Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Concept Map - Assessment 3

This concept map focuses on Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), detailing its pathophysiology as an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microbial agents. It explores the common pathway of microbes reaching the alveoli through micro-aspiration and the body's response. The map highlights various bacterial, viral, and fungal causes, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Risk factors such as comorbidities (asthma, COPD, diabetes), lifestyle choices (smoking, alcohol use), and patient characteristics (extremes of age, immunocompromised status) are identified. Symptoms like productive cough, dyspnea, and chest pain are outlined, along with diagnostic methods such as full hemogram, blood culture, and chest X-ray. The map also presents treatment options, including Macrolides, Respiratory Fluroquinolones, Beta-lactams, and MRSA treatments, referencing key medical and nursing resources.

Community Acquired Pneumonia Concept map
Treatment
Bacterial causes
 Streptococcus
pneumoniae

Viral causes
 Haemophilus
influenzae
 Human rhinovirus
Fungal causes
 Moraxella
catarrhalis
Macrolides
(azithromycin,
clarithromycin or
erythromycin)
Beta-lactam
(ceftriaxone,
cefotaxime or
ampicillin/sulbactam)
Respiratory
Fluroquinolones
(Moxifloxacin,
levofloxacin)
Anti-pseudomonas/ anti-
pseudo-coccal beta-lactam
(piperacillin, tazobactam,
cefepime, meropenem)
MRSA
(vancomycin,
ceftaroline, linezolid)

causes
Risk factors
Symptoms
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis
COMMUNITY
ACQUIRED
PNEUMONIA
Fever Productive cough
with purulent
sputum
Dyspnra, tachypnea,
chest pain, rales heard
on the involved
segments or lobes.
Increased tactile
fremitus, bronchial
breath sounds and
egophony may be
present if consolidation
has occurred.
Decreased tactile
fremitus and
dullness
Comorbidities
Altered mental state, Asthma, Bronchiectasis,
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., Cystic
fibrosis, Diabetes, Heart disease
Lifestyle
Alcohol or substance use, Homelessness,
Overcrowding living conditions, Smoking.
Patient characteristics
Extremes of ages, Immunocompromised status
It is one of the most common
infectious diseases and it is an
important cause of morbidity
and mortality worldwide.
Pathophysiology
It is an acute inflammation of the lung
parenchyma caused by microbial agents.
The common pathway for the microbes to
get to the alveoli is by micro-aspiration of
oropharyngeal secretions. The microbes
defeats the alvelor macrophages,
Culture and sensitivity.
Gram-stain of the sputum to
differentiate bacterial from
viral causes and gram +
Full Hemogram (FHG),
Blood culture
White Blood cells (WBC)
elevation 15000/ul
Chest X-ray shows white
shadows (parenchymal
infiltrates

References
Lewis, l., Dirksen, R., McLean, M., (2013) medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, 8th edition.
Hinkle, J.L, Cheever, K.H. (2013). Brunner and Saddarth’s Textbook of Medical and Surgical Nursing, (13th ed) Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Barrett, E., Barman, M., Boitano, S. (2017). Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. (24th ed). New York, N.Y: McGraw Hill Medical.
Glynn, M., Drake, W. M., & Hutchison, R. (2012). Hutchison's clinical methods: an integrated approach to clinical practice. Edinburgh: W.B.
Saunders
Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K. and Aster, J.C., 2017. Robbins basic pathology e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.