An Ontological Study of Events and Endurants in Business Modeling

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Ontological Considerations About the
Representation of Events and Endurants in
Business Models

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
1. Ontology Driven of the Business Events and Endurants.......................................................3
1.1: Endurants in the Structural Conceptual Models.............................................................3
1.2: Events in the BP (business process) Model....................................................................3
2. Events in the Structural Conceptual Models..........................................................................3
2.1: Immutability of the Events..............................................................................................3
2.2: Role of the Object Identifiers..........................................................................................3
2.3: Object Identifiers and Ongoing Events...........................................................................3
2.4: From Where Events Come?............................................................................................3
2.5: An Illustration.................................................................................................................3
3. Final Consideration................................................................................................................3
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................3
References..................................................................................................................................4

Introduction
For the account of the distinct nature of the elements, the distinction between the behavioral
elements and the structural elements is required to initiate the architecture and agenda of
modeling. To represent the two ontological categories, different disciplines are used like for
the modeling of the business process castigation attentive on the event like entities and for the
structural modeling, castigation attentive on the object like entities. Event reification is used
to approach the structural conceptual modeling and the artifact-centric is used to approach the
process modeling.
In this paper, we find out the ontological nature of the events as well as the object-
like entities. We discuss a structural conceptual model to approach the modeling pattern and
discuss the effect of the event and endurant. The main focus is on the pattern to establish the
semantic foundation for the business process model and for the structural models that
incorporate reference to object like entities and events respectively.

1. Ontology Driven Modelling of the Business Events and Endurance
1.1: Endurants in the Models of Structural Conceptual
In the paper presented by the Nicola stated by taking one example about Mr. Anderson and
said that with the passing of the time the qualitative manner of the Anderson changed but the
numerical identity of the Anderson did not change with the time. He also provided an
example that supposes at t1 the weight of the Anderson is 70 kg and at t2 the weight of the
Anderson is 85 kg. The changes done in the qualitative but Mr. Anderson identity did not
change. He also mentioned that the some of the modal properties can be bearable by Mr.
Anderson. For supporting this argument he provided an example like Mr. Anderson is
definitely a person but congenitally computer hacker. This can be understood as for whether
he is a computer hacker or not but the identity of Mr. Anderson will never going to change.
The author stated that this is actually called the ontology in terms of the endurant.
The author presented one more example regarding Mr. Anderson on the nature of it. He said
that Mr. Anderson is a kind person but he shows his kindness only when necessary. He also
proves this statement by explaining that once he was a boy but now an adult man; he is
current an employee of X company but was a student of Y University. The different types
such as the Boy, adult man, students or the employee are the Contingent types.
1.2: Events in the BP (business process) Model
Events are the key points of the business process model which states the start and end points
of any activities in the structural model. In every diagram of the structural model there is a
start event and also end events. The start events are represented by the thin circle and that of
end event is represented by the thick circle at the end of the process. Events do not include
the works in their process. In the language like in the OntoUML which is actually the
language that is ontologically founded used for the ontology driven conceptual modeling.
This is the language which is made by the UML extension which is UFO (unified
foundational ontology) based.
2. Events in the Structural Conceptual Models
The structural conceptual model is actually used to represent the system which is developed
by a composition of the concepts needed to help the learners for knowing, simulating and
understanding the subjects for the model representation. This model is generally used to
traditionally focus to represent the endurant like the objects, their relational and intrinsic
properties, instantiate types, their parts, roles which they play, etc. In fact, events are
infrequently represented in the classical modeling of the conceptual. In this section the
authors want to pay the attention of the reader on the fundamental issues, references and
change for the events, namely, identity notation and the knowing the consequences for
representing the events in the structural conceptual model.

2.1: Immutability of the Events
According to the theory of the “All classical axiomatized ontologies of events”, world
succession is only possible if there are effusively determinant contributors, and then having
that property which represented by the appearance of the event. The endures and the events is
distinguished by the very key specialization that in case of the events, there will be
qualitatively change in order to maintain the identity and there is nothing to suffers. The
author gives the best example of the endurant of Mr. Anderson. He implies Mr. Anderson as
the great successor example of the life by the number of properties.
2.2: Role of the Object Identifiers
Object identifiers are referred to as the specific types of proper names which are used to
denote the real world objects. Object identifiers work as a stiff designator who picks up the
same person for the different types of the world. The author also requires continuing
mentioning to the same object athwart the altered states of the world. The main role of the
object identifiers is that they find out the identity of the individual across the altered states.
He mentions that there is an OID for the particular one in each state of the world.
2.3: Object Identifiers and Ongoing Events
As the author established the two premises, first one is the events never be change or stand
modal possessions, and the second one is that ODI is the stiff designators. In order to both the
premises, the author finds out that there is no possibility of the branching only OID’s referred
to the events and represent OID’s as a historical event. The author explains that events can be
considered as the instantaneous and atomic to represent the structural conceptual models.
Any type of problem does not occur due to the consideration that events are instantaneous
and atomic and at the time of the complete, they instantiated.
2.4: From Where Events Come?
As I have already provided information about the events like Events is the key points of the
business process model which states the start and end points of any activities in the structural
model. In every diagram of the structural model there is a start event and also end events. The
start events are represented by the thin circle and that of end event is represented by the thick
circle at the end of the process. Events do not include the works in their process. Events
generally depend on the specified properties like qualities and dispositions which turn into
the endurant. Unfoldment of the events is depending on the potentiality of the endurant which
exist as a concrete property within the endurant. Author explain this concept with the
examples like pumping of the heart, that as the pumping depends on the potential of the heart
that type the unfold property exists, etc. all the events depend on the basic two things that are
defined as the endurants and the appearance of specific tasks of the endurants. He adds that
we are referring to the endurant, not the events, whenever to refer something which is in the
process and that has to undergo in the qualitative change and still uphold its uniqueness.
2.5: An Illustration
Olive mentions the issue of the relationship reification and explains the connection between
relations and their properties. He discusses the concept with the examples of an employee
who works in a project. An employee gives the lots of hours in that project. That employee is

connected with the one task and that have a deadline also. The employee faces the same
manager and the same role for that project in that period of non-convex time. He gives the
three different types of temporal relations:
Per instant: at each point of time whenever r clutches, r is reified as a relationship in different
entities e.
Per interval: For each temporal interval of time for which r holds, r is retired in different
entities e.
Per life span: For a single entity e, e is retired and remains the same for the whole period of
the life.
3. Final Consideration
The complexity of the organization from diverse perceptions is managed by using the
different types of approaches. Every different description has been made for the different
reasons, each has a different description with quality that each stands for the specific purpose.
It improves the relations between the architectural domain and the enterprise modeling
approaches. The author shows the important domains that for the management and modeling
of the business, organizational behavior is must and other domain is for the process which
sturdily linked with the object like entities. Process domain shows that how business related
activities planned and structured shows who performed activities and what type of changes
occurred.

Conclusion
I found out in this paper that to explain the relations for both the domains, the author used the
rich ontological account. This paper permits us to understand the pattern of modeling that
deals with the diverse events and endurants and it also shows how the events can be
performed in the structural conceptual model. In the modeling pattern, endurants and related
events relate to each other and complement by the well definite relations and treatment of
reified events increase the pattern. In this paper, I find out the ontological nature of the events
as well as the object-like entities. I have discussed a structural conceptual model to approach
the modeling pattern and discuss the effect of the event and endurant and also the main focus
is on the pattern to establish the semantic foundation for the business process model and for
the structural models that incorporate reference to object like entities and events respectively.
I admire that all the conceptual foundations all discussed in this paper serves the best
understanding of the approaches of the artifact-centric business process. The focus is given
on the objects of the real world instead of the data objects. In accordance to keep the business
reality truly, represent these objects and the relations and the domains and to ubiquitous the
world of the business.

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