Detailed Event Sustainability Plan for Calgary Stampede Project

This project provides a comprehensive event sustainability plan designed for the Calgary Stampede, addressing various aspects of environmental impact and sustainable practices. The plan begins with an event background, including details about the event's name, host organization, type, and logistical sectors. It identifies key stakeholders, their concerns, and presents a business case for sustainability. The core of the project is the event sustainability plan, outlining objectives aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, along with best practices to address identified issues, operational strategies, and resource management considerations such as budget, human resources, procurement, and outreach. The project also includes an analysis of the negative impacts caused by the event, such as animal abuse, pollution, and waste, along with a detailed planning process to mitigate these effects. The report emphasizes the need for action, focusing on climate and energy, water, and solid waste management, and provides a framework for reducing pollution and promoting a more sustainable event.

Event Sustainability Plan

Table of Contents
Event Background............................................................................................................................3
Event Name- ..............................................................................................................................3
Host Organisation Name-............................................................................................................3
Type of Event-.............................................................................................................................3
Event Details-..............................................................................................................................3
Event Participants-......................................................................................................................4
Sponsors-.....................................................................................................................................4
Logistical Sector-........................................................................................................................4
Sustainability Practices in Event ................................................................................................5
Summary of Negative Impacts caused by Calgary Stampede ..................................................5
List of Stakeholders ....................................................................................................................6
Stakeholder Concerns..................................................................................................................6
Business Case..............................................................................................................................8
Event Sustainability Plan...............................................................................................................10
UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS........................................10
OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................................10
Best practices to address the issues ..........................................................................................10
Charity Experience ..............................................................................................................11
Operational Strategies....................................................................................................................12
Sustainability Policy-................................................................................................................12
Budget-......................................................................................................................................12
Human Resources-....................................................................................................................13
Procurement-.............................................................................................................................15
Outreach-...................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

Event Background
Event Name-
Calgary Stampede
Host Organisation Name-
Calgary Exhibition and Stampede Ltd. Operates as a Non-Profit Organisation. This
company hosts racetrack, community events, operates a Casino and produces a ten day Calgary
Stampede.
Type of Event-
Calgary Stampede is Rodeo Event, Exhibition and Festival which is held Every July in
Canada.
Event Details-
Calgary Stampede is a ten day event which is also known as 'The Greatest Outdoor Show
on Earth', the event includes stage shows, First nation exhibition, agriculture competitions,
parade, Chuckwagon racing, midway and Concerts. The event is organised by various volunteers
and also it is supported by civic leaders, it is one of the richest rodeos and also an event for
attracting the tourist in City. Each and Every year many people around the world come to
Calgary Event for watching out the actions of largest outdoor rodeo including barrel racing, bull
riding and various other events. It is a largest music festivals in Calgary, Alberta, Canada with
five stages and various performers it also include a slate of international music headliners. The
Calgary Stampede is running from 1886 and this festival has become the identity of the City. The
Festival was started with small agriculture fair and now it has grown into one of the world's best
rodeos and the largest Festival of Canada. This event entertain the guests of different ages, they
have to purchase the tickets from the ticket counter purchased from the entrance of Stampede or
even they can buy the tickets online. It become easy for the audiences to book their tickets in
advance as they offers a different packages that can be avail by them in Event. Each year as a
Stampede royalty two princess or queen is selected as an ambassadors which reflects Stampede
and the City (Almeida and et. al., 2021). Stampede Parade shows various western themed entries
every year including horses, people, marching bands and floats. It is not a parade it shows a
tradition, Calgary Culture and its History. In Calgary Stampede most of the renowned and
biggest performer entertain to the audience by their performance. There are various stages in

event and each stage reflects an unique purpose such as live music all day and night representing
new artist. It is one of the world's largest Outdoor Rodeo, mainly there are six major events they
are tie-down roping, Saddle bronc, bareback, bull riding, barrel racing and steer wrestling. The
event starts at 1:30 pm to 4:15 pm daily. The Rodeo includes Calibre of Two things quality of
horses and skill of competitors. The Stampede Rodeo shows the best animals and competitors of
the world. The Cowboy and Cowgirls participate in the events and show their skills or grit by
winning towards show down Sunday. In Calgary Stampede every night in evening, show is
conducted presenting the most unique doubleheader of World it also features GMC Rangeland
Derby and Bell Grandstand Show. Calgary stampede also runs a foundation of education,
performing arts programs and music for the youth adults of Albertan to connect with western
heritage (Azizi, Beheshti and Bolouki, 2021). The foundation also provide scholarship to young
adults for their education and they also give awards to the youth for performing arts in Event.
The foundation has made various investment to operate or restore historic parks in Calgary. The
audience can enjoy the Calgary Stampede showband in the Parade and see the legends on one of
the stage of the Festival. The Coca-Cola stage brings out the best performance of North America
Young artist and the audience can grab the seat by purchasing the ticket of Festival. There are
biggest stars involve such as Sheryl Crow, Alessia Cara and Alexisonfire they are the performer
in Festival (Baroghi, Ribeiro and Lourenço, 2021).
Event Participants-
The Event Calgary Stampede is participated by various visitors from different countries
they visit to watch out the largest event of Rodeo in Canada. There are various Participants in
events such as audiences, CEO, various stakeholders, Vice presidents, government, volunteers,
sponsors and animals.
Sponsors-
There are various sponsors in Calgary Stampede Event they are Bell Canada, BMO
Financial Group, Burnco, Coca Cola, GMC, Nutrien, Bennett Jones, TC Energy, Lammle's,
Enmax Energy and various other sponsors.
Logistical Sector-
The Logistic manager of Calgary Stampede have to look out the various suppliers of the
events, they have to manage the transportation of visitors in Event. A pick up and drop zone

created for the guests they have to walk for a minute from spiller road to Stampede
(Brzozowska, Pabian and Pabian, 2021). A public parking is also available for the audience but
this year they are working on a pre purchase parking so that it will be convenient and easy for
them to visit in event without facing any difficulty in parking. The manager also look out the
arrangement of foods for the audiences and have to solve the problem occur during parking.
Sustainability Practices in Event
 During the event Stampede has find out several practices to preserve environment
friendly, they have taken various environment initiatives within the event like
Composting program, Midway lights which are used to save energy and Extensive
recycling.
 Stampede also take care of fruit trees, shrubs, bat houses that leads to mosquitoes control
system and eco-friendly pest.
 They also keep the city green by reducing waste and manure which is produced by
agriculture events that are composted into nutrient rich soil which help to grow healthy
and strong trees.
 Food is donated by Stampede Food and Beverages team to Non profit organisation which
helps the needy people who require food in Calgary (Camilleri, 2021).
Summary of Negative Impacts caused by Calgary Stampede
There are various negative impacts of Calgary Stampede they are as follows-
 In Calgary stampede animals are used to entertain the people who visit in Event. The
animals are abused to perform for the entertainment of human beings. They are forced
and given a pain, fear and stress to take part in Event.
 Calves get injured sometimes or get killed because of the physical impact of roping. The
riders handle the calf mistakenly which puts them at risk of injury.
 The Cow boys and Cow girls also get injured during the events including bareback, steer
wrestling, bull riding and various other activity (Chatzifotiou, 2021).
 Security also create a negative impact in Calgary Stampede as if people don't feel secured
they will not enjoy the event. It is important to keep the safety of participants who are
attending the Festival. There should be a proper team must be hired to handle the
situation during event, they have to look the sign of crime, watch the image registered by
surveillance Camera, provide the facility of First aid in any emergency, report if any

suspicious incidents happen during the event. So, it is important to maintain a strong
security as if people are secure they can enjoy the Festival of Calgary Stampede
(Goldhawk, Grandin and Pajor, 2021).
 Pollution is one of the factor which could also create a negative impact by Calgary
Stampede. During the festival a lot of generators are require for running the Event
operations successfully which creates a pollution and also affect the people who are
presented there. Generators creates air and noise pollution, if they are not in a good
condition they can create a large amount of invisible carbon monoxide which affect the
surrounding of Event.
 In Calgary Stampede there is lot of Wastage of Food resources which is one of the
negative impacts caused by the Event. The Local non profit organisation collects food
each night from Stampede and donate it to the people who need the food.
 High Cost Indulgence is also one of the negative factor caused by Calgary Stampede.
There are various cost which get incurred during the event so the organiser have to
manage Cost to met the future expenses (Goldhawk, Grandin and Pajor, 2021).
List of Stakeholders
Primary stakeholders: It is non profit business entity that preserves and promote
western inheritance, culture, and community spirit. Thus, there is primary stakeholders such as:
 Dana Peers, Interim Chief executive officer
 Paul Rosenberg, Chief operating officer
Secondary stakeholders: List of secondary stakeholders mentioned below:
 Sarah Hayes, Vice president (Foundation)
 Jim Laurendeau (Vice president) (Park planning and development)
 Graeme Ryder – Vice President (Business services & chief financial officer)
 LaVonne Walt, Vice president – Volunteer services, corporation & corporate Secretary
Stakeholder Concerns
 Cost-
Stakeholder have to look out the cost which will be occurred in conducting the Event. There are
various expenses which will be met by the stakeholders. The Stakeholders mutually collects the
fund from various sources to organise Calgary Stampede Festival. Stakeholders are the person
who are directly or indirectly involved in event and have active participation in terms of

monetary. To distribute the cost they search for various sponsors so that they can help in
investment and also increases their brand value (He, Salem and Salman, 2021).
 Resource Utilisation-
Resource Utilisation is also one of the main concern of Stakeholders as they have to maintain an
appropriate resources for conducting an Event. The resources should be properly managed for
the current and future Event, if they are well managed than the Festival could run smoothly and
effectively.
 Security-
Stakeholders have to maintain proper security for audiences to run the event successfully. People
who are visiting from different countries to watch the festival of Calgary Stampede should be
properly secured as they are the guest of City and it is the duty of Event Host to take care of their
audiences in terms of Security. A proper security team should be hired to provide asset
protection, to handle the lost and found inquires, to solve out the uncertainties like
Children/parent lost, property damage, to look out any First aid and medical emergencies and
various other incident during Event.
 Waste Management-
Stakeholders are also concerns in Waste management they want to minimise the wastage during
Calgary Stampede Festival. In the Event most of the people seek best foods and don' eat so it
leads to wastage of Food. Stampede has organised a campaign in which they deliver food to the
people who need it so that there should be reduction in wastage of Food.
 Pollution Prevention-
The Stakeholders have to look out the prevention methods which get occurred due to pollution.
In Calgary Stampede there are various pollution sources which can harm the people such as
generators, cleaners, vehicles, animals waste and litter. These are the sources which affect the
Event and people who are the part of Festival. Stakeholders have to take proper measures to
reduce the pollution so that audiences can enjoy the Event (Konrad, Wiek and Barth, 2021).
Business Case
Business Case is planned during the early stage of event in which the following key points are
outlined to decide who, how, what and why to continue the event. Business case is needed to
solve the business problems and gain the opportunities, to find out risk occurred during event,
Impact on operations, etc.

Overview-
The Business Case is based on the problems which should be reduced or handled by the
Calgary Stampede organiser. The Event creates various negative impacts that must be overcome,
a proper plan and strategy should be framed to identify and solve the issues during the Event.
Objective-
The Objective of Calgary Stampede is-
To reduce or eliminate animal abusing during the Event.
To properly manage the security of the participants.
Plan-
A proper plan should be designed and according to that the work must be conducted as
planning means thinking about the activities which is required to run the Festival of Calgary
Stampede successfully. The organiser have to gather detailed information before the event
actually start. Dana Peers president of Calgary Stampede has started planning to organise the
event as due to pandemic last year the festival was not celebrated it was the first time in the
History that the Event was cancelled. This time they have to take the proper measures and
actions to Celebrate Calgary Stampede in Canada (Lampard and et. al., 2021). The organiser may
face the problem of revenue due to cancellation of various events during pandemic. The officials
of Stampede are working with many agencies to handle the safety of the participants the agencies
are Calgary Emergency Management Agency and Alberta Health Services. Planning for Calgary
Stampede includes-
 Planning for Ticket-
Stampede officials should plan for the ticket counter, they have to look out from where does the
people can purchase the ticket to enjoy the festival of Calgary Stampede. Due to pandemic the
tickets are available online only there will be no ticket counter at main entrance of Stampede. As
it reduces the interaction between the people and they even don't have to stand in a line to
purchase the ticket. The Booking of tickets gets start early before the event so the audience can
purchase advance ticket to enjoy the Festival.
 Planning for Food and Drink-
The organiser have to plan for food and Drink facility for the people who are visiting to watch
the Event of Calgary Stampede. There should be a proper arrangement of tables and chairs for
the audiences to have their meal without any issue. Food and Drink should be provided at

affordable price in the event so that the Festival can earn high profit margin (Lim, Zakaria and
Foo, 2021).
 Planning for Weather prediction-
The officials of Stampede have to be ready to predict the weather before organising Calgary
Stampede. They can experience through down pour of rain and from the heat and chilly
temperature of Canada.
 Planning for parking and transportation-
A proper planning should be framed for parking and transportation many people faces the
problem of parking, they have to park their vehicles miles away from the Event. The Stampede
officials are working on the pre parking purchase to reduce the Chaos while parking vehicles and
it will be convenient for audiences and they can enjoy the event without taking any tension of
parking.
Strategy-
The strategy should be such that it promote and preserve the western heritage and values
of people, land, animal and tradition by celebrating and make up the unique spirit of West. A
strategy must be framed to increase the perspective of people to visit and create a world's class
gathering place for the people.
Implementation-
A proper implementation of the strategy should be formulated, the officials of Stampede
have to work on the strategies and focus on exploring and promoting the Festival so that more
audience visit to be a part of Calgary Stampede. The organiser should execute the plan and work
accordingly to run the Festival efficiently and smoothly.
Monitoring-
After implementation the officials of Stampede have to monitor the plans which has been
implemented and keep checking whether they are working or not. A proper monitoring should be
on the members of event and the volunteers, if any problem occurs during the event it must be
resolved by the officials (Longley, 2021).
Event Sustainability Plan
UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
 To provide Clean water and Sanitation facility to the audience.

 The United Nations Sustainable Development goal is to create Zero Hunger which means
no one will left the event without eating food.
 The Event and people who are visiting should be responsible towards the consumption
and Production.
 To keep peace during the event.
 To set up friendly relations with its sponsors, volunteers, leaders and other members of
event so that they can collectively work during the Event.
 To maintain the healthy relations with City Government.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of Event Sustainability Plan are-
 To decrease the Climate Impact by 20% in Event from the Starting of the Event.
 To Use Renewable resources.
 To reduce water wastage.
 To decrease the impact of pollution during the Festival.
 To ensure Safety and Security of the participants.
Best practices to address the issues
There are various practices to handle or address the issues they are-
 Climate and Energy-
To reduce Climate and Energy issue the officials have to keep focus on the weather pattern to
understand the weather during the event. To overcome the issue of climate and energy the
officials have to go with renewable energy they have to select the company which generates
power from solar and wind, it should be certified by Green-e Energy.
 Water-
The Stampede officials have to reduce the problem of wastage of water. There are many visitors
who gather to watch the performance in the Festival. A proper guidelines should be framed to
save water in the Event (Vuong and et. al., 2021). The management of the Event have to assess
water uses and identify the water saving ideas. They should appoint a Water Champion to keep
checking the meters and monitor water use. In Event the water efficient taps can be installed with
an aerator to use less quantity of water. They can also install mixer taps or lever that helps to
save water quickly when it reaches to desired temperature. The leaking taps should be fixed and
replaced to reduce the wastage of water (Macellari and et. al., 2021).

 Solid Waste-
The organiser have to minimise the wastage during Festival, they have to keep focusing on the
waste material generally in Event there is lot of wastage of food. The officials have to manage
the wastage of food and reuse the food for needy people. The Stampede have organise a drive in
which they are using the waste food material and providing to the people who requires and have
need for it.
 Pollution Prevention-
There should be a proper pollution prevention in the Festival the audiences may not face any
harm or illness due to the pollution which is generated by various sources such as generators,
vehicles, animals waste and many other source. The officials can do to overcome the problem of
pollution is to use solar energy instead of generators as it creates Emit Unburnt Hydrocarbons
which creates a huge impact on people in Event. So the officials should go for solar energy
instead of generators. The management can also overcome the pollution by using less air
conditioner and heat in the Festival (Vesci and et. al., 2021).
 Social and Ethical Responsibilities-
The management of Calgary Stampede have various social and ethical responsibilities towards
the people and City. They have to stop abusing animals and do not give stress or force them to
perform in the event. It is the responsibility of Stampede officials to represent the culture of City
by flaunting different shades in Event.
Charity Experience
The officials of Calgary Stampede has organised a various charity programmes for the
youth of Albertan, they are also going to hire a social enterprise for Charity. They will provide
scholarship to young adults for their education. The management is also focusing on wastage of
food materials in the Event.
Operational Strategies
Operational strategies includes a plan which should be implemented in a systematic way. Further
this section is divided into different parts they are-
Sustainability Policy-
The process of creating policy is
 To identify the need of policy

 Identify who will handle the lead responsibility
 To collect relevant information
 Draft a policy
 Consult with stakeholders
 Finalise policy
 Consider whether there is need of procedure or not
 Implement the Policy
 Monitor and review the policy
The policy which Calgary Stampede have to bring is Safety and Security Policy. In this policy
the officials of Stampede have to manage and maintain safety and security of the audiences who
bare going to visit in the Festival. It is the responsibility of the management to take care the
safety of audiences they should take care of the materials of people who are presented in the
Event. A security team should be hired by the Stampede officials to handle the issues and
problems which will be occurred during the Event (Mascarenhas, and et. al., 2021). The Team
will also look out the lost and found inquires and solve out the uncertainties like Children/parent
lost, property damage, to look out any First aid and medical emergencies and various other
incident during Event.
Budget-
Calgary Stampede generates revenue from its own activities from the total income half of the
income comes from Stampede itself. They also receives the fund from Provincial Government
and there are lots of sponsors who invest in the Festival. Some of the sponsors of Calgary
Stampede are Coca-Cola, Bell Canada, Enmax Energy, Lammel's, BMO Financial group, etc.
Stampede owns and operates various business like Cowboys Casino, Stampede Park, etc. The
Stampede officials have to produce the Budget in which various expenses are laid down such as
promotion, Forecasting Weather, Water management, Safety and Security, etc. A lot of
investment is needed to Organise Canada's Largest Festival Calgary Stampede.
List of Cost-
Cost
Promotion Cost
Water management Cost

Solar Energy cost
Climate and Energy Cost
Solid Waste Cost
Furniture and other appliances cost
Speakers and Talent Cost
Printed materials Cost
Venue Cost
The plan will be financial sustainable by-
 Monitoring and evaluation system
 By Having multiple source of Funding
 Having the support of community
 Identifying the fund required while conducting Festival
 Having support of Investors
Human Resources-
The sustainability Plan will be managed when the management and other team members will
work collectively to run the event successfully (Nielsen, Klausing and Nyhuis, 2021). The
members of Festival which are directly or indirectly involved are categorise into three level they
are Top level, Middle Level and Supervisory level. The top level includes Board of Directors,
CEO, President or managing director, etc. They have the power and authority as they make the
goals, policies and procedure of conducting the Event. They have various roles and
responsibilities they are-
 They lay down the policies and objectives of the Festival.
 They prepare budgets, schedules and procedures of conducting Calgary Stampede.
 A proper Strategic plan and policies must be framed by Top level management.
 They appoint the volunteers and other staff member required during Event.
 They control other departments of Events.
 The Top level management is responsible for providing relevant information to outside
world.

 They provide guidance, encourage harmony and also give direction.
 They have to plan how to overcome the practices which is generated by climate and
Energy, water, pollution, etc.
The Middle level includes different departments which collectively work during the Event. There
are various department Finance department, IT department, HR department, Security department
etc. The role and responsibilities of Middle level management includes-
 Executing the plans which is framed by the top level management and follow the policies
and directives accordingly.
 They have to interpret and explain the policies to other level management.
 The reports and data of Festival should be send to Top level management in an
appropriate time and in efficient manner.
 Have to Monitor the Flow of Event and solve out any issue which could be occurred.
 They should reduce wastage of water.
 They have to ensure that audiences may not face any harm or illness due to pollution.
 They have to maintain proper security for participants who are going to visit the Festival.
The supervisory level of management consists volunteers, supervisors, free lancers, etc. They
have to execute and coordinate day to day workflow of the event. Generally Calgary Stampede is
a 10 day event so supervisory level have to manage the workflow of 10 days. The roles and
responsibilities of Supervisory level are-
 Assigning duties and tasks to volunteers and freelancers.
 Instructing and Guiding the volunteers day to day activities.
 Maintaining a good relations with the members who are the part of organising the
Festival.
 They act as a mediator by communicating the issues, problems and suggestions of
volunteers and freelancers to top level of management.
 They have to arrange the necessary machines, tools, resources and materials which are
required during the Event.
 They have to maintain the safety of the people coming for enjoying the Festival.
 They have to manage and maintain the harmony, peace and decorum in the Event.

The Volunteers and Freelancers requires a training as each year new people get hired to be the
part of organising the event so they require training to learn the roles and responsibility which
they are playing in Calgary Stampede.
 The training helps volunteers and freelancers to know about the program, people and
their job quickly and efficiently.
 Training helps to establish minimum competency which are expected to obtain.
 By training the skills of the freelancers and other members get improved.
 Training provides a well knowledge and teaches etiquettes which should be maintain
during the Festival.
 Training helps to know more about Calgary Stampede Festival.
Procurement-
The services offered by Calgary Stampede are Food and Drink services or Entertainment
services. The Food and Drink services is provided by the Festival to the people who are visiting
to watch the performance of biggest artists. The sustainability criteria is followed to reduce the
wastage of food in the Event (Outlaw, 2021). The Calgary Event is one of the largest Festival in
Canada a millions of people visit and they have to maintain the food and drinks of various
audiences. The Stampede Officials arranges the best food in the Event it increases the brand
value of the places from which the food is been served. The Stampede officials have tied up with
Non profit organisation for supplying the food to the people who don't have food to eat.
The Calgary Event also provide the services of Entertainment as its main aim is to
entertain the people who are visiting in Festival. They take care for the entertainment of
audiences by providing them live music, concerts, Rodeos shows, elbow river camp, fun foods,
shopping, etc. The sustainable practices of Entertainment services is to bring the best performers
in the Event which increases the value of festival. The Stampede Officials have to look out the
various ways to entertain the audiences.
Outreach-
There are various communication strategy that could be use to achieve the goals of Festival. The
different strategies of communication are as follows-
Communication strategy:
Communication is necessary for every type of organisation because it helps to promote their
business and attract customers so they can generate revenue and profits. Communication strategy

refers to the plan which helps in achieving objectives of communication. It has four main
components known as communication objectives, target customers, plan and channel of
communication.
The main goal of the Calgary Event is to increase number of visitors towards their unique
program (Picardy, Ghezzi and Bilodeau, 2021). For attracting large number of customers, social
media like twitter, Instagram and Facebook would be used. These types of social media would be
effective in gaining large number of customers as people are quite active on such media. Digital
posters and invitation would be featured on these sites which would catch attention of people.
And these people would share these posters to their family, friends and relatives.
Target market: In this all people are included like stakeholders, customers media representatives
etc. Youngsters are main target audience for Calgary Event. This event helps in increasing the
information about all activities involved in this event.
Messaging: This event provide message about the fun activities and its importance in an
individual life.
Communication media
Media refers to the communication tools or outlets used to store as well as deliver
information. There are different types of communication media that news media, cinema,
broadcasting, advertising, digital media etc. Calgary stampede is an event that involve different
events such as ladies barrel racing, steer wrestling, saddle bronc, bareback, tie-down roping and
bull riding. For this event digital media is important and essential because it will help them in
increasing of awareness about all activities among audience. This media is helpful in brand
awareness, engagement and conversion (Strittmatter, Hanstad and Skirstad, 2021). Therefore,
social media is effective and essential in increasing of audience and also making event more
successful.
How will avoid greenwashing
Greenwashing introduces to the process of conveying a false impression or giving
misleading information or data regarding how an event’s services are more environmentally
sound. This is important within Calgary stampede to avoid greenwashing. There is need for
avoiding greenwashing by calling out fluffy language. These are eco-friendly, certified, non-
toxic, pure, proper communication, earth-friendly natural etc. These are essential ways that will
helps in avoiding of greenwashing easily and effectively. Therefore, communication is an

important and effective ways of reducing greenwashing in Calgary stampede. Proper
communication helps in providing of accurate and reliable information about the event
(Sueyoshi and et. al., 2021).

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