Analyzing Cardiovascular Disease Causes & Complications in UK Elderly

This report provides an overview of cardiovascular disease among elderly individuals in the UK, focusing on the causes, complications, and potential interventions. It begins by defining cardiovascular disease and its various types, emphasizing the increased risk in older adults. The report highlights key risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use. Furthermore, the analysis delves into the role of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and lifestyle choices in the development of cardiovascular issues. The research aims to explore the causes and consequences associated with cardiovascular disease, examining both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to support patient care. The report concludes by underscoring the significance of addressing cardiovascular disease in the elderly population and promoting healthy lifestyle choices to mitigate the risks.

HEALTHCARE

Table of Contents
ABOUT DISSERTATION..............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................4
Introduction............................................................................................................................4
Background.............................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................7
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................7
RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................................7
Problem statement..................................................................................................................7
Rationale of research..............................................................................................................8
Significance of research.........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................11
Concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people...................................................11
Causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people.............................13
Ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people..................17
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................22
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................22
Research approach................................................................................................................24
Methodological choice.........................................................................................................24
Research strategies...............................................................................................................28
Time horizons.......................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS............................................................29
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................33
Conclusion............................................................................................................................33
Recommendation..................................................................................................................34
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................37

ABOUT DISSERTATION
Dissertation is defined sometime as a thesis in some of countries, this term is prefer used in the
final assignment of the PhD degrees. Moreover, it is referring as the research project which is
completed as part of the degree. Usually, a dissertation used to allow the student to show their
present finding in response towards the question or the proposition that they choose themselves.
The aim of the project is to test the independent research skill toward the student which have
acquired during the time at university. In this, dissertation is used to focus on the topic of impact
in cardiovascular disease that help to create knowledge and skills. Moreover, they focus on the
finding of research which is helpful and accessible for the conducting of research.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
TITLE
“Causes and complication of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK”
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is defined as general term for the condition which is affected the
heart and the blood vessels. It is usually associated with some of the build based fatty deposit
inside the arteries which is called as atherosclerosis and have the enhance which is associated
with the risk of blood clots. This is based on the damage of arteries in such part of the organ such
as the brain, kidney and eyes. As per this, the cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes
which can lead to death and largely prevented by using various kind of medication and therapies.
In this, it is also analysing that they are often prevented by leading the healthy lifestyle. As per
this, with wide range of angle, there are various type of cardiovascular disease (Boren & et. al.,
2020).
As per this, the major of data is collected with various hospital which is associated in UK. in
this, the Royal Brompton Hospital which is ranked world top ten hospital who used to provide
the data which is based on cardiology. Moreover, the Cambridge heart clinic also associated with
the various issue which is faced regards with the heart failure. Moreover, other associated
hospital which help to state about the condition which is focused on rising cases of
cardiovascular lead to create complication. The hospital is using intervention such as instant use
of elective surgery which is associated with bypass surgery. However, the queen Alexandra
hospital is also providing various health related strategies which is based on cardiac issue with
proper diet plan.
In this, there are usually four type of cardiovascular disease which can be divided as
coronary heart disease, strokes and TIAs, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic disease. They
have wide range of because which can trigger an individual and make them ill with the disease
which is related with heart. People who is in old age have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease
which can be treated with wide aspect of medication. In this report, the major concept of the
cardiovascular disease is well discussed. Moreover, there various causes and risk factor which is
based on cardiovascular disease which can create complication with old age people which is
elaborately analyse in this report. However, there are some the ways and intervention are also

discussed in order to reduce the such type of implication which can create issue with old age
people (Haas & et. al., 2018).
Cardiovascular disease is defined as the group of disease which can affect the heart and
blood vessels of the body. The disease which can affect one or many parts of heart and which is
based on blood vessels. A person which may be symptomatic physically based on the various
experience or be asymptomatic which is not drive any symptoms and person do not visualise any
feeling. Moreover, there are many type of cardiovascular disease which have been include
arrhythmia, valve disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure, peripheral artery disease and
other disease which is associated with heart and create prolong problem when it is related with
any individual (VanWagner and et. al., 2017). However, heart attack and strokes which act as
serious complication of the cardiovascular disease which can occur when the arteries of heart and
brain arteries show some of sudden blockage. This is also identified as the cardiovascular disease
which is act as the leading causes of death around the world and almost of the adults and major
of old age people can face the issue with cardiovascular disease. It also affects the men and
women and acceptability of major of people with this disease in their old age. In this, it is also
affect the different age people, ethnicities and socioeconomic levels (Landry and et. al., 2018).
In this, the healthcare provider which help to perform a physical exam and used to ask some
of the complication which is related with personal health and family health history. In this, there
are various other kind of diagnose which include such as measurement of blood substance which
help to indicate the cardiovascular health such as cholesterol and specific protein and other
element which is related with heart. Moreover, electrocardiogram which help to records the
electrical activity in heart. In this, the ambulatory monitoring which is uses device that help to
track heart rhythm and rates. However, echogram is also play essential role in order to develop
some of the sound waves which used to formulate heartbeat and blood flow. In other factor, the
use of catheterization plays vital role which help to measure pressure and blood flow in heart
(Ruparelia and et. al., 2017).
Background
Cardiovascular disease is generally defined as a term which includes the conditions that are
affecting the blood vessels as well as a heart. As heart is a natural pacemaker that controls the
heart rhythms and some of the pathways of this system may develop tissues such as fibrous and
deposits fat on the walls. This deposition of fat as well as developed fibrous tissues may result in

loss of some major cells which later on slows the heart rate (Sabatine and et. al., 2017). These
diseases arise when the fatty deposited inside the walls of arteries which later results in an
increased risk of blood clots. It often linked with the damage to arteries in organs such as
kidneys, eyes, and brain. In both men and women, age plays an important part in the impairment
of cardiovascular functionality which results in an increased risk of heart disease in older ages. In
addition to this, these rising risks corresponds to an overall decrease in the sex hormones,
including testosterone and oestrogen. Nowadays, cardiovascular disease is one of the main
reason of deaths specially in the old age across worldwide, but it can be prevented by acquiring a
healthy lifestyle. In normal ageing, it causes an individual’s blood vessels and heart to stiffen
which further leads to these conditions in later years. In old age, the raising blood pressure level
is most common condition which are related to heart. In the readings of blood pressure, the
systolic blood pressure raises with the increase in age overtime (Miller & et. al., 2017).
With the increase in age, the mobility and functions reduces as the muscles becomes
weaken. To cope up with this loss being active is the best way to deal with this problem and to
maintain a person's aerobic activity. Ageing may cause the modifications in blood vessels and
heart which may enhances the risk of having cardiovascular disease in a person. As the coronary
artery disease, atrial fibrillation and the heart failure are the major reasons in old age for health
visits as well as hospital stays (Manson and et. al., 2020). The most important risk factor of
cardiovascular disease and stroke includes the unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful usage
of alcohol, tobacco use and many more. It also includes the risk factors which are related to
behaviours such as increased blood glucose level, increased blood pressure level, increased blood
lipid level and sometimes obesity. In order to decrease the risk of having cardiovascular disease
in old age, people should avoid tobacco use, should decrease the amount of salt in their diet,
promote fruits and vegetable eating, physical activities should be regularly done, avoiding
harmful use of alcohol so as to decrease the heart disease. There are many health policies
available which creates contributory surroundings for making the healthy choices that are
affordable and also available which are important for motivating people to adapt the healthy
behaviour (Potashkin & et. al., 2020).
There are some of causes of heart disease and cardiovascular disease are well identified that
they are vary as per the type of cardiovascular disease, while taking the aspect of an example, it
is analysing that the people face issue of coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease due

to the situation of atherosclerosis. In this, this is defined as the deposition of plaque inside the
blood vessel which can disturb the pathophysiological condition of artery and raise some of the
issue which create complexities and this is usually found the old age people. There are some of
the other causes which is based on the external slab such as high blood pressure which is also
called hypertension, as per this, the high level of cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, family
history of heart disease, in this, the sedentary lifestyle or obesity, diet high which is based
sodium, sugar and fat, excessive alcohol use is also main cause of cardiovascular disease (Wang
and et. al., 2020).
RESEARCH AIM
“To analyse the causes and complication of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK”
The aim used to elaborate about the causes and consequence which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease which is based on the among the old age people in the UK. Moreover, the
rising cases of cardiovascular common the UK. In addition to this, the aim used to focus on the
various causes and complication which is responsible for the issue of cardiovascular disease. The
ways and intervention is also part of objective which support and provide care to patient with
pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 To understand the concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.
 To evaluate causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.
 To examine the ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age
people in UK.
RESEARCH QUESTION
 What are the concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK?
 What are the causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people in
UK?
 What are the ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age
people in UK?
Problem statement
The major problem which is associated with the heart disease is causing of death. In this, the
major death which is caused due to the heart and circulatory disease causes a quarter of all the

death in the UK, in this, it is more than 160000 deaths each year. Moreover, average 460 death
each day or one every that three minute in the UK. As per this, the old age people are primarily
deal with the complication of cardiovascular disease which can create number of risk factor and
so on. Moreover, the major problem is related with risk factor which is along with cardiovascular
disease. In this, the most important behavioural risk factor of heart disease and stroke which can
be unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful effect. This all type of activity
can cause serious issue with the old age people (Hussain & et. al., 2019).
Globally, they are nearly 18.6 million died which is associated disease in 2019, the latest
year which is based on worldwide statistics that is calculated. That help to reflect the 17.1
percent increase over the last past decade. Major causes are heart attack, cardiac arrest, strokes
and so on.
In addition to this, there are number of determinant which is based on cardiovascular
disease. These are the core of reflection which have major forces such regulating driving social,
economic and various cultural change which is based on the globalisation, urbanisation and
number of population ageing. Moreover, there are some of determinant which is associated with
the cardiovascular disease are usually include stress, poverty and hereditary factor which is also
stated as the major problem of this report. Moreover, some of the other behaviour which is also
conducted with cardiovascular disease is drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood
lipids which is used to minimise the risk of cardiovascular disease and this help to prevent the
heart attack and strokes among the people who is dealing with these condition (Lorenzatti and et.
al., 2020).
A wide range of people is affected due to this disease. In this, the mortality rate of heart
disease is analysing as the global issue. As per this, the cardiovascular disease is the main cause
of death in the global aspect. However, there are an estimated amount such as 18 million of
people are usually died due to the cardiovascular disease which is reported in the 2019,
moreover, there are some of aspect such as 32 percent of all the global health. In this, the other
death of 85 percent are occur due the heart attack and stroke on the global level (Kuo & et. al.,
(2017).
Rationale of research
The rationale of the research is to acknowledge about the term and knowledge which is
helpful for the personal and professional development. In this, the research is well conducted in

order to bring change which is based on personal and professional development. Moreover, the
personal development includes self-improvement and explore the knowledge regards with the
topic which is associated with cardiovascular disease. This help to develop various set of activity
which help to maintain a knowledge regards with pathophysiology and their complication of
different disease which is associated with cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the professional
development provides quality of knowledge which is helpful for those who is dealing with such
kind of complication. As per this, the main motive of this study is to help other with the help of
knowledge which is achieved during the conducting of research. So, the professional and
personal develop is seek due as per the study of research. Overall, the personal and professional
development allow me seek an opportunity for the future to deal with such situation which may
arise with other. In this, the proper knowledge helps to develop a core value with other and
specify them some of intervention which help them to deal with disease. As per this, the
appropriate knowledge regards with this topic play vital role in order to save the life of other
people. This is act as personal and professional development.
Significance of research
The main importance which is associated with this topic is to understand the concept and
information which is related with cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the main purpose of this
research to develop a quality of knowledge which is based on concept, causes and challenge and
intervention which is helpful for those who is dealing such kind of disease. The research is
conducted with the importance to generate a knowledge which allow the other to know the
complication and other condition which is associated with heart disease. It is essential to regulate
the knowledge which is specifically on the topic of cardiovascular disease because a number pf
population from the global level is face such kind of consequence and this disease enhance the
mortality rate while taking aspect of all age people. In this, research has major focus on targeted
group which is selected as old age people. In this, due to their age and difference in the
biological physiology they are more acceptable for the disease which is associated with the heart.
Moreover, heart attack and stroke is identified with old age people due the condition of
hypertension and other disease which trigger such kind of condition with old age people. As per
this, it is important to gain and collect information about the source of causes which can lead to
formulate the critical situation with this disease. The old age people have less immune due the

change in physiological condition of body, majorly they are having wide range of disease which
can create issue with person with the old age.
In this, research is important for other in order to provide the core knowledge about the
complication and causes of cardiovascular disease and with the ways by which they can reduce
and minimise the situation that harm other health. The leading cases of cardiovascular disease is
also an issue with the global level and act as reason to conduct research. However, there are
some of aspect which must be informative in this report and provide accurate information with
introduction of disease, with type and sign and symptoms. As per this, the intervention such as
medication and management is well discussed.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people
According to the National Health services, the cardiovascular disease is defined as the
general term which is associated with condition that affect the heart or the blood vessels.
Moreover, it is usually connected with the build-up of fatty deposit which is inside the arteries
called atherosclerosis and they have enhanced risk of blood clots. It is also associated with the
damage of arteries which is include organ such as brain, heart, kidney and the eyes. In this, the
cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death and disability in the premises of UK. It is often
prevented by the leading cause of healthy lifestyle (Boren and et. al., 2020).
As per this, the cardiovascular disease is defined as the group of disorder which is
associated with heart and blood vessels. They are majorly including some of the aspect which is
related with the cardiovascular disease. The coronary heart disease which defined as the disease
which is related with blood vessel supplying in the muscle of heart. The cerebrovascular disease
which majorly include the disease which is associated with blood vessel supplying the brain. As
per this, the peripheral arterial disease includes disease of blood vessel supplying the arm and
legs. In this, the rheumatic heart disease that defined the damage of heart muscle and the heart
valves from the rheumatic fever, caused by the streptococcal bacteria. In this, the congenital
heart disease which is associated with the birth defect that may affect the normal development
and the functioning of the heart caused by malformation of the structure of the heart from the
birth. In this, the deep vein thrombosis and the pulmonary embolism that is caused the blood
clots in the leg veins which can dislodge and they are in move to the heart and the lungs (Davies
and et. al., 2018).
According to the world health organisation, the heart attack and the stroke are generally act
as an acute event which is mainly caused by the blockage that help to prevent the blood in order
to flow dorm the heart or brain. In this, the most obvious reason which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease for developing of fatty deposit on the wall of the blood vessel which is
regulated the supply the heart or brain. However, strokes which can be caused from the blood
vessel which is occur in the brain or from blood clots. Cardiovascular disease is the leading
which the cause of death on the global level. In this, the estimated death which is associated with
the cardiovascular disease is 17.9 million people as the report from the world health organisation.

Over the three quarter of the cardiovascular risk that have higher risk of death which is take
place in the low and middle income countries. In this, there are about 17 million and more death
are recorded due to the premature death which is under the age of 70 due the non-communicable
disease in the year 2019, 38 percent which is caused by cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it is
important to detect the cardiovascular disease which is possible, so that the management with
proper counselling and the medicine are usually begins (Elagizi and et. al., 2018).
According to the steinbaum, the cardiovascular disease is defined as the condition which
affect the structure of the function which is associated with heart. It includes such as Abnormal
heart rhythms or the arrhythmias, Aorta disease and the marfan syndrome, congenital heart
disease, coronary artery disease which indicate the narrowing of arteries, deep vein thrombosis
and the pulmonary embolism and other include heart attack and heart failure. Moreover, the
cardiovascular disease leading cause of death in the among the globe. It is very essential to
prevent it and live a healthier and more effective life by learning about the disease and taking
care for the people who is dealing with the issue of cardiovascular disease (Heianza and et. al.,
2017).
According to the Suzanne, 2021 there are various symptoms which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease. A build-up of fatty deposition and create the complication of plaque in
the arteries. As per this, the atherosclerosis which usually damage the blood vessels and the
heart. The plaque build-ups usually cause the narrowing or the blockage which is associated with
the blood vessels that can lead to create the risk of heart attack, chest pain and the angina or the
stroke. The coronary artery disease is defined as the symptoms which is associated with the men
and women. Furthermore, men are usually more likely suffering from the chest pain. In this,
women are most likely having some sign and symptoms that along with the chest discomfort
along with the shortness of breath, nausea and some other symptoms which include extreme
fatigue after walking for the short distance. For the long distance patient may feel more
complication and consequence regarding with health issue. There are some sign and symptoms
which include chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and the chest discomfort which include
angina, as per this, they also include other factor such as shortness of breath, pain, numbness,
weakness or the coldness in the legs or the arms which majorly associated with the blood vessels
for those part which is narrowing the vessels. In this, pain in the neck and the jaw, throat is the
most place where a maximum of pain is analysed (Inouye and et. al., 2018).