Waste & Pollution Management (49123): Cannery Material Balance

This assignment provides a comprehensive solution to a waste and pollution management problem focused on a cannery's operations. It begins by establishing a material balance, detailing the inflow, outflow, and waste generation of various materials like raw produce, cans, cartons, and miscellaneous substances. The solution calculates the amount of recyclable and mixed waste per tonne of product. Furthermore, it addresses the treatment of alkaline, acidic, and oil wastes, outlining processes such as screening, storage, neutralization precipitation, sedimentation, activated sludge treatment, acidification, and hydro cyclone fat centrifuges. The document includes relevant references, offering a detailed overview of waste management strategies in industrial settings. Desklib is a platform where students can find such solved assignments and past papers.

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Waste and Pollution Management
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Question one:
Here we can assume that resources are detached for reusing and disposals and composed every day. To
make a substance stability for a cannery during that duration and a substance flow picture interpreting of all the
substances the solution is as given below:
1) On one given day, the cannery receives the following: - 5 tonnes of tins, 12 tonnes of uncooked goods, o 5
tonnes of packets and 0.3 tonnes of various substances.
2) Here because of internal activity:
a) 10 tonnes of products are produced, 1.2 tonnes of produce waste is generated, and the remainder of
products is discharged and mixed with the wastewater.
b) 4 tonnes of tins are stored and the remainder is used, of which 3% are damaged.
c) 0.5 tonnes of cartons or packets are used of which 3% are damaged.
d) 25% of miscellaneous or various substance is stored: 50%become paper waste, of which 35% is isolated
and reused, with the remaining disposed of as mixed solid waste; and the remaining 25% of
miscellaneous materials are disposed of as mixed waste.
3) The required for the product are as follows:-
 Waste generated from raw produce.
a) Solid waste fed to cattle =1.2 tonnes (1089kg)
b) Waste produce discharge with wastewater= (12-10-1.2) tonnes= 0.8 tonne (726kg).
 Cans or tins
a) Damaged and recycled = (0.03) (5-4) tonne = 0.03 tonne (27Kg)
b) Used for production of product = (1-0.03) tonnes -0.97 tonne (880 Kg)
 Cartons or packets
a) Damaged and recycled = (0.03) (0.5) tonne =0.015 tonne
b) Cartons used in product = (0.5-0.015) tonne =0.485 tonne
 Miscellaneous materials
a) Amount stored =(0.25)(0.3)tonne =0.075 tonne
b) Paper separated and recycled =(0 .50)(0.35)(0.3tonne) = 0.053 tonne

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c) Mixed waste =[(0.3-0.0075-0.053] tonne =0.172 tonne
 Total weight of product = (10+0.97+0.485) tonnes = 11.455 tonnes
 Total material stored = (4 +0.0075) tonnes =4.075 tonnes
4) To prepare a material balance and flow diagram for cannery for the day the following quantities is
required:-
 Amount of material stored =inflow –outflow – waste generation
 The material balance quantities are as follows:-
a) Substances stored = (0.0075+4.0) tonnes =4.075 tonnes
b) Substance input = (0.3+5.5+12) tonnes =17 .8 tonnes
c) Substance output = (0.015+0.053+0.485+0.03+1.2+10.0+0.97) tonnes =12.753 tonnes
d) Waste generation = (0.172+0.8) tonnes
e) The final substance is: - 4.075 = (17.8-12.753-0.972) tonnes
5) The material balance flow diagram will be as follows:-
12 tonnes raw produce, 0.55 tonnes product, 1.2 tonnes waste fed to cattle, 0.5 tonnes carton, 5 tonnes
cans,0.03 tonnes recycled cans 0.3 miscellaneous, 0.053 cartons, 0,15 tonnes paper recycled, 0.8 waste
produces and 0.172 tonnes mixed waste discharge with wastewater
6) The final step is to determine the amount of waste per tonne of product and is:-
 Recyclable material= (1.2+0.03+0.015+0.053) tonne/11.455 tonnes =0 11 tonne recycle material/ tone
product.
 Missed waste= (0.8+0.172) tonne/11.455 tonnes=0.0848 tonne
Question two
Alkaline and acidic wasted and some hazardous waste and is tough to treat such wastes but such wastes
are treated by a process of steps and are as follow:-
Alkaline waste
Alkaline wastewater is processed through steps of screening, storage tank, neutralization precipitation,
sedimentation, and filtration and activated sludge processes.

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Screening
The main part of any contaminants removing the process of water treatment includes screening, where
alkaline waste are screened out from other wastes and is further sent for the process.
Storage tank
Storage tanks are used as all the contaminants waste collected is collected in a storage tank from where
it is further sent for processes. The main is to transport and collect alkaline waste and is further sent for the
process of neutralization precipitation.
Neutralization precipitation
It is a type of chemical water treatment process step where liquefied minerals from wastewater
comprising of contaminated substances are removed. In neutralization precipitation, dissolved metals are
converted to concrete fragment appearance and a sleet chemical is combined in addition of lime to the toxic
wastewater mixture. Then the reagent starts working and all the dissolved metals in the toxic wastewater are
converted into solid particles.
The success of precipitation neutralization mainly depends upon the kind of existing metal, metal's
intensity, and type of chemical spent in the process, it is tough to convert the liquefied metals to hydroxides
since a majority of the wastewater contains the mixed amount of metals.
Sedimentation
Sedimentation process is a type of water treatment step which mainly uses gravity to remove suspended
solid particles from the toxic wastewater. Further toxic contaminants and solid particles are reducing to the
substance of floating items along with contaminants in the floating substances.
In the process of sedimentation, even flocs of biological growth are also removed from toxic wastewater.

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Activated sludge
In this process, the flocs contain bacteria and protozoa react under aerobic condition and initiate the
process of removal of reacting biological substance of carbon, reacting substance of nitrogen: generally
nitrogenous and ammonium biological matter excluding nitrogen and phosphorus minerals from the alkaline
wastewater.
Acidic waste treatment
Acidic waste is treated in the same process as treatment of alkaline water where it consists of screening,
storage tank, and neutralization precipitation, followed by sedimentation, filtration and activated sludge
process. Only the addition is acidification step of contaminant wastewater.
Acidification
In the process of acidification, the pH of water gets de neutralized due to chemical process under an
anaerobic condition where removal of carbon dioxide and other COD takes place from the activated sludge
wastewater.
Oil waste treatment
The removal of oil waste from wastewater takes place by hydro cyclone fat centrifuges. Oil separation
by hydro cyclone fat centrifuges manages on the method where unwanted water gets the cyclone cavity and is
rotated at tremendous centrifugal power more than a thousand times the gravity force. It's a filtration technique,
the strong results to a separation of oil droplets and water. The excluded oil is dismissed from one edge of the
typhoon where treated water is dismissed on the opposite side for continuous remedy, percolation or emission.
Hydro clones are of use for extreme variety of oil drop volumes functioning from a lesser amount of ten
microns and more and can function uninterruptedly without treating water before at any pH and temperature,

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uses of hydro cyclones are initiated in productions where oily water traces occur in factories, car wash areas,
vehicle centres, petrol stations and aluminium accommodation dispensation. Fats from animals from meat
production and dairy production can be excluded with no use of the chemical treatment that is essential for
DAF (Dissolved air flotation) systems.
References
Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J., and Dewil, R., 2008. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of
waste-activated sludge. Progress in energy and combustion science, 34(6), pp.755-781.
Eckenfelder, W.W., and O'Connor, D.J., 2013. Biological waste treatment. Elsevier.
Goula, A.M., Kostoglou, M., Karapantsios, T.D. and Zouboulis, A.I., 2008. A CFD methodology for the design
of sedimentation tanks in potable water treatment: Case study: The influence of a feed flow control
baffle. Chemical Engineering Journal, 140(1-3), pp.110-121.
Li, X.Y. and Yang, S.F., 2007. Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the
flocculation, sedimentation, and dewaterability of activated sludge. Water Research, 41(5), pp.1022-
1030.
Li, H., Jin, Y., Mahar, R., Wang, Z. and Nie, Y., 2008. Effects and model of alkaline waste activated sludge
treatment. Bioresource Technology, 99(11), pp.5140-5144.
Lu, J., Ma, Y., Liu, Y. and Li, M., 2011. Treatment of hypersaline wastewater by a combined neutralization–
precipitation with ABR-SBR technique. Desalination, 277(1-3), pp.321-324.
Tiraferri, A., Chen, K.L., Sethi, R., and Elimelech, M., 2008. Reduced aggregation and sedimentation of zero-
valent iron nanoparticles in the presence of guar gum. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 324(1-
2), pp.71-79.

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Tylkowski, B. and Jastrząb, R., 2017. Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater. Lead: Its
Effects on Environment and Health, 17, p.61.
Verma, S., Prasad, B. and Mishra, I.M., 2010. Pretreatment of petrochemical wastewater by coagulation and
flocculation and the sludge characteristics. Journal of Hazardous materials, 178(1-3), pp.1055-1064.