COMM19999: Analyzing Causes and Solutions for Homelessness in Canada
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This report investigates the causes and potential solutions to homelessness in Canada. It identifies structural factors like poverty, lack of affordable housing, and system failures, including inadequate support for immigrants and insufficient mental health care, as key contributors. Individual circumstances such as mental health disorders, job loss, and domestic violence are also examined. The report highlights the impact of homelessness on the community, including increased unemployment, substance abuse, and involvement in illegal activities. Government initiatives, policy improvements, and expert advice are proposed as strategies to address the issue, emphasizing the need for comprehensive solutions and improved support systems. Desklib provides access to similar solved assignments and resources for students.
Running head: ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
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1ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
Table of Contents
1.0 Introductory...............................................................................................................................3
2.0 Discussion section.....................................................................................................................3
2.1 Current situation of Homelessness in Canada.......................................................................4
2.2 The Reason for Homelessness in Canada..............................................................................5
2.2.1 Structural factors.............................................................................................................5
2.2.2 Individual circumstances................................................................................................6
2.3 The effect of homelessness in Canadian environment..........................................................6
2.3.1 Unemployment...............................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Impact on community.....................................................................................................7
2.3.3 Impact on alcoholic nature of the individuals.................................................................8
2.4 Procedure for overcoming Homelessness in Canada.............................................................9
2.4.1 Government’s involvements...........................................................................................9
2.4.2 Policy improvement........................................................................................................9
2.4.3 Advice from expert’s panel on homelessness.................................................................9
3.0 Concluding...............................................................................................................................10
4.0 Reference List..........................................................................................................................11
5.0 Appendices..............................................................................................................................13
5.1 People involved in Top five substances used in 2015 due to homelessness.......................13
5.2 Condition of homelessness in Canada.................................................................................13
Table of Contents
1.0 Introductory...............................................................................................................................3
2.0 Discussion section.....................................................................................................................3
2.1 Current situation of Homelessness in Canada.......................................................................4
2.2 The Reason for Homelessness in Canada..............................................................................5
2.2.1 Structural factors.............................................................................................................5
2.2.2 Individual circumstances................................................................................................6
2.3 The effect of homelessness in Canadian environment..........................................................6
2.3.1 Unemployment...............................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Impact on community.....................................................................................................7
2.3.3 Impact on alcoholic nature of the individuals.................................................................8
2.4 Procedure for overcoming Homelessness in Canada.............................................................9
2.4.1 Government’s involvements...........................................................................................9
2.4.2 Policy improvement........................................................................................................9
2.4.3 Advice from expert’s panel on homelessness.................................................................9
3.0 Concluding...............................................................................................................................10
4.0 Reference List..........................................................................................................................11
5.0 Appendices..............................................................................................................................13
5.1 People involved in Top five substances used in 2015 due to homelessness.......................13
5.2 Condition of homelessness in Canada.................................................................................13
2ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
Abstract
This business report highlights the scenario of the main cause if the homelessness in Canada and
the solution that can be implemented in order to overcome the problem of the homelessness in
Canada. The reason that is identified through the research has been found is that social reason,
the individual conditions and the structural factors. Sometime affects in system failures is also
the reason for the problem of homelessness. The main problem occurred in Canada is loss of job
or the lack in employment, high price of the estate price and the mental health of the individual.
The research shows that the mental health care discharge the patients prior their complete
recovery and this is the reason that they cannot communicate with the other people in the society
and they become less adaptive towards the regulatory situation of the working environment.
Moreover, due to homelessness, these people are more involved n the illegal activities and
targeted consuming alcohols that furthermore diminishes their chances to fit in the working
environment. This resulted in the unemployment rate high and affects the economic
development.
Abstract
This business report highlights the scenario of the main cause if the homelessness in Canada and
the solution that can be implemented in order to overcome the problem of the homelessness in
Canada. The reason that is identified through the research has been found is that social reason,
the individual conditions and the structural factors. Sometime affects in system failures is also
the reason for the problem of homelessness. The main problem occurred in Canada is loss of job
or the lack in employment, high price of the estate price and the mental health of the individual.
The research shows that the mental health care discharge the patients prior their complete
recovery and this is the reason that they cannot communicate with the other people in the society
and they become less adaptive towards the regulatory situation of the working environment.
Moreover, due to homelessness, these people are more involved n the illegal activities and
targeted consuming alcohols that furthermore diminishes their chances to fit in the working
environment. This resulted in the unemployment rate high and affects the economic
development.
3ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
1.0 Introductory
Gaetz et al. (2014) stated that the main causes of the homelessness are unemployment,
poverty, domestic violence and low wages of the labor. Rodrigue (2016) furthermore stated that
some of the factors that are the main reasons for becoming homeless are structural factors,
system failures and individual circumstances. Piat et al. (2015) highlighted that the structural
factors illustrates the social issues due to which they are unable to meet their basic needs and
factors like income rates, lack of jobs affordable housings are responsible for the same. Thus,
due to changes in national economy, people have to face several challenges that do not allow
them to pay for their expenses (Gaetz, 2014). Patrick (2014) moreover stated that the failure of
care and support resulted in system failures like lack of supports to the immigrants, inadequate
discharge planning for people leaving from correctional houses, mental health and hospitals and
difficult transition from child welfare. Lastly, the individual circumstances highlighted the
personal circumstances, traumatic event like job loss and house fire, personal health issues
(Rodrigue, 2016).
The scenario in Canada illustrated that there are average of 200,000 Canadians roughly at
any given years involved in homelessness (CBC., 2018). In the year 2014, 20,000 people use
emergency shelters compared to the year 2005 (CBC., 2018). However the scenario gets worst in
the year 2016, where it is found that 235,000 Canadians experienced homelessness in that year
(CBC., 2018). The thesis of this research report is to highlight the reason of the homelessness
in Canada and to find out the possible strategies to overcome this problem.
1.0 Introductory
Gaetz et al. (2014) stated that the main causes of the homelessness are unemployment,
poverty, domestic violence and low wages of the labor. Rodrigue (2016) furthermore stated that
some of the factors that are the main reasons for becoming homeless are structural factors,
system failures and individual circumstances. Piat et al. (2015) highlighted that the structural
factors illustrates the social issues due to which they are unable to meet their basic needs and
factors like income rates, lack of jobs affordable housings are responsible for the same. Thus,
due to changes in national economy, people have to face several challenges that do not allow
them to pay for their expenses (Gaetz, 2014). Patrick (2014) moreover stated that the failure of
care and support resulted in system failures like lack of supports to the immigrants, inadequate
discharge planning for people leaving from correctional houses, mental health and hospitals and
difficult transition from child welfare. Lastly, the individual circumstances highlighted the
personal circumstances, traumatic event like job loss and house fire, personal health issues
(Rodrigue, 2016).
The scenario in Canada illustrated that there are average of 200,000 Canadians roughly at
any given years involved in homelessness (CBC., 2018). In the year 2014, 20,000 people use
emergency shelters compared to the year 2005 (CBC., 2018). However the scenario gets worst in
the year 2016, where it is found that 235,000 Canadians experienced homelessness in that year
(CBC., 2018). The thesis of this research report is to highlight the reason of the homelessness
in Canada and to find out the possible strategies to overcome this problem.
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4ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
2.0 Discussion section
2.1 Current situation of Homelessness in Canada
The report of “Canadian Homelessness Research Network” (CHRN) and the “Canadian
Alliance to End Homelessness” also show that 150,000 of Canadians used homeless shelter at
any point of the time (CBC., 2018). Homeless people are also of several types- episodic
homeless and transitional homeless that represent people moving into and out of homeless
shelters multiple times and enter the homeless shelter for a short stay respectively (CBC., 2018).
The cost per person is more for a homeless person compared to a housed person. This can be
seen from the report findings that represents that annual cost of hospitalization for a house
person is $524; while, for a homeless person the amount is $2495 (Canada.ca, 2018). The visit to
the hospitals and shelters are more due to their illness and inability to fulfill their needs.
However, the number of shelter used is around 140,000 in the year 2014 and it is more than 2013
(Canada.ca, 2018). The research also found that the emergency shelter system in Canada
operates over 90% of their capacity (Canada.ca, 2018).
2.0 Discussion section
2.1 Current situation of Homelessness in Canada
The report of “Canadian Homelessness Research Network” (CHRN) and the “Canadian
Alliance to End Homelessness” also show that 150,000 of Canadians used homeless shelter at
any point of the time (CBC., 2018). Homeless people are also of several types- episodic
homeless and transitional homeless that represent people moving into and out of homeless
shelters multiple times and enter the homeless shelter for a short stay respectively (CBC., 2018).
The cost per person is more for a homeless person compared to a housed person. This can be
seen from the report findings that represents that annual cost of hospitalization for a house
person is $524; while, for a homeless person the amount is $2495 (Canada.ca, 2018). The visit to
the hospitals and shelters are more due to their illness and inability to fulfill their needs.
However, the number of shelter used is around 140,000 in the year 2014 and it is more than 2013
(Canada.ca, 2018). The research also found that the emergency shelter system in Canada
operates over 90% of their capacity (Canada.ca, 2018).
5ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
Image: National shelter occupancy rate
(Source: Canada.ca, 2018)
2.2 The Reason for Homelessness in Canada
There are two most important reasons for the cause of homelessness in Canada are-
structural factors and individual circumstances. These are the main aspects due to which people
do not afford the housing in the nation and opted not to living in homes.
2.2.1 Structural factors
People who are unable to pay for fulfilling their needs are the main key concern under
this concern. Rodrigue (2016) highlighted that most of the children, who have not get the foster
care are more likely to get affected by homelessness. Sociopolitical factors are also a reason for
the homelessness. Piat et al. (2015) however argued that the availability of social policies due to
which finance support is give to the poor people lowers the problem of homelessness among the
individual but on the other hand the high price of the estates are the main reason for the homeless
people in Canada. This is the reason that these people often opted for shelter for some time of
their homelessness phase. The statistics shows that people from 25 to 49 years age group are
more likely to opt for shelter use which is followed by the age group of older adults (50 to 64
years age) and youth (13 to 24 years age) respectively (Canada.ca, 2018)
Image: National shelter occupancy rate
(Source: Canada.ca, 2018)
2.2 The Reason for Homelessness in Canada
There are two most important reasons for the cause of homelessness in Canada are-
structural factors and individual circumstances. These are the main aspects due to which people
do not afford the housing in the nation and opted not to living in homes.
2.2.1 Structural factors
People who are unable to pay for fulfilling their needs are the main key concern under
this concern. Rodrigue (2016) highlighted that most of the children, who have not get the foster
care are more likely to get affected by homelessness. Sociopolitical factors are also a reason for
the homelessness. Piat et al. (2015) however argued that the availability of social policies due to
which finance support is give to the poor people lowers the problem of homelessness among the
individual but on the other hand the high price of the estates are the main reason for the homeless
people in Canada. This is the reason that these people often opted for shelter for some time of
their homelessness phase. The statistics shows that people from 25 to 49 years age group are
more likely to opt for shelter use which is followed by the age group of older adults (50 to 64
years age) and youth (13 to 24 years age) respectively (Canada.ca, 2018)
6ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
Image: Number and percentage of shelter users by age group
(Source: Canada.ca, 2018)
In order to promote the structural factors for the problem of homelessness, globalization
and demographic also plays an important role. Changes in Canadian social and housing policies
changes impacts the price of the estates that people cannot afford.
2.2.2 Individual circumstances
Rodrigue (2016) stated that the individual, who faces homelessness are majorly from the
category, which faces some kind of metal disorders and have serious mental illness. These are
the people faces longer period of homelessness because the experience of the homelessness is an
important factor for enhancing the severity of the mental illness of these people (Piat et al.,
2015). This mental disorder can be depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Another risk
factor is Deinstitutionalization. People will mental misbalance experience significant
disadvantage like domestic violence, poverty and family instability (Gaetz, 2014). Moreover,
victims from poor economic growth of the nation face job loss during recession and thus, they
cannot bale to fulfill their daily needs. This furthermore resulted in loss of relationships,
psychiatric hospitalizations and death of loved ones.
Image: Number and percentage of shelter users by age group
(Source: Canada.ca, 2018)
In order to promote the structural factors for the problem of homelessness, globalization
and demographic also plays an important role. Changes in Canadian social and housing policies
changes impacts the price of the estates that people cannot afford.
2.2.2 Individual circumstances
Rodrigue (2016) stated that the individual, who faces homelessness are majorly from the
category, which faces some kind of metal disorders and have serious mental illness. These are
the people faces longer period of homelessness because the experience of the homelessness is an
important factor for enhancing the severity of the mental illness of these people (Piat et al.,
2015). This mental disorder can be depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Another risk
factor is Deinstitutionalization. People will mental misbalance experience significant
disadvantage like domestic violence, poverty and family instability (Gaetz, 2014). Moreover,
victims from poor economic growth of the nation face job loss during recession and thus, they
cannot bale to fulfill their daily needs. This furthermore resulted in loss of relationships,
psychiatric hospitalizations and death of loved ones.
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7ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
2.3 The effect of homelessness in Canadian environment
2.3.1 Unemployment
The unemployment rate in Canada for the year 2016 was 7% and that of in the year 2017
was 6.3% respectively (Statista, 2018).
Image: Unemployment Rate in Percentage in Canada
(Source: Statista, 2018)
Gaetz (2014) also highlighted that homeless people do not have enough money to pay
their expense for housing and the poor environment condition also results in health impacts.
According to the report, homeless people are 29 times more likely to suffer from Hepatitis C;
while, 20 times more and 5 times more likely to suffer from epilepsy and heart disease
respectively (Omssa.com, 2018). This resulted in fewer chances for the people to participate in
employment and contribute to enhance the economic condition for the nation.
2.3 The effect of homelessness in Canadian environment
2.3.1 Unemployment
The unemployment rate in Canada for the year 2016 was 7% and that of in the year 2017
was 6.3% respectively (Statista, 2018).
Image: Unemployment Rate in Percentage in Canada
(Source: Statista, 2018)
Gaetz (2014) also highlighted that homeless people do not have enough money to pay
their expense for housing and the poor environment condition also results in health impacts.
According to the report, homeless people are 29 times more likely to suffer from Hepatitis C;
while, 20 times more and 5 times more likely to suffer from epilepsy and heart disease
respectively (Omssa.com, 2018). This resulted in fewer chances for the people to participate in
employment and contribute to enhance the economic condition for the nation.
8ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
2.3.2 Impact on community
Patrick (2014) stated that in Canada, people with mental disorder are discharged from the
health care in order to limit the cost involve for their safety. However, these people are not
comfortable with the people in the community and often become the victim for domestic abuse.
Homelessness results in 53% chance for the homeless individual involved in drinking alcohols,
32% of the homeless people opts for begging and 10% chances are there that people involved in
illegal activities like smugglings, terrorism and even prostitutions (Patrick, 2014).
2.3.3 Impact on alcoholic nature of the individuals
In Canada, it has been seen that people are involved in consuming cannabis and most of
the people are younger generation especially those, who are homeless.
Image: Consumption of cannabis by age
(Source: Ccsa.ca, 2018)
The statistical report shows that means mean of 24.8 vs. 30.9 years of younger age group
are more likely to become homeless for a longer duration that is also similar to mean value of 4.8
2.3.2 Impact on community
Patrick (2014) stated that in Canada, people with mental disorder are discharged from the
health care in order to limit the cost involve for their safety. However, these people are not
comfortable with the people in the community and often become the victim for domestic abuse.
Homelessness results in 53% chance for the homeless individual involved in drinking alcohols,
32% of the homeless people opts for begging and 10% chances are there that people involved in
illegal activities like smugglings, terrorism and even prostitutions (Patrick, 2014).
2.3.3 Impact on alcoholic nature of the individuals
In Canada, it has been seen that people are involved in consuming cannabis and most of
the people are younger generation especially those, who are homeless.
Image: Consumption of cannabis by age
(Source: Ccsa.ca, 2018)
The statistical report shows that means mean of 24.8 vs. 30.9 years of younger age group
are more likely to become homeless for a longer duration that is also similar to mean value of 4.8
9ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
vs. 2.9 years (Ccsa.ca, 2018). In the year 2015 approximately 96,000 drug offences cases were
reported in Canada out of which 51% were incidents of cannabis possession that resulted in
49,577 arrests (Ccsa.ca, 2018). This enhances in illegal activities in the nation and development
of unsafe environment formulates.
2.4 Procedure for overcoming Homelessness in Canada
2.4.1 Government’s involvements
The government involved in many aspects through which the problem of homelessness
can be curbed. Some of the initiatives are: Investment in Affordable Housing Initiative (IAH),
Investment in Social Housing, steps taken for Affordable Housing for Seniors, developing
Affordable Rental Housing Innovation Fund, Shelters for Victims of Violence and
formulation of Rent Subsidies. They have also regulated the legislations of Ontario’s Poverty
Reduction Strategy 2014-2019 through which they will focus on child poverty, homelessness and
financial security (Adamo et al., 2016). They have also incorporated the housing plan with the
homelessness plan in order to create Community Homelessness Prevention Initiative (CHPI)
Gaetz (2014). Canadian government has spent $178 million in funding for the formulation of
Indigenous Housing Strategy (Guirguis-Younger et al., 2015).
2.4.2 Policy improvement
Under the category initiated by Canadian Government, “Plan to End Aboriginal
Homelessness” only the indigenous homelessness is planned to address along with the aim to
reduce the number of indigenous homeless people. However, the governing bodies has to realize
that there are several factors due to which the indigenous people suffers from homelessness that
vs. 2.9 years (Ccsa.ca, 2018). In the year 2015 approximately 96,000 drug offences cases were
reported in Canada out of which 51% were incidents of cannabis possession that resulted in
49,577 arrests (Ccsa.ca, 2018). This enhances in illegal activities in the nation and development
of unsafe environment formulates.
2.4 Procedure for overcoming Homelessness in Canada
2.4.1 Government’s involvements
The government involved in many aspects through which the problem of homelessness
can be curbed. Some of the initiatives are: Investment in Affordable Housing Initiative (IAH),
Investment in Social Housing, steps taken for Affordable Housing for Seniors, developing
Affordable Rental Housing Innovation Fund, Shelters for Victims of Violence and
formulation of Rent Subsidies. They have also regulated the legislations of Ontario’s Poverty
Reduction Strategy 2014-2019 through which they will focus on child poverty, homelessness and
financial security (Adamo et al., 2016). They have also incorporated the housing plan with the
homelessness plan in order to create Community Homelessness Prevention Initiative (CHPI)
Gaetz (2014). Canadian government has spent $178 million in funding for the formulation of
Indigenous Housing Strategy (Guirguis-Younger et al., 2015).
2.4.2 Policy improvement
Under the category initiated by Canadian Government, “Plan to End Aboriginal
Homelessness” only the indigenous homelessness is planned to address along with the aim to
reduce the number of indigenous homeless people. However, the governing bodies has to realize
that there are several factors due to which the indigenous people suffers from homelessness that
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10ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
are unemployment, loss of housing, colonization and geographic displacement (Gaetz et al.,
2014). Thus, in order to reduce the number, the demand for employment should be enhanced.
2.4.3 Advice from expert’s panel on homelessness
This advisory panel can investigate on the main cause of the homelessness and the strategies
through which the problem can be resolved. Patrick (2014) stated that these experts are also
liable for setting targets to end homelessness depending on the requirement of the type of
homelessness like youth homelessness, aboriginal homelessness and chronic homelessness.
These experts are also liable for measuring the homelessness data and track the progress along
with the initiatives taken for building capacity to address homelessness (Rodrigue, 2016).
3.0 Concluding
This report aimed to highlight the reason of the homelessness in Canada and to find out
the possible strategies to overcome this problem. It has been found that the main cause of the
homelessness in the nation is due to lack of job opportunity, job loss, high expense of shelter,
mental disorders and high living costs. The probable solution that is highlighted through this
report are involvement of governing bodies for the betterment of the condition of the homeless
people in Canada, policy improvements and advice from expert’s panel on homelessness.
Through is necessary to develop strict policy for the health care organization not to discharge the
patients prior their cure as it results in increase in domestic violence in the community and rise in
consumption of alcohols.
are unemployment, loss of housing, colonization and geographic displacement (Gaetz et al.,
2014). Thus, in order to reduce the number, the demand for employment should be enhanced.
2.4.3 Advice from expert’s panel on homelessness
This advisory panel can investigate on the main cause of the homelessness and the strategies
through which the problem can be resolved. Patrick (2014) stated that these experts are also
liable for setting targets to end homelessness depending on the requirement of the type of
homelessness like youth homelessness, aboriginal homelessness and chronic homelessness.
These experts are also liable for measuring the homelessness data and track the progress along
with the initiatives taken for building capacity to address homelessness (Rodrigue, 2016).
3.0 Concluding
This report aimed to highlight the reason of the homelessness in Canada and to find out
the possible strategies to overcome this problem. It has been found that the main cause of the
homelessness in the nation is due to lack of job opportunity, job loss, high expense of shelter,
mental disorders and high living costs. The probable solution that is highlighted through this
report are involvement of governing bodies for the betterment of the condition of the homeless
people in Canada, policy improvements and advice from expert’s panel on homelessness.
Through is necessary to develop strict policy for the health care organization not to discharge the
patients prior their cure as it results in increase in domestic violence in the community and rise in
consumption of alcohols.
11ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
4.0 Reference List
Adamo, A., Klodawsky, F., Aubry, T., & Hwang, S. (2016). Ending homelessness in Canada, A
Study f 10-Year Plans in 4 Canadian Cities. Retrieved from St. Michael’s Hospital
website: http://www. stmichaelshospital. com/pdf/news/20161010. pdf.
Canada.ca. (2018). Employment and Social Development Canada - Canada.ca. Retrieved 3
April 2018, from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development.html
CBC. (2018). 30,000 Canadians are homeless every night | CBC News. Retrieved 3 April 2018,
from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/30-000-canadians-are-homeless-every-night-
1.1413016
Ccsa.ca. (2018). Cannabis. Retrieved 3 April 2018, from http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource
%20Library/CCSA-Canadian-Drug-Summary-Cannabis-2017-en
Gaetz, S. (2014). Coming of age: Reimagining the response to youth homelessness in Canada.
Canadian Homelessness Research Network.
Gaetz, S., Gulliver, T., & Richter, T. (2014). The state of homelessness in Canada 2014.
Canadian Homelessness Research Network.
Guirguis-Younger, M., Hwang, S. W., & McNeil, R. (2015). Homelessness & health in
Canada (p. 330). University of Ottawa Press/Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.
Omssa.com. (2018). The Real Cost of Homelessness. Retrieved 3 April 2018, from
https://www.omssa.com/human-services/housing-homelessness/hhrc/hhrc-resources/
communications/advocacy/Homeless-Hub-Real-cost-of-homelessness
Patrick, C. (2014). Aboriginal homelessness in Canada: A literature review. Canadian
Homelessness Research Network.
4.0 Reference List
Adamo, A., Klodawsky, F., Aubry, T., & Hwang, S. (2016). Ending homelessness in Canada, A
Study f 10-Year Plans in 4 Canadian Cities. Retrieved from St. Michael’s Hospital
website: http://www. stmichaelshospital. com/pdf/news/20161010. pdf.
Canada.ca. (2018). Employment and Social Development Canada - Canada.ca. Retrieved 3
April 2018, from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development.html
CBC. (2018). 30,000 Canadians are homeless every night | CBC News. Retrieved 3 April 2018,
from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/30-000-canadians-are-homeless-every-night-
1.1413016
Ccsa.ca. (2018). Cannabis. Retrieved 3 April 2018, from http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource
%20Library/CCSA-Canadian-Drug-Summary-Cannabis-2017-en
Gaetz, S. (2014). Coming of age: Reimagining the response to youth homelessness in Canada.
Canadian Homelessness Research Network.
Gaetz, S., Gulliver, T., & Richter, T. (2014). The state of homelessness in Canada 2014.
Canadian Homelessness Research Network.
Guirguis-Younger, M., Hwang, S. W., & McNeil, R. (2015). Homelessness & health in
Canada (p. 330). University of Ottawa Press/Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.
Omssa.com. (2018). The Real Cost of Homelessness. Retrieved 3 April 2018, from
https://www.omssa.com/human-services/housing-homelessness/hhrc/hhrc-resources/
communications/advocacy/Homeless-Hub-Real-cost-of-homelessness
Patrick, C. (2014). Aboriginal homelessness in Canada: A literature review. Canadian
Homelessness Research Network.
12ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
Piat, M., Polvere, L., Kirst, M., Voronka, J., Zabkiewicz, D., Plante, M. C., ... & Goering, P.
(2015). Pathways into homelessness: Understanding how both individual and structural
factors contribute to and sustain homelessness in Canada. Urban Studies, 52(13), 2366-
2382.
Rodrigue, S. (2016). Hidden Homelessness in Canada. Statistics Canada= Statistique Canada.
Statista. (2018). Unemployment rate Canada 2000-2017 | Statistic. Retrieved 3 April 2018,
from https://www.statista.com/statistics/578362/unemployment-rate-canada/
Piat, M., Polvere, L., Kirst, M., Voronka, J., Zabkiewicz, D., Plante, M. C., ... & Goering, P.
(2015). Pathways into homelessness: Understanding how both individual and structural
factors contribute to and sustain homelessness in Canada. Urban Studies, 52(13), 2366-
2382.
Rodrigue, S. (2016). Hidden Homelessness in Canada. Statistics Canada= Statistique Canada.
Statista. (2018). Unemployment rate Canada 2000-2017 | Statistic. Retrieved 3 April 2018,
from https://www.statista.com/statistics/578362/unemployment-rate-canada/
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13ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
5.0 Appendices
5.1 People involved in Top five substances used in 2015 due to homelessness
General
Population
(15 + Years)
Alcohol
(76.9%)
Cannabis
(12.3%)
Cocaine/ Crack,
Hallucinogens &
Salvia (1.2%)
Ecstasy
(0.7%)
Pharmaceutical
to get high
(0.5%)
Youth (15- 24
Years)
Alcohol
(71.8%)
Cannabis
(25.5%)
Cocaine/ Crack,
Hallucinogens &
Salvia (3.5%)
Ecstasy
(3.4.%)
Pharmaceutical
to get high
(2.7%)
Adults
(Above 25
years)
Alcohol
(77.8%)
Cannabis
(9.9%)
Cocaine/ Crack,
Hallucinogens &
Salvia (0.9%)
Ecstasy
(0.8%)
Pharmaceutical
to get high
(0.3%)
Table: People involved in Top five substances used in 2015 due to homelessness
(Source: Ccsa.ca, 2018)
5.0 Appendices
5.1 People involved in Top five substances used in 2015 due to homelessness
General
Population
(15 + Years)
Alcohol
(76.9%)
Cannabis
(12.3%)
Cocaine/ Crack,
Hallucinogens &
Salvia (1.2%)
Ecstasy
(0.7%)
Pharmaceutical
to get high
(0.5%)
Youth (15- 24
Years)
Alcohol
(71.8%)
Cannabis
(25.5%)
Cocaine/ Crack,
Hallucinogens &
Salvia (3.5%)
Ecstasy
(3.4.%)
Pharmaceutical
to get high
(2.7%)
Adults
(Above 25
years)
Alcohol
(77.8%)
Cannabis
(9.9%)
Cocaine/ Crack,
Hallucinogens &
Salvia (0.9%)
Ecstasy
(0.8%)
Pharmaceutical
to get high
(0.3%)
Table: People involved in Top five substances used in 2015 due to homelessness
(Source: Ccsa.ca, 2018)
14ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION
5.2 Condition of homelessness in Canada
Image: Condition of homelessness in Canada
(Source: Social Planning Council Canada)
5.2 Condition of homelessness in Canada
Image: Condition of homelessness in Canada
(Source: Social Planning Council Canada)
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