Analysis of Share Buyback & Impairment Loss Accounting Practices

This report provides a detailed analysis of share buyback strategies and impairment loss accounting. It begins by explaining the concept of share buybacks, including the reasons why companies choose to repurchase their own shares, such as improving earnings per share, returning capital to shareholders, and optimizing capital structure. The report outlines the conditions for buybacks, including limitations on the amount, authorization requirements, and debt-equity ratio considerations. It also covers the accounting entries involved in share buybacks, including the treatment of premiums and the creation of a capital redemption reserve, and the disclosure requirements for financial reporting. Furthermore, the report discusses the implications of buybacks on a company's financial health and investor perception. The second part of the report deals with impairment loss accounting, providing a specific example of how an impairment loss is allocated across different assets, including goodwill, patents, buildings, and inventory, along with the corresponding journal entries. The report concludes by referencing relevant literature on financial statement analysis and corporate finance.

Part A:
When a company holds substantial cash balance to such extent that the board feels the need of
utilizing it some way. Thus, large companies including PSUs prefer buy backing their own
shares and utilizing the excessive cash balance by releasing it back to the investors (Alvarez,
2013).
Buy back is a concept of companies of purchasing its own shares from the existing shareholders
at a price usually higher than the price prevailing in the market. When a company decides to buy
back its shares, it decreases its outstanding shares in the market which in turn, increases the
shareholding percentage for the existing shareholders (Easton, 2010). At times, the company
adopts the technique of buying its shares from the open market instead of from the shareholders
themselves.
The reasons for buy back of shares can be:
 Earnings per share are being improved and increase the long term value for shareholders.
Also, helps the company to achieve its optimum capital structure targets ;
 When shares are valued at a lesser price or aren't trade much on the market, buy back
provides a way to shareholders to release such shares to the company at a favorable price.
It helps in providing satisfactory returns to its shareholders in the form of cash (Fridson
& Alvarez, 2012).
 One of the main reasons of choosing buy back for reducing the capital is not requiring the
consent of any court or National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).
The funds for the buy back is required to he utilized from free reserves, proceeds from the issue
of some other class of shares, securities premium, capital reserves, etc. Buy back can be made
from shareholders or security holders already existing on either proportionate basis or purchasing
from employees where shares were issued under ESOP or from the open market.
CONDITIONS FOR BUY BACK :
 The buyback shouldn't be more than 25% of the total of free reserves and paid up capital
subject to approval in the general meeting through special resolution. However, in case

the percentage doesn't exceed 10%, authorization through special resolution is not
required. A board resolution would do the needful.
 It is to be considered that along with the limit of 25% of total paid up capital and free
reserves which is applicable in case of all shares while in case of only equity shares, 25%
of total paid up share capital is also considered (Girard, 2014).
 Such buyback of shares should be authorized in the articles of association of the
company. After the buy back, the debt equity ratio shouldn't fall below 2:1.
 A company isn't allowed to buy back its shares again after the first buy back for the next
one year from the date of closing of previous buyback offer.
 As soon as the special resolution or Board resolution is passed, as per the case, the
buyback procedures and formalities should be completed within a period of one year
from the date of passing of such resolution.
 The respective law requires a company to physically destroy shares bought back within a
time period of 7 days as soon as the buyback procedures are completed.
Coming to accounting entries, the company might be buying back shares either at a premium or a
discount. So, assuming that the buy back is made at a premium, in the books of accounts of a
company, the share capital is debited with the face value amount along with premium on buy
back and the concerned shareholder's account is credited. In the next entry the shareholder's
account is debited and the cash or bank account is credited with the buyback amount to be paid
to the shareholders (Ittelson, 2009).
The buyback premium, being an expense, is written off from securities premium account or any
other free reserves. At the same time, capital redemption reserve is created and a sum equal to
the face value of the shares bought back is transferred to the capital redemption reserve.
DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
When the buyback procedures are finally undertaken by the company, the following information
should be disclosed in the reports for the financial year in which buy back took place :
 The number of shares bought back of each class along with percentage ;
 The cost of acquisition of the shares bought back ;

 The amount that has been credited or debited to reserves, securities premium account and
paid up capital ;
 Effect on retained profits or accumulated losses or any other equity related accounts ;
 A summary of the nature of shares bought back and the terms or conditions applicable or
any other information that the company thinks to be material and therefore, should be
disclosed for better understanding of the transactions.
Usually, buy back is interpreted in a way that the issuing company is enjoying a strong financial
position. It is often interpreted as giving back the company's profit to its shareholders as a way of
appreciating them for the investments they have made (McLaney & Adril, 2016). This is
somewhat like the company used the equity capital for its business and as the business starts
generating revenue enough to fund its own operations, the company tends to return the capital
investment back to its owners.
It can also be assumed that the company might have found some other way of financing such as
finance through debts is being made at a lower cost because of the less risk on the lender's head.
The company might also be in an agreement of some hostile takeover where the said company is
to be taken over and therefore, it is paying off its liabilities (Parrino, 2013).
EPS (Earnings Per Share), being a metric used for measuring the effectiveness of company’s
management, if shows changes to a great extent just after buy back can be interpreted that a large
portion of profits have been transferred to its executives.
A buyback cannot truly reflect the positive or negative financial health of a company; it is
considered when decisions are to be made for potential investments (Penman, 2012).
When a company is on a good position and doesn't require the cash balances for growth or
expansion and is contented with significant cash amounts, it may take the step of restoring its
shares from the shareholders through buy back. However, the challenging side of taking a
decision of buying back shares depends on two factors, that is, short term buoyancy from
shareholders and long term goals for more growth. Such decision has to be made from both the
long term and short term perception and requires careful judgment.

Part B:
The total impairment loss amounted to $9000. Out of this 3000 is written off against goodwill
and the remaining is distributed among other assets in the ratio of their carrying amounts.
The distribution is shown below:
Particulars
Carrying
Amount
Rati
o
Impairment
Loss
Patent 16000
0.
53 2,030
Building 10000
0.
33 1,269
Inventory 4000
0.
13 508
3
0,000 3,807
The journal entries are as follows:
Particulars Dr Amt Cr Amt
Accumulated Impairment Loss ...
…..Dr
9,000
.00
To Plant
2,193
.00
To Patent
2,030
.40
To Building
1,269
.00
To Inventory
50
7.60
To Goodwill
3,000
.00
(Being impairment on assets
realised)

Impairment loss……Dr
9,000
.00
To accumulated impairment loss
9,000
.00

Bibliography
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Girard, S. L. (2014). Business finance basics. Pompton Plains, NJ: Career Press.
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McLaney, E., & Adril, D. P. (2016). Accounting and Finance: An Introduction. United
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Parrino, R. (2013). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2nd Edition. Milton: John Wiley &
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McGraw-Hill.