Cancer Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis & Treatment

This report provides an overview of oncology, focusing on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. It highlights that cancer is characterized by abnormal cell multiplication and spread, affecting vital organs and leading to mortality. In the US, cancer rates are significant, with projections indicating a rise in affected individuals. Key causes include obesity, unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, alcohol), and sedentary habits. The pathophysiology centers on genetic mutations that disrupt cellular division, involving oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene disability. Diagnosis is based on guidelines from societies like the American Cancer Society, which recommends early mammograms for women at risk. Treatment involves chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted drugs, including medications like Abemaciclib, Abitrexate, Abraxane, and antibiotics such as bleomycin, as approved by the World Health Organization. Desklib provides access to this and other solved assignments for students.

ONCOLOGY
Causes and treatment of cancer

EPIDEMIOLOGY
 The cancer is mainly defined as a group of
cells which multiply abnormally and
through the blood stream can spread across
the body often blocking the vital organs
such as heart , kidney , lungs etc resulting
in death
 In US, an estimated 1,685,210 new cases of
cancer were diagnosed in the year 2016
with the rates higher in men than in women
("American Cancer Society Releases New
Breast Cancer Guideline", 2018)

CONTD...
 By 2024, almost 19 million people across US are feared to be
affected by some or the other kinds of malignancy (Mahabir et
al., 2018)
 The most common types are-breast cancer, lung cancer,
prostate cancer, colon cancer etc.

ETIOLOGY OR CAUSES OF CANCER
 Most common causes are
obesity and bad lifestyle
habits such as addiction to
smoking and drinking
alcohol (Barrow &
Michels, 2014).
 Additionally, a sedentary
and inactive lifestyle could
worsen the issue.

PUNCH POINT OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Cancer is mainly caused by mutation at
the genetic level
 The gene mutations results in wrong
genetic coding which produces some of
the proteins which can further cause the
cells to divide abnormally
 A mere activation of the oncogenes and
disability of the tumours suppressing
genes can result in the progression of the
disease (Stewart & Wild, 2014)

DIAGNOSIS BASED ON RELATED SOCIETY
RELEASES
 As per the new guidelines women
who are at a risk of developing
breast cancer should start having
their mammographs from an early
age of 45 ("American Cancer
Society Releases New Breast
Cancer Guideline", 2018).
 The American society recommends
colonoscopy to be performed
every 10 years

GROUP OF MEDICATIONS IN THE ORDER OF
PREFERENCE BASED UPON GUIDELINES
 The drugs are generally listed under their generic name and are
given under variety of conditions such as chemotherapy, hormone
therapy and targeted cancer drugs (Mazzone et al.,
 Some of these have been listed over here as approved by the
world health organization such as – Abemaciclib, Abitrexate,
Abraxane for the treatment of breast cancer in the patient.
 Additionally , administration of antibiotics such as bleomycin
have been effective in this regard a it can kill a number of cancer
cells ("A to Z List of Cancer Drugs", 2018).

REFERENCES
A to Z List of Cancer Drugs. (2018). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 7 April 2018, from
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs
American Cancer Society Releases New Breast Cancer Guideline. (2018). Cancer.org. Retrieved 7 April 2018, from
https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/american-cancer-society-releases-new-breast-cancer-guidelines.html
Barrow, T. M., & Michels, K. B. (2014). Epigenetic epidemiology of cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research
communications, 455(1), 70-83.
Mahabir, S., Willett, W. C., Friedenreich, C. M., Lai, G. Y., Boushey, C. J., Matthews, C. E., ... & Patel, A. V. (2018). Research Strategies
for Nutritional and Physical Activity Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 27(3), 233-
244.
Mazzone, P., Powell, C. A., Arenberg, D., Bach, P., Detterbeck, F., Gould, M. K., ... & Wiener, R. S. (2015). Components necessary for
high-quality lung cancer screening: American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society policy statement. Chest, 147(2),
295-303.
Mucci, L. A., Wilson, K. M., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2017). Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. In Pathology and Epidemiology of
Cancer (pp. 107-125). Springer, Cham.
Stewart, B. W. K. P., & Wild, C. P. (2017). World cancer report 2014. Health, 105-135.