Cardiovascular Disease: Adult Health Nursing Report

This report focuses on the health of an adult patient suffering from cardiovascular disease, detailing the patient's admission diagnosis, the pathophysiology of the disease, and related nursing problems. It explores the role of registered nurses in managing cardiovascular disease, including preventive care based on evidence-based guidelines. The report also covers the pharmacology of cardiovascular disease, including the use of various medications to improve heart function. Furthermore, it addresses discharge planning, emphasizing the importance of patient education and adherence to treatment plans to prevent readmission. The report highlights key nursing interventions and patient education strategies to improve outcomes for individuals with cardiovascular disease, drawing on current research and best practices in healthcare.

Running Head: Health of Adult
Health of Adult
Name of the student:
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Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
Primary admission diagnosis...............................................................................................3
Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.........................................................................4
Nursing problem..................................................................................................................5
Role of the Registered nurses in CVD (Cardio Vascular Disease).....................................6
Preventive care by the nurse should be performed as per the evidence-based guidelines to prevent CVD
.............................................................................................................................................6
Pharmacology of cardiovascular disease.............................................................................7
Discharge planning..............................................................................................................8
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................9
References..........................................................................................................................11

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Introduction
This assessment is on an adult patient who is suffering from cardiovascular disease. The age of the
patient is 45 years and was admitted to the hospital emergency for feeling intense pressure on his heart.
This patient is male in gender and is looked after by me. This report is based on nursing care and
cardiovascular event linking to the pathophysiology and pharmacology of the patient. The
cardiovascular disease is carried by the genetic disorder which accelerates the manifestation of the
disease. The majority of cardiovascular disease risk factors include hypertension, obesity, valvular
disease, and diabetes. This process affects myocardium biology and calls death. This study has been
framed to understand the pathophysiology of the coronary disease of the patient with coronary artery
disease, myocardium infarction (heart failure or heart attacks) with useful pharmacology therapy. The
information relevant to nursing care is the key to plan patient care. This assessment is focused on the
new founded treatments with the identification of the risk related genetic variation and new curative
strategies for cardiovascular disease.

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Primary admission diagnosis
Cardiovascular disease is the responsible cause of death in Australia. The patient was experiencing chest
pain with dizziness, shortness of breath, as well as a slow heartbeat. After performing various tests, the
patient was admitted to the hospital. The primary diagnosis was coronary angiogram test, which helped
to diagnose the patient who was on the spur of the moment of the heart attacks or in the state after the
heart attacks. The Coronary Computed Tomography Angiogram had been done to identify if the patient
was going under unusual cardiac symptoms (Liaw et al., 2017). The blood test and the blood pressure
monitoring were done to him. The blood pressure measurement was a day to day activity and even in the
state of sleep. Chest X-ray and echocardiogram and electrocardiogram performed before the admission.
Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease
The previous medical history of the patient and the pathophysiology of the disease is related to the risk
factors. Coronary artery disease is the symptom of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. These are the
vessels that supply the myocardium oxygen (Salmond and Echevarria, 2017). Coronary artery disease
includes chest pain, myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis is a systematic pathophysiology that causes
coronary artery disease (CAD). The CAD has a hereditary fact and genetic influence on the condition.
The identification of the genetic variants from a decade was unsuccessful until the innovation of the
arrays for the low cost genotyping of the patient genomic markers with meta-analyses of multiple cases
identifies the genetic variation related to the CAD (Kieft et al., 2017).
In genome-wide association studies(GWAS), the variants have been found which is associated with the
risks of the disease. The report is focused on the variations of the genes and molecular structure to
understand the pathophysiology of the CAD with the hope for the better treatment of the disease.
According to a study, GWAS identified a locus on chromosome 9p21, which is associated with the

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CAD. This 9p21 chromosome has the genetic variant factor associated with the risk. The biological
information with the technology study shows that genes in different pathophysiology are disturbed by
the alleles risk (Urquhart et al., 2018).
In the state of heart failure, the mechanism activates towards the cardiac productivity outcome. The
devices are:
1. Frank-Sterling apparatus
2. The neuroendocrine reaction of the sympathetic nervous system (S.N.S.).
Decrease cardiac output initially stimulates the cardiac and vascular responses. The diastolic time
shortens by the rapid heartbeat rate and boosts the myocardial oxygen claim. Ventricular remodelling
happens inside the cardio vessels, and myocardial disease increases the fluid density, which produces the
pressure also (van den Dool et al., 2016).
Nursing problem
Nursing problems may cause the patient's primary diagnosis. The nurse should be aware of the health
history of the patient. History of the cardio patient with the disease on recent events in heart function
failure and the several risk issues generates hypertension, level of diabetes, abdominal pain, which often
avoids by the care units (Platis et al., 2015). The nurse should notice the problems of the patient
complaining about the shortness of breath, recent weight gains, presence of cough and nausea.
Absence of the monitoring output where the nurses do not report the doctors while finding the urine
production less than 30mL/h.
The nurses lack in preserving of health data of the patient in nursing care. Not to notice complaints of
appetite reduction, discomfort in the abdomen. Not careful in monitoring and recording the

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hemodynamic measurement. The details should be on the significant changes and the negative signs
(Diniz et al., 2015).
The nurses often do not restrict the fluid as ordered by the physician. The fluid intake should be
increased for a patient in the morning time. These are also associated with the evidence of nursing care.
The nursing problem with the assessment of the pulse is a significant issue (Gopee and Galloway, 2017).
The physician should be informed when the pulse rate goes below 60 bpm, and if any output cardiac
decreased is noted.
The nurses often avoid the evaluation of the E.C.G. Report the digital toxicity, nausea, vomiting is
remains overlooked sometimes (Hall et al., 2016).
The nursing management is related to the nursing problems also.
Role of the Registered nurses in CVD (Cardio Vascular Disease)
The nurses are the ideal care unit of a health problem like CVD. The team of the nurses helps the patient
by delivering the risk reduction of the patient. The meta-analysis of CVD prevention, the nurses, reduces
acute myocardial infarction, and a study has shown that 45% of the analysis was led by the nurse
(Lindquist et al., 2017).
Preventive care by the nurse should be performed as per the evidence-based guidelines to prevent
CVD
Evidence-based guiding principles should be accepted for the medical practice and in the treatment of
CVD risk reduction.

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Preventive efforts should be imposed on the patient with vascular disease. Taking the primary role a
nurse has proven the capability to reduce CVD risk factors along with the treatment guideline and the
protocols. In early 1990, the SCRIP (Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project) trial graphed the
nurse-led risk reduction for the patient with CVD that resulted in the angiographical documents and
reduced clinical events. The effectiveness of the nurse is in improving the guiding principle-based
clinical rehabilitation and alteration of the lifestyle. The Cardiac Hospitalization Atherosclerosis
Management Program has displayed that the patient suffering from coronary artery issue reduces the risk
after following one year from the discharge for those who had been served by the direct nurse
interference other than the general care (Lizaur-Utrilla et al., 2016).
Recognizing the individual CVD patient, the nurse has made stroke and CVD prevention with a promise
to empower the nurses in the global cardiovascular aspect. Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses
Association (P.C.N.A.) instigated the Global Cardiovascular Nursing Leadership Forum (G.C.N.L.F.). It
is framed for the CVD prevention of the patient and the families of the world of CVD. Addressing the
role of the nurses Dr Hill even, told the shortfall of health care professionals in preventing CVD. Dr Hill
also suggested the necessity of patient based-care by the nurses with the evidence-based practice and
development of the quality. The improved information technology used by the nurses functioning in the
global field for the patient is very significant (Hewner et al., 2016).
Pharmacology of cardiovascular disease
The patient with cardiovascular disease receives various medication for heart failure to improve heart
function. The main drugs that are used in the condition are Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (A.C.E.)
inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (A.R.B.s), beta-blockers, diuretics, inotropic medications
(including digitalis, sympathomimetic agents, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors), straight vasodilators,

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and antidysrhythmic medicines. The pharmacologic effect is equally used in the treatment of failure of
the heart to control its development and decreases the influence also prevents cardiac-related
complexity. Beta-blockers progress cardiac function from the heart collapse (Weiss et al., 2017). This
prevents the effects of sympathetic stimulation. It blocks the myocardial infarction if it is not used in a
low dose. The patient treated with the diuretics that relieve the symptoms of fluid retention. The patient
with severe heart failure sometimes cared with a loop, diuretic these are Bumex, Demadex, Lasix,
Edecrin. The drugs have rapid action and inhibit reabsorption in the circles. Thiazide diuretics are used
for the patient with less heart failure tendency. By blocking the sodium reabsorption, these ingredients
promote the fluid into that mortal loop of Henle and a diuretic portion (Riegel et al., 2017).
In the blood vessel, the vasodilators muscle smoothly, forming dilation. The dilation decreases the
vascular resistance by lessening the myocardial action. The validators include the nitrates, hydralazine,
prazosin, and alpha-adrenergic blockers.
The nitrates generate the arterial as well as the venous vasodilation. The patient could be provided with
nasal drops or spray. Sodium nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator that can be applied in significant heart
failure. As it can make fatal hypertension, so it is supplied with the dopamine to balance the blood
pressure (Plagisou et al., 2015).
Digital glycosides are applied in the systematic way of the symptoms of heart failure. The positive
inotropic effect with the digitalism on the heart that increases the myocardium infarction with the
addition in the intracellular calcium concentrations. Digitalism has a narrow therapeutic index which is
very close to the toxic level. Various cardiac dysrhythmias are related to the digital toxicity that is
including the arrest of sinus, tachycardias with supraventricular and ventricular at a high level of A.V.
block.

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Discharge planning
In spite of the therapy, morbidity and mortality remain high in the patient of CVD new approaches
always recommended evidence-based practice at the hospital discharge; thus, it improves the guidelines.
The education at the release is a vital tool for enhancing the CVD patient. The patient and the family
engage in a multi-action team emphasize the treatment of sodium and fluid restriction. The signs and
symptoms recognition progress the indication of the disease, which is essential for the patient's
prescribed appropriate medical therapy. According to a study, 54% of readmission can be prevented by
planning a discharge. Unplanned discharge and lack of discharge education is a common factor for the
re-entry of the patient. Lack of observance of the medication, unable to pursue a salt restriction meal,
delay in querying clinical attention can lead a patient in the rehospitalization. The patient who is not
knowledgeable of the disease should be guided in the time of the discharge by the professionals. The
patient should be informed of the dosage of the medicine, the frequency of the medication, the indication
of every symptom of heart failure is essential. The knowledge should be provided before discharge to
the patient to distinguish between the medicine bottles, clearly read the name of the labels of the
medicine and identify the medication by the colour of the container. The patient has to be informed of
the fact that if he/she feels a cardiovascular problem admit into the emergency ward of the hospital can
be helpful for him/her (Foraker et al., 2016).
The discharge education of the patient is critical to executing the patient's complete discharge with the
proper guidelines. The CVD patient needed to be warned by the consequence of smoking, drinking, and
another addiction impact to their health can make further complications. The patient should be
recommended and guided by the professionals from the do's and don'ts to save their life. The joint
commission evaluates four measurements for the heart failure of patient discharge. HF-1 assessment of
left ventricular function, evaluation of (HF-2) left ventricular function, application of angiotensin-

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transforming enzyme inhibitors of the patients with remaining (HF-3) ventricular systolic dysfunction,
and quit smoking counselling (HF-4). This joint commission evaluates the patients' core requirements.
The heart function failure prescribed directives or substance guidelines at the time of release should be
mentioned as a guideline. By this performance, the quality care of the cardiovascular will be improved.
In a review of hospital discharge records of 104 patients with heart failure shows the counselling.
Successful measurements of heart failure require lifestyle improvement and dietary modification.
Conclusion
This assessment is focused on the health of adult, especially with the cardiovascular disease patient. This
report has depicted the nurses' management and nursing problems. It has analyzed the evidence-based
nursing practice for patient care. The assessment is the detail of the pathophysiology and the
pharmacology of the CVD. The patient with cardiovascular disease has been suggested to all the
medications and the guidelines for health improvement. The role of the registered nurses in a hospital is
mentioned. The nurses' care is a significant role in patient healing, but some problems arise due to the
circumstances or the situation. The nursing problems have been explained, which will help in identifying
nursing problems. This assessment will help the readers to understand the cardiovascular disease and the
treatment process with nursing care. Every detail of the health care with the diagnosis has been
explained.

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Foraker, R.E., Shoben, A.B., Kelley, M.M., Lai, A.M., Lopetegui, M.A., Jackson, R.D., Langan, M.A.
and Payne, P.R., 2016. Electronic health record-based assessment of cardiovascular health: The stroke
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quality indicator. Injury, 47(7), pp.1530-1535.

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Plagisou, L., Tsironi, M., Zyga, S., Moisoglou, I., Maniadakis, N. and Prezerakos, P., 2015. Assessment
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