation. It explores system design, implementation, integration, and testing phases, addressing database security and online payment issues. The report includes a system architecture design and highlights the application of various approaches to enhance usability, reliability, and maintainability, providing a detailed overview of the system's development and operational considerations.

Running head: SYSTEM SCIENCE AND ENGINNERING
SYSTEM SCIENCE AND ENGINNERING
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Executive Summary:
This report is designed to provide the specification of the requirement analysis and design the
document of the system engineering for Bus booking system. This report is consisting of the
introduction of the bus booking system, description of the Functional analysis and allocation
of the system. Since the functional analysis requires the stages of the life cycle, proper
approaches have been applied for the analysis and allocation purpose. When an approach is
applied to the system analysis the input and output of the system can also be evaluated.
Therefore, all these stages and analysis has been carried out properly and described in the
document.

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Table of Contents
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................4
System description:....................................................................................................................4
Objectives:..............................................................................................................................5
Features:.................................................................................................................................5
Booking module:....................................................................................................................5
Overview of the FA&A process.................................................................................................6
Approaches for the functional analysis:.................................................................................6
Approaches for the functional allocation:............................................................................11
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................15
References:...............................................................................................................................16

SYSTEM SCIENCE AND ENGINNERING
Introduction:
In the world of digitization, the technology has evolved to a great extent as a result
almost everything has become ‘smart’. Due to the advanced technology interaction between
the systems can be done so easily. This report is designed for the functional analysis of the
bus booking system, with this system the users can book the tickets for travelling with an
ease. This bus booking system will let not the users to struggle by standing in a queue to buy
a ticket. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to provide precise detail of the functional
analysis and allocation of the approaches that are used in bus booking system, ‘Nuclear
investment’, situated in Kenya. The customers can book the tickets for the suburbs including
Nairobi, Nakuru, kiding, Nyeri, Mombasa, Nyahururu This report is comprised of the
approaches that are used for the functional analysis i.e. Waterfall model, details of the
functional allocation and helps to evaluate the usability, reliability and maintainability.
System description:
The system is developed to provide the service to purchase the tickets through the
online system. The customer or travellers can book tickets, the bus operators can register their
names for the destination routes in Kenya. With the booking system, the reservations are
managed, the detail of the bus operators, passengers and other clients are handled. The
interface of the booking system enables the admin to schedule the routes with associated
buses, set the seat availability according to the booking details so that the customers can book
their seats and maps of the routes are also provided to see the routes.

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Objectives:
The objectives of the ‘Nuclear investment’ is to track the details of all the users and
associated bus destinations and the bus booking system serves the platform to do fulfil these
objectives with an ease.
Features:
The most prominent feature of the system is that the users can do the booking within
less period of time unlike traditional booking system. Since the enhanced database software is
used the details of the customers can be recorded. It even reduces the time consumption
because of the ease and money transactions within few minutes.
Booking module:
The organization Nuclear Investment uses the mechanism of the online bus booking
system and whenever a new bus get involved with the service then the detail of the bus is
included in the data system and these data are kept secured as every activity is carried out
online. The system application consists of the details of the employees, customers, bus
schedules and the management system.

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Overview of the FA&A process
The purpose of the functional analysis is to examine the associated factors that can
cause problem behaviour. The analysis can be categorised into three types, indirect measures,
descriptive assessment and functional analysis (Sharma 2017). In the indirect measures, the
process of interviews and scoring scales are involved and in the descriptive assessment, the
behaviours of the system is observed and data is collected so that the problems can be
identified. The environmental requirement of the system in which it will work favourably and
with the help of this analysis the consequences of the problem can also be analysed.
Approaches for the functional analysis:
The functional analysis separates the system into smaller segments to evaluate the
proper input and outcome of the system through the system engineering process. As an
approach for the analysis, the waterfall model has been used for this bus booking system.
Input:
The data that is collected by conducting the interviews and survey is the input of the
analysis. The customer feedbacks are the essential data to make the necessary enhancements
in the system.
Output:
With the conducted interview and survey many information has been collected so that
the areas that are lagging behind can be improved and the decision making processes have
also become easier. The questions that were asked to the users of the system has helped to
achieve the high response rate and improve the performance.

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Problems identified during the analysis:
The database security, while the data is being stored in the database because of the
easy access platform, any unauthorized person can invade and modify the data of the
customer details as a result the stored information is getting hampered. Due to the insecure
database, the transaction details of the customers also get hampered. The transaction details
consists of the card details that are provided during the booking of the ticket in bus. The
online payment can face many issues and for the bus booking, issues in transactions got
identified which can be mitigated by the Waterfall model approach as discussed later.
Use of Waterfall in the functional analysis:
Since it provides the straight-forward process, the minute inefficiencies can also
determine with the help of the Waterfall model (Rai and Dhir 2014). This model follows the
steps one by one therefore, it becomes easier to analyse the issues in a sequence and can be
resolved one by one (Kumar and Bhatia 2014). Waterfall model is helpful in analysing the
big projects or software this is the reason of choosing this approach. The stages that are
involved in this model to analyse the bus booking system are:

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Requirements: This is the initial phase of the waterfall model, in which the design of the bus
booking system, its functional system are required to design the specifications on the basis of
the input and output that has been studied earlier. As mentioned earlier, the input data has
been acquired through the interview and feedback process which will help to develop the
application. The customers and the bus operators were interviewed regarding the current
procedures of booking and transactions. The customers were asked to provide the feedback
about the bus operation and the ticket booking system and also to rate the bus operators of
each bus.

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System design: This phase helps in identifying the details of the hardware design and system
requirements to define the system architecture. The architecture of this system consists of the
interface which is used by the admin and the user. The admin have to login before doing any
activity, after that admin handles the data of the customers, drivers and buses. The customers
or passengers can book the seats after logging in and book tickets followed by payment
methods. The payment medium can be online as well as offline.
Implementation: This phase consists of the actual development of the system with the
coding. The backend development is based on the java language and the database that has
been used for the system is Mongo-DB. Java language is an object oriented programming
which helps to build the modular design and the codes are reusable and another benefit of
using java language, it can be transferred and implemented in any computer system. The
Mongo-DB support huge data and has the capability to hold the arrays and other documents.
Integration and Testing: In this phase, thorough testing of the software is carried out. Every
segment has been tested one by one, the black box testing has been used for thorough
analysis of the code and its outputs. Every possible test cases has been used in the black box
testing to the test the inputs that were acquired in the previous stages.
Deployment: The system is deployed in the market to observe the usage of the system by the
customers and other users.

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Maintenance: This step is carried out after the installation of the system and the necessary
modification has been done. The transaction issues that were faced earlier has been resolved
by checking the proper connection of the Web Server with the database and application
programming interface. The data security has been maintained by installing the database in
the separate database server located behind the firewall so that any unauthorized user cannot
attack the database system easily. The information or details has been stored in the encrypted
form because every information is valuable for the ‘Nuclear Investment’. Web application
firewall has been used to secure the database with enabled security controls moreover, the
security controls need to be checked regularly to maintain the security.
Fig 1. System Architecture Design

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Approaches for the functional allocation:
Since, the allocated requirements seeks for precise measurable terms, proper
approaches have been applied during analysis at every stages. The top level requirements of
the analysis are prioritized first. The approaches that has been used for this system are, V-
shaped model and Spiral model. In the V-shaped model, there is involvement of the early test
planning (Dora and Dubey 2015). As this model helps in clarifying the software requirements
in details hence, using this was advantageous in allocating the functions. The phases that are
involved in the V-shaped model are:
 Business Requirement Analysis: To clarify the requirements the customers are
communicated to know their perspective.
 System Design: The hardware and the communication setup is analyzed in this
phase.
 Architectural Design: This phase is vital for the system design, in which the
designing part is divided into different module to allocate different functions
simultaneously.
 Module Design: This phase assists in making the design compatible for use and
also assists in excluding the faults form the system.
 Coding Phase: Coding is done with flexible programming language and for this
case Java has been used.
 Validation Phase:
o Unit Testing: Debugging of the code is done by testing. The code that has
been modified to do the allocation has been tested with various test cases.
o Integration Testing: It affects the architectural design of the system and
testing of the existing and communication between the modules is carried
out. Every part of the architecture of the bus booking system is working
efficiently.

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o System Testing: The system testing is carried out to determine the
computing issues of the hardware and software.
o Acceptance Testing: The issues that can interrupt in the user domain are
determined.
Fig. 2. V-shaped Model
Another approach is Spiral model and supports in the large system therefore, it is
favourable for the larger system in this case, Bus booking system. Since this system deals
with huge data, spiral model approach helps in doing the risk assessments (Kaur and Kaur
2015). With the help of this approach the issues can be identified in the earlier phases, the
developers of the software got involved early to allocate the function of the bus booking
system. The phases that are involved in the Spiral model are:
 Identification: The requirements are assembled the stem analyst communicates
with the customer. The analysis of the subsystem of the bus booking has been
carried out according to the customer feedbacks.
 Design: Conceptual designs are involved which are, design of the physical,
architectural design, final design and the logical design. The allocations of the

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functions based on the architecture has been allocated accordingly so that it will
work efficiently.
 Develop: The building of the software is carried out and forwarded to the
customer to know the feedback and further modifications can be done
accordingly. The modification in the code has been done to so that the allocations
work without any interruptions.
 Evaluation and Risk analysis: The risks are analyzed in this stage by checking
the feasibility of the software, schedules and costs are checked so that these does
not get overrun. Risk that can be raised such as database failure, it can be resolved
as proper back would be regulated accordingly with the MongoDB.
Fig. 3. Spiral Model
The logical architecture of the Bus booking system involves:

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Input: The information of the new customer and driver, information of the Bus registered
with associated drivers, seats availability, and ticket booking information allocated to the
customers as well as the payment status for every seat.
Output: As the output data, the details of the customers and drivers, ticket details, bus
schedule details with associated fares and ticket cancellation details.
The physical architecture of the system has been mentioned earlier therefore, with the
V-shaped model the input functions has been allocated to appropriate sections for proper
functioning, simultaneous activities has been allocated for faster analysis. The information of
the customers and the drivers will be handled by the Admin and the customers can book
tickets and do the payment hence, this function is allocated to the User.
The involved subsystems are the Fuels, engine, and interiors including seats, driving
control has been allocated with the help of the spiral model. The spiral model, helps in
providing detailed documents of every stage and risks can be identified hence, the allocation
has been properly so that the users will not face any further problem.
The usability of this system is that the users and clients will get the easy user interface
with no issues of the payment. The users can book their seats for travelling from anywhere by
checking the availability of the buses. The users can even check the routes over maps on their
smart phone. Since there is involvement of high analysis of the entire system the maintenance
will not be any harder for the users additionally, the users just need to do the periodic update
of the system to avoid any further issues regarding the interface.

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Conclusion:
Thus, it can be concluded from the entire report that the bus booking system serves
the easy and automated process for the benefits of the users. Due to this automated system,
the operations that are involved do not require the manual storing of the information. The
proper transaction system will attract many users to use this, and for this document, adequate
analysis has been carried out with various process models. Different process models have a
different life cycle; hence an appropriate process model has been used for the approaches to
analyse. The functional analysis serves various techniques and approaches that have been
used to assemble the information in order to reduce the inefficiency and maximize the
efficacy of the system. The behavioural support can also be improved with the functional
analysis. In this report, various problem causing factors have been determined with the help
of the functional analysis. The modification in the system have been done after the evaluation
of the conditions; therefore, the system now consists of reliability.

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References:
Dora, S.K. and Dubey, P., 2015. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Analytical
Comparison and Survey on Traditional and Agile Methodology. National Monthly Referred
Journal of Research Science and Technology, 2(8).
Kaur, A. and Kaur, K., 2015. Suitability of existing software development life cycle (sdlc) in
context of mobile application development life cycle (madlc). International Journal of
Computer Applications, 116(19).
Kumar, G. and Bhatia, P.K., 2014, February. Comparative analysis of software engineering
models from traditional to modern methodologies. In 2014 Fourth International Conference
on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies (pp. 189-196). IEEE.
Rai, P. and Dhir, S., 2014. Impact of different methodologies in software development
process. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(2),
pp.1112-1116.
Sharma, M.K., 2017. A study of SDLC to develop well engineered software. International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(3).