BRP Proposal: Smoking Impact on Athletes' Fitness and Health

This Business Research Project proposal investigates the impact of smoking on the fitness and health conditions of athletes, focusing on a case study in the United Kingdom. The proposal includes a detailed introduction providing rationale, research aim, and objectives. It reviews the concept of health and fitness consciousness, its importance for athletes, and the detrimental effects of smoking on athletic performance, including decreased benefits of physical activity, minimized strength, sleep pattern disruption, and shortness of breath. The methodology section outlines the research approach, including qualitative and quantitative methods, random sampling, questionnaires for data collection, Microsoft Excel for data analysis, ethical considerations, and research limitations. The proposal also includes a list of resources and references. The ethical review form and company consent form are also included in the assignment.

BRP Proposal Template
Business Research Project
LSBM300
2020-21

Index
Instructions 2
1. The Research Proposal Structure Template 3
2. Ethical Review Form 6
2.1 Ethical Review Form: Part 1 8
2.2 Ethical Review Form: Part 2 9
2.3 Ethical Review Form: Part 3 10
3. Company consent 11
Appendix 1: Participant information sheet 12
Appendix 2: Participant consent form 13
Appendix 3: Company consent form 14

Instructions
This document has three sections:
 Section 1: The Research Proposal Template
 Section 2: The Ethical Review Form (Parts A, B and C)
 Section 3: Company Consent Form
All students are required to complete Sections 1 and 2, and together these form the Business
Research Project Proposal.
Only students who are conducting research directly with a company need to complete Section 3.
If your research involves the use of human participants, you will need to complete the Ethics
Approval Form. Failure to complete the Ethics Approval Form, when required to do so, will
result in your work being returned unmarked. No research with human participants can be
undertaken without receiving Ethics Approval and achieving a pass grade on the proposal.
Before you submit this Proposal form, please make sure that you have:
 Read the Business Research Project Handbook
 Read the lecture and seminar materials in the Business Research Project module
area in Canvas
 Discussed your ideas with a Business Research Project tutor. You can do this face
to face in the seminars or learning sets, or you can do this by email or through the
discussion board in Canvas
 Discussed with a Business Research Project tutor any questions you have about
Part 3 of the Ethics Approval Form (if required).

 Gained consent from the company if you are conducting research on a company.

1. The Research Proposal Structure Template
Cover page details
Student name:
Student ID number:
Name of Tutor/Supervisor:
Discussed research proposal with tutor/supervisor through the following ways:
Face to face
E-mail
Online platforms (e.g Canvas Virtual sessions, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Skype etc)
Title and Cover page
To analyse the impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes.
Cover page details
 Cover page should include details such as student name, ID number, title, name of
tutor/supervisor etc
Title (maximum 20 words)

 A title should be brief and clearly presenting the main idea and focus of the research
proposal. If necessary, you may use a colon to separate the main idea and a further
explanation/elaboration of the main idea (e.g. ‘CSR: Does it influence consumers in the
banking sector?)
 You may formulate your topic as a question. The research question is important because
it will guide your research. You should have one research question for a project of this
size.
 Choosing a title for your Research Project may be more difficult than you expect. As you
read around your preferred topic area you will find your ideas developing and possibly
changing as you get more information from further research.
 You will need to come up with a provisional title as soon as possible and prepare to
discuss and agree with your tutor/supervisor.
Table of contents
 The contents page should list the different chapters and/or headings together with the
page numbers.
 Your contents page should be presented in such a way that the reader can quickly scan
the list of headings and locate any chapter and sections covered in the project.
 You should number your chapters, sections, headings and subheadings in addition to
providing page references. Whatever numbering system you use, be sure that it is clear
and consistent throughout.
Chapter 1: Background to the study – Introduction

(Terms of Reference)
The introduction sets the context for the main body of the research project.
 Provide a rationale for your research
The basic reason behind considering this particular topic is that most of the athletes are
looking forward to improve their existing health conditions. However, smoking is
considered as a habit, which impacts on health of individuals in different ways. It has
also been analysed that, tragically, practicing smoking doesn't switch huge numbers of
the other medical issues brought about by smoking. Notwithstanding aspiratory issues,
smoking likewise influences heart wellbeing. Resting heartbeat will be up to 30%
higher on the off chance that smoke cigarettes. This can make issues for competitors. It
could be placing the wellbeing in peril if pulse rate excessively raised. Since the two
cigarettes and exercise add to higher pulses, the danger of competitors going into heart
failure or other genuine heart issues will be higher in the event that they smoke. Pulse
will be raised for 12 hours subsequent to smoking, so there is little that should be
possible to lessen this danger in the event that smoke on numerous occasions a day.
The danger increments with the quantity of cigarettes that smoke. Competitors should
be discerning of these issues in the event that they smoke routinely. Exercise may help
alleviate a portion of the danger factors, however it doesn't verge on switching them.
 State your research aim
 To analyse the impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes. A case
study on United Kingdom
 State your research objectives
 To understand the concept of health and fitness consciousness.
 To analyse the importance of fitness and health consciousness of athletes.
 To identify the impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes.

Chapter 2: Preliminary Literature Review
Concept of health and fitness consciousness
It is the most important topic for the athletes who took part in Olympics games. For athletes it is
very important that they are aware about their health because it directly influence the game.
Many of the athletes who take steroids for their body building, in which they are forget to know
their health. Athletes are the person who play games with their mid and physical activities, for
that they should be get aware about their health and fitness. Poor health destroys their games that
give negative impact on their past record. So that's why it is very important for athletes that they
should get aware for their health and fitness.
Importance of fitness and health consciousness of athletes
It is very clear that athletes should be aware for their health and fitness from the above
mentioned data. It is identified that those people who are conscious for their health and fitness
get very big benefits. Some of the benefits are mentioned below:
 Healthy mind: When the athletes are health conscious they they do not perform those
activities that gives negative impact on their health. Their health consciousness helps to
make their mind healthy and calm that helps to take right decision.
 Positive attitude- With the help of fitness and health consciousness athlete has the
benefits to make their attitude positive because they always feel good. When the person
gets healthy then they have positive attitude that made their surroundings positive. It
really helps to play games very efficiently.
 Win situation: Healthy mind give the positive feelings that improve their games which
become the source of their win situation. Sometimes if there is lost situation but their
athletes are healthy then they have a possibility to convert them into win situation.
Passionate: If the athlete is health conscious then they are fit and giving their best efforts to the
games. It really helps to being passionate on their games. Because the bad health impact on their
mood wings that means they are not being in a situation for play games passionately. So the
healthy mind gives the athletes positive attitude that helps to play their games in Olympics
passionately.
Impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes
Smoking is habit which is difficult to break for an individual and it is more difficult for an athlete
as they have to work on their physical exercise a lot. Smoking affects the body which cannot be

judged through their quantity. It does not matter up to what quantity an individual is smoking but
it adversely affects their body. Smoking can attract a lot of complication in the body of an
athlete. The impact of smoking on the athlete can be explained as follows:
 Decrease in benefits of the physical activity: Smoking will affect the bones of an
athlete due to which they can suffer from lower back pain and regular body pain. As this
will result in less benefits obtained from their physical activity.
 Minimise their strength: This habit can minimise the strength of the athlete and they
will suffer from stress and anxiety. This will also result in mood simulation which will
impact their daily routine exercise. Moreover, this will impact their flexibility which will
show an impact on their muscular strength.
 Sleep Patterns: Smoking will impact the sleep patterns of the athlete which will increase
their lack of concentration in their physical activity. Due to which athlete will require
more time to heal from small injuries.
 Shortness of Breath: Due to regular smoking an athlete can suffer from shortness of
breath as compared to non-smokers it will be almost three times. This will reduce their
life expectancy rate.
Chapter 3: Methodology
 Research methodology: Qualitative and quantitative are said to be the two crucial
research methodologies, which are specifically being considered by most of the
researchers. In present context, quantitative research methodology is considered in order
to analyse the topic in rightful manner.
 Sampling: Random sampling method is considered in this particular research
investigation, where the researchers will be focusing on 50 athletes from a number of
athletes.
 Data collection methods: Primary data collection tools like questionnaire, interview,
focus groups are the one that helps the researcher in collecting right data in relation with

the chosen topic in a short span. In present investigation, the particular research
methodology that is being taken into consideration is questionnaire.
 Data analysis methods: Microsoft Excel will be considered to develop graphs based on
the answers given by respondents. This will help researcher in analysing the data in much
effective and in efficient ways.
 Ethical considerations - Ethics are played an important role in completing of each and
every activity of the study in ethical and systematic way. There are various research
ethics that must be taken by researcher in this consideration. These are informed consent,
justice, respect for person, minimise the despite practice, provide right to the participants
withdraw, confidentiality and data protection and many more (May and et. al., 2018). All
are important and useful principles of research ethics that will be essential and important
for investigator in doing of entire activity of the dissertation in ethical and successful
manner. This will be beneficial for researcher in accomplishment of objectives of the
dissertation in effective manner.
 Research Limitations: There are different limitations of the current project such as lack
of time period, insufficient amount of capital, un-ethical behaviour of the respondents,
secondary data not accurate and out of data etc. These are major limitations that have
negative effect over performance of researcher while carrying out present investigation.
Apart from this, there are different methods that will be used for overcoming all
limitations in systemic manner. For example: Gantt chart will be applied for reducing the
issue of time, following all principles of research ethics etc. These ways or sources helps
investigator in reducing the all limitations in systematic manners.
Resources (approx. 100 words)
 Internet is the most crucial resource, which is helpful for the researcher in collecting the
data in much effective and in efficient manner.

References
Bramantoro, T., Hariyani, N., Setyowati, D., Purwanto, B., Zulfiana, A.A. and Irmalia, W.R.,
2020. The impact of oral health on physical fitness: A systematic review. Heliyon, 6(4),
p.e03774.
Podrihalo, O., Savina, S., Podrigalo, L., Iermakov, S., Jagiełło, W., Rydzik, Ł. and Błach, W.,
2020. Influence of Health Related Fitness on the Morphofunctional Condition of Second Mature
Aged Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22),
p.8465.
Jones, M.E., Davies, M.A., Leyland, K.M., Delmestri, A., Porter, A., Ratcliffe, J., Peirce, N.,
Newton, J.L. and Arden, N.K., 2018. Osteoarthritis and other long-term health conditions in
former elite cricketers. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(6), pp.558-563.
Paryab, N., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K. and Mirmoezzi, M., 2020. Effects of Melatonin on
Neurological Function and Maintenance of Physical and Motor Fitness in Collegiate Student-
Athletes Following Sleep Deprivation. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 3(2).
Đorđević Šaranović, S., Vićić, J., Pešić, I., Tomović, M., Batinić, Đ., Antić, M., Tadic, M. and
Mazić, S., 2019. The influence of tobacco use on pulmonary function in elite
athletes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), p.3515.
Mündel, T., 2017. Nicotine: sporting friend or foe? A review of athlete use, performance
consequences and other considerations. Sports Medicine, 47(12), pp.2497-2506.
2. Ethical Review Form
This form is designed to ensure that the Bloomsbury Institute London operates an ethical review
process that falls within the University of Northampton Research Ethics Procedure and the
Guidance on Ethics for Researchers.
All students need to fill in this form; however, you may only need to complete Part 1 (see
explanation below).

The Ethical Review Form consists of 3 parts:
 Part 1 is an initial assessment of your project. The question is asking you whether
you will be conducting empirical research for your Business Research Project.
Your methodology may involve the collection of primary data through
questionnaires, interviews and observations etc. or you may be conducting ‘desk
based research’ i.e. only using secondary research data.
 If you are only using secondary research data, you will not need to complete Parts
2 or 3 of the form.
 If your research involves human participants, i.e. you are collecting primary data,
you have to complete Part 2 of the form.
 If your answer is no to all the questions in Part 2, ethics approval is automatic and
provided you receive a pass grade for your proposal you may continue with your
research project.
 If your answer is yes to any of the questions in Part 2, you need to fill in Part 3 of
this form. You should discuss this with a tutor/supervisor prior to submission of
your proposal.
 Upon submission, your proposal will be graded and then reviewed by the Head of
Research/Ethics Committee. You will be informed of the decision, together with
any comments, as soon as possible. You may be asked to provide a more detailed
report and a meet with the Ethics Committee.
 If the committee finds it difficult to make a decision, we may pass this on to the
University of Northampton Research Ethics Committee. However, in the vast
majority of cases, we hope to resolve any such ethical issues.

2.1 Ethical Review Form: Part 1
Part 1 should be completed by all Business Research Project students.
Please read the following two statements and place an X in the area indicated for the statement
that most accurately represents your research intentions.
Student Statement Insert X Student Action
Statement
1
I have read the above
information. I confirm that my
research does not include study
on human participants.
✓
You do not need to complete
Part 2 of this form. Ethics
approval is not required.
Statement
2
I have read the above
information. I confirm that my
research involves the study on
human participants.
✓ Please proceed to complete
Part 2 of this form.
Proposals that are submitted without the completed Ethical Review Form may not be
considered for grading.

2.2 Ethical Review Form: Part 2
Part 2 only needs to be completed if you put a cross against Statement 2 in Part 1 above.
Yes No
I have prepared a participant information sheet (including information on
secure data storage), and submitted it in Appendix 1. ✓
I have prepared a participant consent form (including information on the
right to withdraw from the study), and submitted it in Appendix 2.
If you answered ‘Yes’ to either of the above, please note that your final Research Project will
have to include the relevant document (a participant information sheet and/or a participant
consent form.)
Please answer all of these questions by ticking either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ in the box provided in each
case.
Yes No
1.
Does the study involve participants who are particularly vulnerable
or unable to give informed consent? (e.g. people under the age of
18, people with learning disabilities, students you teach or assess)
✓
2.
Will it be necessary for participants to take part in the study
without their knowledge and consent at the time? ✓
3.
Does the study involve audio or visual recording of people in
public places?
4.
Will the study involve the discussion of sensitive topics? (e.g.
sexual activity, drug use, illegal activities, death, whistleblowing)

5.
Are drugs, placebos or other substances to be given to the study
participants or will the study involve invasive, intrusive or
potentially harmful procedures of any kind?
6.
Does your study involve a topic that would be considered
‘sensitive’ (age, culture, race, gender, sexuality, socio-economic
standing, or religion)?
7.
Is physical pain or psychological stress from the proposed project
likely to cause harm or negative consequences beyond the risks in
normal life?
8.
Does the study involve groups or materials that may be construed
as terrorist or extremist?
9.
Will financial inducements (other than expenses) be offered to
participants?
10.
Does the study involve the collection of data that is not
anonymised (contains identifying information such as name and
address)?
If your answer is yes to any of these questions, please fill in Part 3.

2.3 Ethical Review Form: Part 3
Part 3 only needs to be completed if you ticked Yes for any of the statements in Part 2 above.
2.3.1 Explanation of intent to address ethical issues
Please provide an explanation of how you intend to address the ethical issues raised in Part 2.
You will need to do this in consultation with a Business Research Project tutor/supervisor. Please
identify which tutor you discussed these issues with, and how the discussion took place.
Supervisor/Tutor’s name:
How discussions took place:
Explanation of how you intend to address the ethical issues raised in Part 2:

3. Company consent
Print off this form and make sure it has the required signature. You then need to scan the page
and insert it as an image in Appendix 3.
Alternatively, the company may choose to give you a signed consent document of their own,
which you will need to scan and insert in Appendix 3.
Consent from the host Company
Student Name: _______________________________________
Student ID number: _______________________________________
I consent to the aforementioned named student carrying out research on company premises
or in relation to this Company.
Senior Manager Name: _______________________________________
Senior Manager Signature: _______________________________________
Host Company Name: _______________________________________

Appendix 1: Participant information sheet
To be completed only if you answered ‘Yes’ to the first section (table) of Part 2 of the Ethical
Review Form. In that case, you will have to prepare a participant information sheet and include
that as an appendix in the final Research Project.

Appendix 2: Participant consent form
To be completed only if you answered ‘Yes’ to the first section (table) of Part 2 of the Ethical
Review Form. In that case, the completed participant consent form will have to be included as an
appendix in the final Research Project.
Research Project: Participant Consent Form
Full Title of Research Project:………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Name of Researcher: …………………………………………………………………
Contact Details of Researcher:
Email: ………………………………………
Tel.: ..……………………………………….
1. I confirm that I have read and understand the information sheet for the above Research
Project.
Yes/No
2. I understand my role as a participant, and I have had the opportunity to ask questions. Yes/No
3. I understand that any data/information that I shall provide shall be provided on a confidential
basis/anonymous basis.
Note: Delete whichever is not applicable: confidential basis or anonymous basis
Yes/No
4. I agree to participate in the above Research Project if the data collected will be used only for
academic purposes.
Yes/No
5. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time,
without giving reason.
Yes/No
6. I understand that I am not obliged to take part in the research, and that I will not suffer any
detriment if I do not participate.
Yes/No

7. I agree to take part in the above Research Project without any financial inducements. Yes/No
Note: Include the following statements if appropriate, or delete from your consent form –
include any other questions that may be applicable
8. I agree to any interview / focus group / consultation being audio recorded. Yes/No
9. I agree to any interview / focus group / consultation being video recorded. Yes/No
10. I agree to the use of anonymised quotes to be included within the Research Project. Yes/No
Name of Participant Signature Date
Name of Researcher Signature Date
Appendix 3: Company consent form
To be completed only if a signed company consent form was generated as suggested in Section 3
(Company Consent Form). In that case, the completed and signed company consent form will
have to be included as an appendix in the final Research Project.

Research

Table of Contents
Research...........................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................3
Research background...................................................................................................................3
Introduction to the research.........................................................................................................3
Research Aim...............................................................................................................................3
Research objectives.....................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................4
The concept of health and fitness consciousness.........................................................................4
Importance of fitness and health consciousness of athletes.........................................................4
The impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes...........................................5
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................6
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Research background
Everyone has habits that are quite good for their health and bad for their health. Smoking is
one of the worst activities you can get, while walking is one of the easiest. Some women, believe
it or not, work out daily and still consume throughout the day. To some extent, indeed, but it
does not completely eliminate the complications that smoking creates. Athletes who smoke on a
daily basis will need to be aware of the long-term effects of cigarettes. They could be more
motivated to stop if they know that working out would not fully mitigate the harm caused by
smoke.
Introduction to the research
This research is conducted in order to know what is the negative impact on athletes due to
the habit of smoking. When you smoke, your sleeping heart rate rises. When you are not busy,
the resting heart rhythm is the number of beats per minute that your heart makes. This number
rises when you smoke and your heart needs to work harder to keep your body running. To
perform the physical exercises an individual’s heart do, your heart rate can rise to dangerous
levels. A resting heart rate that is higher than average will increase the risk of death. Smoking's
nicotine and carbon monoxide will cause your blood to get "sticky" and your arteries to close.
Narrow arteries restrict blood supply to the heart, muscles, and other vital organs, making
exercise more difficult. Cigarette smoking has been found to increase serum hemoglobin, overall
lung ability, and weight loss, both of which lead to improved endurance sports results. Despite
this statistical evidence, smoking is much less common in professional athletes than it is in the
general population. The reasons for this remain unknown, but there has been little or no action on
the part of national governing bodies to allow athletes to smoke. One of the most important
aspects of smoking's benefits is that they tend to be dose-dependent and do not manifest until
several years after therapy begins. With this in mind, smoking should begin as soon as possible.
Acute exercise is now widely recognized as an essential immune system adjuvant for stimulating
the ongoing exchange of leukocytes between the circulatory system and tissues. 37 Another
advantage of acute exercise is that it can be used to enrich the blood compartment with highly
cytotoxic T-cell and NK cell subsets that can be harvested for therapeutic use. 38, 44, 45, and 46
are all numbers that can be used to make a number of Moderate activity improves glucose and

lipid metabolism by causing minor, acute increases in IL-6, which have direct anti-inflammatory
effects. 50, 49 When vaccines are followed by an acute exercise bout, another advantage may be
an improved antibody-specific response, but further testing is required. In a variety of areas, such
as education, psychology, and industry, perceived behavioral influence is used to forecast
intentions or habits. Perceived behavioral regulation is closely linked to better clinical effects in
the world of medicine. According to Bailis et al., socioeconomic status has an effect on health
self-assessment through perceived behavioral regulation. Searle et al. found that monitoring
treatments greatly increased the quality of life of the elderly, perceived behavioral influence is
one of the deciding factors for people to develop oral health habits. It has a huge impact on the
purchasing of organic meat by consumers.
Some of the problems caused by smoking are mentioned below –
Lung Health - Smoking has a number of negative effects on physical success, one of which
is a reduction in lung capacity. Athletes' endurance and results will suffer as a result of this, as
muscles with little oxygen will weaken more easily. Shortness of breath is more common in
smokers than in non-smokers, when their bodies and hearts require more oxygen than their lungs
can provide.
Circulatory Fitness - Smoking has a negative influence on athletes' cardiac and circulatory
health. Smoking induces blood vessels to constrict and become plaque-clogged, as well as
raising blood pressure. Blood supply to the muscles is reduced as a result of constricted blood
vessels, further limiting the muscles' ability to function.
Research Aim
“To analyse the impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes”. A case study
on United Kingdom
Research objectives
 To understand the concept of health and fitness consciousness.
 To analyse the importance of fitness and health consciousness of athletes.
 To identify the impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of health and fitness consciousness.
According to the views of ……., Consciousness is identified as "the state of knowing and
realizing something" , and it is intimately linked to individual perceptions, memories, emotions,
and so on. It has the ability to not only relay information, but also to deliver relevant information
and to adapt in response to individual needs, allowing us to behave independently. Human
awareness includes health consciousness. Health consciousness, according to Becker et al., is
"the degree to which an individual is prone to take health acts". It has physical fitness sensitivity,
stress sensitivity, and health danger exposure. Health consciousness has several dimensions,
which Gould split into four categories. Health consciousness, according to Hong, has three
dimensions: health self-awareness, personal responsibility, and health inspiration. Exercise is
crucial in one's personal search for good health. Exercise has been found to have a positive effect
on people's physical and mental health in several studies. Exercise can boost immunity, slow
down the ageing process, decrease weight, and increase cardiopulmonary function. Furthermore,
exercise has been shown to reduce stress in a variety of populations, including the elderly,
students, and pregnant women. As the name means, home-based fitness is a similar exercise
routine that can be done at home. Self-awareness of one's own wellbeing and ability to partake in
health and wellness-promoting activities are also indicators of health consciousness
(Michaelidou and Hassan, 2018). Health-conscious people, not surprisingly, constantly search
out guidance about how to better their health and follow it (Iversen and Kraft, 2016). As a result,
people with a high level of health consciousness have more optimistic attitudes about diet, self-
care, and exercise, and live healthy lives than people with a low level of health consciousness.
Importance of fitness and health consciousness of athletes.
From the views of ……., Concerns around Physical exercise can also increase physical health,
weight loss, cognitive performance, and quality of life while lowering the risk of injury. People
do not meet the required amount of physical exercise despite having awareness about physical
fitness. Physical activity promotion in Pakistan is restricted due to a lack of fitness preparation,
training, tools, and cross-sectional research. Many individuals who travel to the earth are
physically active enough to participate in vibration, but they are unaware of the true motivation
behind their physical exercise. They become chronically ill and imbalanced due to their lack of

consciousness. Physical activity has been shown to decrease the risk of certain smoking-related
diseases, such as lung cancer. In comparison to those who were inactive, women who were
smokers or former smokers and participated in physical activity had a lower risk of lung cancer.
Tobacco use, on the other hand, has a detrimental effect on an athlete's success because it
reduces lung function and ability to draw in adequate oxygen. Athletes have been known to
undergo symptoms such as a higher resting heart rate, narrowed blood vessels, and reduced
oxygenated blood, to name a few. One of the side effects of smoking is that it constricts blood
vessels due to a vasomotor dysfunction. Furthermore, inhaling carbon monoxide (CO) decreases
oxygen supply when CO binds with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin
(COHb), which dispenses oxygen and shifts the O2-Hb disassociation curve to the left. In
particular, smokers had higher levels of COHb than nonsmokers, which had a strong effect on
the muscles' ability to withstand exhaustion during voluntary muscle contractions. Furthermore,
decreased tissue oxygenation caused by arterial O2 desaturation and inadequate O2 distribution
has been linked to diminished exercise resistance and ability in young smokers. Passive smoking
has also been linked to cancer. In particular, in young athletes, passive smoking has been related
to a substantial decline in pulmonary function (forced expiratory flow 25–75%) and an increased
rate of cough. This may indicate that narrow airways are involved in asymptomatic athletes, as
small airways are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of cigarettes. Several spirometry tests,
including forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), were also shown to be slightly
lower in young athletes exposed to passive smoking relative to their non-smoking peers.
The impact of smoking on fitness and health conditions of athletes
From the viewpoint of ……., The heart is unable to pump enough blood to provide enough
oxygen due to the impact of nicotine on the cardiovascular system. Smokers' ability to exercise
and do normal physical activity is impaired by a lack of oxygen, which raises the risk of strokes
and heart attacks. Tobacco smoke can induce a variety of reactions in the heart and blood vessels
almost immediately. The impact of smoking on the cardiovascular system start as fast as could
be expected smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and a variety of
other problems, such as myocardial infarction and premature death. Increased blood pressure,
systemic oxygen delivery, and heart rate are all linked to it. Nicotine is one of the factors that
causes sympathetic nerve terminals and adrenal glands to release epinephrine and
norepinephrine. Acute tobacco smoking is linked to a reduction in vagal cardiac modulations,

increasing the risk of risks during normal exercise or heavy physical activity. Acute smoking
alters the cardiorespiratory responses of both submaximal and maximal activity, which may
result in rheumatoid arthritis.
It is evaluated from the above diagram that the most recent findings in four fields of exercise
immunology are acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, clinical
implications of the exercise–immune interaction, dietary impacts on the immune response to
exercise, and the role of exercise on immunosenescence. These technological breakthroughs can
be categorized into many time periods: 1900–1979, which focused on exercise-induced
improvements in simple immune cell counts and function; 1980–1989, when pioneering papers
with proof that extreme exertion was linked to temporary immune dysfunction, elevated
infections.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology: Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are claimed to be
the two most important research methodologies that most researchers regard. In the current
situation, quantitative analysis methodology is being considered in order to properly analyze the
subject.
Sampling: In this study, the researchers would use a random sampling approach to select 50
athletes from a large group of athletes.
Data collection methods: Primary data collection instruments such as questionnaires, interviews,
and focus groups assist the researcher in gathering relevant data on the selected subject in a
timely manner. In the current investment, data is collected through both primary and secondary
method.
Methods of data analysis: Microsoft Excel will be used to create diagrams based on the
responses provided by respondents. This will aid researchers in more effectively and efficiently
analysing results.
Ethical considerations - Ethics are crucial in completing each and every research operation in an
ethical and systemic manner. There are a variety of scientific ethics that must be taken into
account by researchers. Informed consent, fairness, equality for persons, minimizing despite
experience, providing participants with the freedom to withdraw, security and data privacy, and
many others are among them (May and et. al., 2018). Both of these are essential and useful rese
values.
Research Limitations: The present project has many limitations, including a lack of time, a lack
of capital, respondents' unethical behavior, secondary data that is inaccurate and out of date, and
so on. There are significant drawbacks that have a detrimental impact on the researcher's results
during the current inquiry. Aside from that, various approaches would be used to overcome all
shortcomings in a systematic manner. For example, a Gantt map would be used to reduce time
constraints when adhering to all research ethics standards. These methods or resources aid
investigators in systematically reducing all shortcomings.
Gantt Chart

Gantt chart is a graphical representation of the total project schedule. This is this is simply
include the number of activities which would be included by the researcher for fulfilling the
particular project which it want to cover. It is a graphical presentation which is helps in including
the time taken for completing the activities.

PRIMARY RESEARCH
1. About how many cigarettes have you smoked in your entire life?
a. 10 cigarettes or less
b. 11 - 100 cigarettes (up to 5 packs)
c. More than 100 cigarettes (more than 5 packs)
2. At any time in your life, have you smoked 1 or more cigare ttes per day for 30 days
straight?
a. Yes
b. No
3. Do you currently use any of the following tobacco or nicot ine products? Chewing
tobacco or snuff, cigars, tobacco pipes, clove cigarettes or bidis, nicotine replacement
products such as gum or patch, or any other tobacco products besides cigarettes?
a. Yes
b. No
4. When was the last time you smoked?
a. Over 12 months (1 year) ago -> GO TO QUESTION #12
b. Between 1 and 12 months (1 year) ago -> GO TO QUESTION #12
c. Within the last 30 days (1 month) -> GO TO QUESTION #5
5. During the past 30 days (1 month) on how many days did you smoke cigarettes?
a. Every day or almost every day
b. Some days
c. No days
6. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?
a. After 60 minutes
b. 31-60 minutes
c. 6-30 minutes
d. Within 5 minutes

7. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?
a. No
b. Yes
8. Which cigarette would you hate most to give up?
a. The first cigarette in the morning
b. Any other
9. How many cigarettes a day do you smoke?
a. 10 cigarettes or less
b. 11-20
c. 21-30
d. 31 or more
10. Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than during the
rest of the day?
a. No
b. Yes
11. Do you smoke even if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?
a. No
b. Yes
12. How old were you when you tried a cigarette, even a single puff?
a. I have never smoked cigarettes
b. 7 years old or younger
c. 8 or 9 years old
d. 10 or 11 years old
e. 12 or 13 years old
f. 14 or 15 years old
g. 16 or 17 years old
h. 18 - 21 years old
i. 22 years old or older

13. How old were you when you first smoked an entire cigarette?
a. I have never smoked cigarettes
b. 7 years old or younger
c. 8 or 9 years old
d. 10 or 11 years old
e. 12 or 13 years old
f. 14 or 15 years old
g. 16 or 17 years old
h. 18 - 21 years old
i. 22 years old or older
14. About how long did your experimental smoking phase last? � If you are a current
non-smoker, please indicate the length of time you experimented with smoking before
you stopped completely. � If you are a current smoker, please indicate the amount of
time you experimented with smoking before becoming a regular (daily or almost
daily) smoker.
a. Less than 1 month
b. At least 1 month, but less than 6 months
c. At least 6 months, but less than 12 months (1 year)
d. At least 1 year, but less than 2 years
e. At least 2 years, but less than 4 years
f. 4 years or more
g. Don't know/not sure
15. During your experimental smoking phase, you may have smoked more frequently
at some times and less frequently at others. When you were smoking most frequently
during this phase, about how often did you smoke?
a. Daily or almost daily
b. At least weekly, but less than daily
c. At least monthly, but less than weekly
d. Less than monthly
e. Don't know/not sure
16. During your experimental smoking phase, you may have smoked more cigarettes
at some times than others. When you were smoking most during this phase, about how

many cigarettes did you smoke on days when you did smoke?
a. less than 1 cigarette per day
b. 1 cigarette per day
c. 2-5 cigarettes per day
d. 6-10 cigarettes per day
e. 11-20
f. 21 or more cigarettes per day
g. Other
17. During your experimental smoking phase, where did you usually smoke? (Select
only one response.)
a. At home
b. At school
c. At work
d. At friends' homes
e. At social events
f. In public places (e.g. parks, shopping centers, street corners)
DISCUSSION
It has been analyzed from the above discussion that smoking is injurious to health of athletes.
They must be aware about the negative consequences that this thing causes to the sports activity
of athletes. Using cigarettes and other nicotine products has also been linked to sarcopenia, or
age-related muscle atrophy. Those that smoked had signs of greater muscle tissue loss as
compared to nonsmokers of comparable backgrounds. Type I fibers are particularly harmed,
limiting muscular endurance.. Tobacco use can also result in a disproportionate amount of
adipose tissue catabolism before and after exercise. Among those that are nutritionally poor, this
can also lead to muscle tissue wasting. Researchers suspect this is the cause of a disease known
as cachexia, which is often found in cancer or colitis patients. This loss of muscle mass will
result in lower exercise effectiveness in terms of energy intake and respiration quality. Upper
extremity muscles also act as breathing muscles, and should be taken into account when working

to condition heavy smokers. A randomized trial looked at the effects of upper body strength
training on breathing in a group of sedentary male smokers. Within the exercise community,
there was a major impact on forced expiration and forced vital capability. Tobacco smoke is
extremely hazardous to one's skin. There is no such thing as a discreet way to smoke. You won't
be able to escape the health hazards by substituting a cigar, pipe, or hookah for your cigarette.
Around 600 ingredients are used in cigarettes, many of which are also used in cigars and
hookahs. According to the American Lung Association, as these additives burn, they produce
over 7,000 chemicals. Many of the compounds are toxic, and at least 69 have been attributed to
cancer. In the United Kingdom, cigarettes have a threefold higher death rate than nonsmokers.
Smoking is the most prevalent "preventable cause of death" in the United States, according to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nicotine, a mood-altering compound, is one
of the additives of tobacco. Nicotine enters your brain in seconds and gives you a temporary
boost of energy. However, as the impact wears off, you become exhausted and hungry for more.
Nicotine is highly addictive, which is why quitting smoking is so difficult. Nicotine withdrawal
will affect cognitive capacity and leave you feeling nervous, irritable, and depressed. Withdrawal
can also lead to headaches and insomnia. Inhaling smoke exposes the lungs to chemicals that can
damage them. This injury causes a slew of issues over time. People who smoke are more likely
to develop lifelong nonreversible lung diseases such as emphysema, which is the deterioration of
the air sacs in the lungs. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the lining of the
lungs' breathing channels, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a
category of lung diseases. Smoking harms the digestive system as a whole. Nicotine allows
blood vessels to constrict, restricting blood flow. Peripheral artery disease may develop over
time as a result of the continuous narrowing and damage to the blood vessels. Smoking also
increases blood clots, boosts blood pressure, and weakens blood vessel walls. This increases the
chance of a stroke when taken together. If you've either had cardiac bypass surgery, a heart
condition, or a stent inserted in a blood artery, you're at a higher risk of worsening heart disease.
Smoking has an effect not only on your insulin sensitivity, but also on the health of people who
will not smoke. To a nonsmoker, secondhand smoke poses the same risk. Skin shifts are one of
the most visible symptoms of smoke. Tobacco smoke contains substances that alter the texture of
the skin. According to a new report, smoking significantly raises the risk of squamous cell
carcinoma (skin cancer). The symptoms of nicotine can be felt on your fingernails and toenails.

Fungal nail infections are more likely if you smoke. Nicotine has an impact on hair as well.
According to an older study, it causes hair loss, baldness, and graying. It can cause coughing and
shortness of breath, and it can impair the breathing. It raises the risk of bronchitis and other
respiratory infections. Any of these events have the potential to dramatically lower your quality
of life. Smoking can harm you in a variety of ways, including:
 It has the ability to change your senses of smell and taste.
 It lowers your ability to workout and lowers your energy level.
 It affects your physical look negatively (yellow teeth, prematurely aged skin, unpleasant
odour, and so on)

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