Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Adaptations: A Body System Report

This report details the adaptations that occur within the body systems in response to exercise, specifically focusing on changes within the muscular and cardiorespiratory systems. The report uses a case study of a 35-year-old chemistry teacher, Anna, who has been training for three months to improve her cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and endurance. The report discusses the adaptations in the muscles, including changes in fiber size and increased force generation, as well as adaptations in the cardiorespiratory system, such as changes in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. It highlights the impact of running and aerobic exercise on these systems, concluding that aerobic exercise enables muscles to generate high-density muscle forces and improves cardiac output. The report references several studies to support its findings, providing a comprehensive overview of the physiological changes induced by regular exercise.

Body system –
adaptation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................5
References .......................................................................................................................................6
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INTRODUCTION
Running is best exercise to keep the human body fit. It build strong bones offers many
health benefits. Present report is based on body system -adaption (Predel, 2014). In report it
covers six chronic adaption taken place in Anna muscular and the cardiorespiratory system after
taking a training of three months
TASK 1
According tot he given scenario, Anna is 35 years old chemistry teacher. Since fro last
three months she has taken a training four times a week for improving her cardiovascular fitness,
muscular strength and muscular endurance (Morgan, Corrigan and Baune, 2015.). Through
training session her body adapted following changes.
In 1st and 2nd gym session
Running and aerobics
Adaptions in muscles through running
Anna done one session of steady start running. Her body respond and adapts some changes
which are for long term are as follow
In contrast to adaption in cardiovascular system, there were significant changes come in her
muscles (Lavie, Arena and Blair, 2015). There were significant changes in the muscles of the
Anna after running. Firstly her fast twitch and slow twitch oxidative muscles fibers decreased
21% to 23% in size of diameter. Is is happen because in body are equal smaller fibers are
weaker then the large fibers. So when there is decrease in size of the muscles fibers, on contrary
ability of muscles increases. In the slow twitch fibers peak force strength stayed the same while
fast twitch oixdative fibers increases 18%. Moreover, in relation to decreases in fiber size
increased approx 60% in both fiber type.
Muscles adapted to aerobic exercise
Muscles adapted to aerobic exercise to become more energy provider. It helps in
improving the capacity for oxygen extraction from the blood supply. In adaption slow twitch
fibers exhibit a relatively high blood flow capacity it relates to high mitochondrial content and
high capillary density (Hoffmann, Moore and Drescher, 2016.). There is fast twitch fiber which
can be conveniently divided into two primary sub types. By ability of such exercise increases
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from mild to moderates to serve is in large part achieved by the recruitment from more muscles
fibers generally in order from type I, type11B. Another adaption in muscles by aerobics it get
ability to generate high density muscle force overtime. In the active muscles exercise capacity is
limited by local muscular fatigue (Mooren, Viereck and Thum, 2014). Heart volume stay same.
There is a hypertrophic growth of a hollow organ without any overall enlargement. In this walls
of organ are thickened and it volume and capacity is diminished.
Cardiorespiratory system adaption in running and aerobic exercise
Adaptions in cardiorespiratory system through running
Adaption in respiratory after continuously running some changes are adapted in heart
rate, stroke volume,cardiac output etc. Normal Heart rate of Anna is 60 to 80 beats per minute.
Before starting running heart rates increases in anticipation (Burns, 2013.). This is called as
anticiptory response. Hence heart rate increases rapidly with the exercise. Stroke volume is
amount of blood ejected from left ventricle and it measured in ml/beat. Stoke volume increases
proportionally with running daily. Main changes in cardiorespirotry system is that it increases in
maximal cardiac output. It occur overtime because it is along term change. Amount of blood
pumped by the heart in per minute by cardiac system. It improved primarily stroke volume and
also changes in amount of blood that pumped each beat of heart. Blood pressure at the time of
running in the contraction of heart can increases over 200mmHg. As high as 250mmHG. On the
other hand diastolic pressure remains relatively unchanged regarding exercise intensity.
Adaption in blood is at the time of resting oxygen content blood varies from 20ml of oxygen per
100 ml of arterial blood to 14ml of oxygen (Keyser, Woolstenhulme and Chan, 2014). After
running blood plasma increase the concentration of hemoglobin. Hence, no extra red blood cells
produced due to significant increase the blood oxygen carrying capacity.
Adaptions in cardiorespiratory system through Aerobics
It give ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic whole body exercise using large muscles
group. It gives ability to muscles to generate ATP through oixdative metabolism. It lead to
improve endurance performances (Morgan, Corrigan and Baune, 2015). Most important adaption
is the improvement in maximal cardiac output it is result in improve contracitlitiy and
enlargement in cardiac dimension. It also increases in blood volume and allow for filing of the
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ventricles and resulting larger stroke volume. Capillaries adapt in structure and number by higher
aerobic demand and perfusion level.
The micro vascular net increases in size within the muscles allowing for an improved in
capacity for oxygen. At the time of exercise breath are short and rapid it makes feel that not
taking enough oxygen and may not find yawing in responses (Keyser, Woolstenhulme and Chan,
s2014). It produces changes in heart size, blood flow, blood volume and stoke volume. It
increases minimum optimal uptake or which means body of Anna come to learn to move and use
oxygen with efficiency during exercise. Hearts become more stronger, it means heart not need to
work hard to pump blood even at the time of rest.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded in Anna body adaption take place through
aerobic exercise is that her muscles get ability to generate high density muscle forces overtime.
There is main change in her cardiorespirotry system was that it increases in maximal cardiac
system. It has also improvement in cardiac output. Through high aerobic and perfusion level
capillaries adapted in structure and muscles become more energy provider.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Burns, N., 2013. Cardiovascular physiology. Retrieved from School of Medicine, Trinity College,
Dublin.
Hoffmann, U., Moore, A.D., and Drescher, U., 2016. Influence of Weightlessness on aerobic
capacity, cardiac output and oxygen uptake kinetics. In Exercise in Space (pp. 39-62).
Springer International Publishing.
Keyser, R. E., Woolstenhulme, J. G., and Chan, L., 2014. Cardiorespiratory function before and
after aerobic exercise training in patients with interstitial lung disease. Journal of
cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention. 35(1). pp.47-55.
Lavie, C. J., Arena, R., and Blair, S. N., 2015. Exercise and the Cardiovascular System Clinical
Science and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Circulation research. 117(2). pp.207-219.
Mooren, F. C., Viereck, J., and Thum, T., 2014. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers
of aerobic exercise capacity. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory
Physiology. 306(4). pp.H557-H563.
Morgan, J. ., Corrigan, F. and Baune, B. T., 2015. Effects of physical exercise on central nervous
system functions: a review of brain region specific adaptations. Journal of molecular
psychiatry. 3(1). p.1.
Predel, H. G., 2014. Marathon run: cardiovascular adaptation and cardiovascular risk. European
heart journal, p.eht502.
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