Preventive Measures for Cardiovascular Disease in the UK Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) within the context of evidence-based public health in the UK. It begins with an introduction to the concept of evidence-based public health and its significance in shaping health policies and programs. The report then outlines the methodology, including the search strategy and the rationale for selecting specific articles related to CVD. A critical appraisal of the selected studies is presented, evaluating their strengths and limitations. The report delves into the basic understanding of CVD, exploring its causes, symptoms, and diagnostic methods. It then focuses on the causes of CVD specifically within the UK population, examining risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol. The core of the report discusses preventive measures to reduce CVD occurrence and relevant death rates in the country, drawing on the evidence from the selected studies. The report concludes with a summary of key findings and recommendations. References are provided for all cited sources.

Evidence Based
Public Health

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Search strategy.................................................................................................................................1
Reason behind selecting articles......................................................................................................2
Critical appraisal..............................................................................................................................4
The basic understanding of cardiovascular disease....................................................................4
The causes of cardiovascular disease among people in UK.......................................................6
The preventive measures of cardiovascular disease to reduce relevant death rates in country. .7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................9
References......................................................................................................................................10

Introduction
The evidence based public health is the evaluation of effective policies and plans,
evaluation, implementation, development of health in public by their principles and applications
of scientific causes. It consider as the information system as well as using systemic data and
utilisation of program planning models or behavioural theory which associated by science. It is
defined as referring the generality of evidence based medicine to the area and department of
public health (Claas and Arnett, 2016). It is important because it gives a chance to improving and
encouraging the upcoming future and current policies and programs. In this assignment it will
discussed about the given selected health issue which is cardiovascular disease faced in UK.
Moreover, this will focused about the how to cure this disease for safeguarding the people by
healthy lifestyle and diets. Furthermore, it will obdurate the impact, prevention, cure methods
and how to overcome heart issues in UK.
Research question “What are the preventive measures that can be taken to reduce occurrence of
cardio vascular diseases among population”
Search strategy
The search strategy is to selected relevant three publications because of having related
information which can be used to analyse the cause behind occurrence of cardiovascular disease
(Chernova and et. al., 2016). It is helpful to identify the causes behind this health problems
which are required to be prevent among population for reducing death rates in UK. Meanwhile,
the search articles are based on the topic of cardiovascular disease and the relevant causes which
are supportive to establish more effective as well as efficient techniques which are helpful to
reduce relevant medical cases in health & social care industry. The various websites used are
sciencedirect.com, nhs.uk, heart.org, who.int, mayoclinic.org, webmd.com,
medicalnewstoday.com, pubmed etc.
Key terms
Cardiovascular disease – The condition in which heart and blood vessels get affected and
create a health problem.
Heart attack – A conditions occurs when blood and oxygen supply get blocked due to
fatty deposits, forming plaques etc.
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Oestrogen – A primary sex hormone in female which develop and regulate reproductive
system as well as secondary sex characteristics (Halaris, 2016).
Reason behind selecting articles
Authors
and year
Journal Aim Methods or
study
design
Findings Strengths Limitation
Jabbar, A.,
Pingitore,
A., Pearce,
S.H.,
Zaman, A.,
Iervasi, G.
and Razvi,
S., 2017.
Nature
Reviews
Cardiology
Thyroid
hormones
and
cardiovascul
ar disease.
Qualitative
research
design
The people
with
hypothyroid
ism and
hyperthyroi
disms ate
more at risk
of
cardiovascul
ar diseases.
It has
strength of
determine
most
prevalent
cardio
vascular
diseases.
It has a
limitation of
not having
information
about other
relevant
diseases
which
influences
mortality
rate.
Walsh,
J.W.,
Hoffstad,
O.J.,
Sullivan,
M.O. and
Margolis,
D.J., 2016.
Diabetic
Medicine
Association
of diabetic
foot ulcer
and death in
a
population‐
based cohort
from the
United
Kingdom.
Controlled
study
The results
include the
diabetic
individuals
are highly at
risk of death
rather than
any other
health
problem like
cardiovascul
ar disease.
It has
strength to
analyse
about
diabetic foot
ulcers which
increase risk
of death.
It has
limitation of
not having
data about
other risk of
disease in
diabetic
patients.
Scragg, R., The Journal The Vitamin Randomised The results The strength This article
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Waayer, D.,
Stewart,
A.W.,
Lawes,
C.M., Toop,
L., Murphy,
J., Khaw,
K.T. and
Camargo Jr,
C.A., 2016.
of steroid
biochemistr
y and
molecular
biology
D
Assessment
(ViDA)
Study:
design of a
randomized
controlled
trial of
vitamin D
supplementa
tion for the
prevention
of
cardiovascul
ar disease,
acute
respiratory
infection,
falls and
non-
vertebral
fractures.
Controlled
trial
consist
about high
risk of
cardiovascul
ar disease
due to low
vitamin D in
body which
is required
to be
maintained
by proper
eating
habits.
include
about a
preventive
measure to
eat products
rich in
vitamin D.
has lack of
other
preventive
measures
related to
eating
specific foo
items and
exercise
regularly.
Critical appraisal
Study the term cardiovascular disease
The evidence public health is an desegregation of field of science and the interventions
are based with priorities of community to rising health of citizens in UK. According to the
opinion given by Pfaeffli and et. al. (2016), the conception of given topic is has acquired at the
same time as preaching at this point for the practice in the discipline of social work, psychology,
nursing and medicine. The approach of evidence practice implement that conscientious
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utilisation of better available practices. In precisely, it constantly looks at newer studies and
research or re access the practice based on searching.
The Cardiovascular disease is the heart occurring diseases. It is a form of diseases which
refers to heart and the blood vessels. It mention to any kind of diseases which impact on system
of cardiovascular system, peripheral arterial disease, vascular disease of brain and kidney as well
as cardiac related diseases. It usually defined by the situations and he conditions of concerned
narrowed of blood vessels blocked and chocked which can proceed to chest pain, stroke and
severe pain of heart. on the other hand some another conditions of that impact the muscles of
heart, rhythm, valves. These entire are reasoned at the formation of the heart diseases.
Balakumar, Maung-U and Jagadeesh (2016) states that the heart disease term which
determined the compass of conditions which is affecting a heart of the persons. the illness under
the situation of the heart issues which regard as umbrella blood vessels sicknesses. for example
heart defects born with congenital heart affects, among some other, the rhythms issues that is
arrhythmias. The heart disease term is frequently used symmetrically with regard cardiovascular
illness. In this flow of blood in to the heart, whole body or brain that can be weakened results
are a clotting of blood that is called thrombosis, developed fatty deposits in the side of artery and
veins which cause the narrow and harden artery is often called atherosclerosis.
The heart is the very hard working muscle of persons body that pumps four to five litres
blood in every minute in the duration of rest. It supplies oxygen and nutrients presented body
fluid to whole body parts, which including itself. The cardiovascular diseases is proceeding the
reason of diseases in UK. If the people is suffering by those types of heart diseases so they can
live healthier life as well as more active life through understanding or learning about of diseases
of taking care of self. The cardiovascular is the cause of mortality and mobility in global world
which is obligated for approximated 17.5 millions death by CVD in UK. Disregard substantive
advances in the administration, determination potential therapeutic approaches and mechanism
has static give preferences of appreciable value. To examine the common multifactorial illness
for example heart diseases is prevented through the interdependency of environmental or genetic
components or the troubles which are constitutional in the detaching the effect of a person
factors.
Symptoms: The symptoms of cardiovascular diseases are on the basis of what type
disease a person is suffering are as follows:
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This is might be assorted for women and men. In men it is more instance liable to have
pain in chest. On the other hand, women are more liable that other type of evidence on with
discomfort of chest, nausea and extreme fatigue, shortness of breath. As mentioned by Pilz and
et. al. (2016), the symptoms can consider as: chest pain, pressure, discomfort angina, tightness,
coldness or numbness. Moreover, shivering in body if the vessels of blood in those portions
body is narrowed, Painfulness in abdomen, back, neck, jaw, throat etc. It is very crucial to duty
period or watch for this given disease indication as well as discuss with a doctor. sometimes it
can found primary with appraise. The main sincere innate imperfection with generally ha become
apparent soon subsequently after the beginning. In children the defected symptoms is include
that are Pale, Gray or blue skin colour, in an infant less of breath in the duration of feeding milk
and proceeding poor increase in weight.
Diagnosis: The common tests that used to diagnose the cardiovascular diseases are as
follow below:
 Blood Tests: The laboratory tests are used to observe the risk factors of the heart
diseases. As per views of Wu and et. al. (2016), it consider as cholesterol, lipid
components of blood including HDL, triglycerides, LDL etc. On of the markers of heart
attack is the cardiac Troponin- T, other is fibrinogen or PAL-1, elevated asymmetric
dimethyl arginine or elevated brain natriuretic peptide which is also called B-type, high
level of homocysteine etc.
 EKG/ ECG ( electrocardiogram)- This is a painless and simple test that records the
heart electrical action. It determined that how fast the heart is beating. This can assist to
check and detects the attacks of angina, arrhythmia, heart attack etc.
 Angiography or Cardiac catheterization- It is an invasive test, involves in the
threading of flexible tube, thin called a catheter via vessel in blood within groin, arm or
neck.
Define the causes of cardiovascular disease that affects the health of people in UK
The causes of the given disease in United Kingdom. The population Great Britain are
suffering by heart illnesses widely. Because they are not taking proper diet and not living with
the healthy lifestyle. They consuming a effective diet which is unhealthy for peoples and
children of UK. According to the views provided by Audi and et. al. (2016), the direct cause of
cardiovascular disease is not clear. but the lots of property can enhance their hazard of acquiring
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it. There are more risk components of person and it has greater opportunities to creating CVD. In
this many identical causes just like overweight, poor nutrition, smoking, physical activity etc.
some reason cant do much about for example having a family history of heart diseases. as well as
there are several lesser famed to included as feeling or depression, separated from the friend,
family and loved ones.
The major risk casing reason which is outlines by suspicion illness are follow below:
High Blood pressure- In this hypertension, it is the to the highest degree crucial risk
factors and cause for this diseases. blood vessels can damage if haemoglobin pressure is high. It
can damage the walls of artery or some another organs, It raise the risk in the person of heart
stroke and attack. For before knowing this, a person should check the blood pressure in quarterly.
Smoking - The tobacco and smoking is utilise a important causes for CVD. As per
thought given by Mack and Gopal (2016), it is very deadly component part in tobacco can
damage and narrow the blood vessels. Just a one or two cigarettes in a day can damage the
arteries and body fluid tube-shaped structure. It bring down the number of available oxygen in
body as well as in the blood. polluting the environment and nearest surroundings. This will cause
the walls of artery and get over sticker or raise the risk of forming clots that proceed to a heart
attack and stroke. Several women are smoke and consume contraceptive pill so it will developed
a hazardous CVD.
High Cholesterol- It is found in blood and its a fatty acid components. If a person have
high level of cholesterol so this will cause the narrow haemoglobin vessels or raise the reason of
blood clot in body. A definite amount of cholesterol is essential for the natural and general work
in the body of human beings. If a cholesterol is high, it generally define the level of LDL is high.
The Bad and severe LDL that can habituate in veins and arteries, it developing it difficult
for the flow of blood. The clogged and chocked arteries might refer to deficiency of oxygen in
the heart or to brain tumour and stroke. As mentioned by Golubnitschaja and et. al. (2016), there
are several activities which can assist to handle or lower the level of cholesterol, is to consuming
healthy diet, weight management, exercise, maintain pressure of blood, ignore smoking as well
as alcohol, take medication properly.
Diabetes: It refer that when the level,of sugar is increase and it become too high, on the
other hand it can be decreased and become too low it causes diabetes. The deficiency of insulin
hormone in the body the main reason of diabetes. The increasing level of sugar in a person body
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so this can damage and destroy the blood vessels and creating become narrowed. Most of the
population are mainly suffering with Type 2 polyglycolic disorder is obese and overweight, is
the cause of the CVD. The major element to developing in heart diseases is diabetes.
Describe the prevention of cardiovascular disease that reduce death rates.
The cardiovascular disorders have been considered as a leading cause in increasing the
rate of deaths in United Kingdom. Such disease also been observed to cause several disabilities
which further hamper an individual to live freely and happily. Scragg and et. al. (2016) states
that growing age and the gender have been observed as a vital risk factors related in causing such
heart diseases. It has been seen that males are more affected by such disorders than females,
because the oestrogen hormones which are highly present in the body of females somehow
safeguard against cardiovascular disease. Through controlling the blood pressure of a person and
by keeping the cholesterol at an optimal level a person can control the risk getting heart attacks
or acquiring any chronic heart disorder. Various preventive measures have been discussed to
lower the level of mortality in United Kingdom, some of the measures are given below.
Maintain healthy weight – The heavy weight of person can harbour many deadly
disease which further can lead to death. As mentioned by Walsh and et. al. (2016), Being
overweight or the people who are facing the condition of obesity enhances the factor of diseases
related to heart. Such practice is observed because obesity make the cholesterol level high,
increase the probability of getting diabetes and also lead in hypertension.
Balanced diet – The habit of eating healthy diet makes a person fit to fight with any kind
of illness. The balanced diet is always recommended at the prior stage of any disease so that the
minerals and vitamins present in the food can help in making the status of the body stable and
upgraded immunity. The diet rich in fatty acid food, salt, sugars and high content of saturated
fats make the food content poor and majorly contributes in causing cardiovascular diseases.
Thereby, it has been suggested that the DASH diet which includes fresh vegetables, raw fruits,
dairy products containing zero or low fat and whole grains should be added in the diet chart for
keeping the heart fit and healthy.
Daily exercise – Exercising or physical activities play a major role not only in making a
good physique and also making the heart stronger by improving and regulating the circulation of
heart which ultimately result in strengthening the body. The habit of daily exercise assist a
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person in loosing the weight and also aid in reducing the level of cholesterol in the body, such
practice eventually make the possibility of occurring heart disease minimum.
Limiting alcohol – It has been observed that consuming too much alcohol may lead in
causing large number of illness in the body. According to Jabbar and et. al. (2017), high drinking
habit is the main leading reason of hypertension as well as diabetes. This practice actually
increase the blood glucose level of a person which excessively add calories thus, contributing in
gaining high weight. All of the measured factors impart in making the heart of an individual
weak. So men should only have two drinks while women only one for living smooth and healthy
life.
Avoid smoking – The practice of smoking put the heart at the risk of getting attacks and
strokes. The people who are not indulged in smoking should never try such thing and the people
who smoke should look for some measures through which they can quit smoking. If an
individual can not overcome with such habit then they should get recommendation and
consultations to the skilled health care partitioner for quitting the habit.
Manage stress – The amount of stress a person takes more they get prone to acquire
cardiovascular disorders. Taking extreme stress is directly linked with heart attacks. Proper
measures and healthy habits like consulting psychologist, having good talk, interacting with
family, taking therapies, listening music, meditating, exercising should be promoted so as to
manage the level of stress. The habit of drinking, overeating, smoking should also be avoided for
overcoming the consequences of the stress.
Get good sleep – The person who sleeps for 7 to 9 hours are more healthy in all ways
when compared to those who do not sleep long and well in night. Proper sleep makes an
individual stress free and joyful, thus eventually lowering the risk of obesity, hypertension and
associated cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusion
In the above report, it has been concluded basic understanding of cardiovascular diseases
as well as the causes, symptoms and risk factors of CVD. In this assignment, learn about that
how to overcome that cardiovascular illness. it is necessary to improve their lifestyle and become
healthy. They should make a healthy diet chart for flourishing their life. Moreover, this must
ignore and left the consumption of alcohol and smoking. They should consume Vitamin D,
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because the lack of this vitamin the blood vessels can be narrowed and caused cardiovascular
diseases. It has been focused that to ignore the fat, cholesterol associated food for being healthy.
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References
Books and journals
Audi, C.A. and et. al., 2016. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in prison institution staff: a
cross-sectional study. Epidemiologia e servicos de saude: revista do Sistema Unico de
Saude do Brasil, 25(2), pp.301-310.
Balakumar, P., Maung-U, K. and Jagadeesh, G., 2016. Prevalence and prevention of
cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological research, 113, pp.600-
609.
Chernova, I. and et. al., 2016. Forecasting and Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease Based on
Inverse Fuzzy Models. Biomedical Engineering, 49(5).
Claas, S.A. and Arnett, D.K., 2016. The role of healthy lifestyle in the primordial prevention of
cardiovascular disease. Current cardiology reports, 18(6), p.56.
Golubnitschaja, O. and et. al., 2016. Breast cancer epidemic in the early twenty-first century:
evaluation of risk factors, cumulative questionnaires and recommendations for
preventive measures. Tumor Biology, 37(10), pp.12941-12957.
Halaris, A., 2016. Inflammation-associated co-morbidity between depression and cardiovascular
disease. In Inflammation-Associated Depression: Evidence, Mechanisms and
Implications (pp. 45-70). Springer, Cham.
Jabbar, A. and et. al., 2017. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews
Cardiology, 14(1), p.39.
Mack, M. and Gopal, A., 2016. Epidemiology, traditional and novel risk factors in coronary
artery disease. Heart failure clinics, 12(1), pp.1-10.
Pfaeffli Dale, L. and et. al., 2016. The effectiveness of mobile-health behaviour change
interventions for cardiovascular disease self-management: a systematic
review. European journal of preventive cardiology, 23(8), pp.801-817.
Pilz, S. and et. al., 2016. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease prevention. Nature Reviews
Cardiology, 13(7), p.404.
Scragg, R. and et. al., 2016. The Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) Study: design of a randomized
controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular
disease, acute respiratory infection, falls and non-vertebral fractures. The Journal of
steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 164, pp.318-325.
Walsh, J.W. and et. al., 2016. Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population‐based
cohort from the United Kingdom. Diabetic Medicine, 33(11), pp.1493-1498.
Wu, A.H. and et. al., 2016. Relation of serum uric acid to cardiovascular disease. International
journal of cardiology, 213, pp.4-7.
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