Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction Induced by Stimulant Drugs

This report delves into the cardiovascular complications associated with amphetamine and methamphetamine use, with a specific focus on acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The introduction highlights the stimulant nature of these drugs and their varying uses, from ADHD treatment to illicit recreational use, and the associated risks of cardiovascular collapse and death. The presentation of the argument discusses how these drugs can induce myocardial remodeling, electrical remodeling, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to heart failure. The report further examines the effects of these drugs on heart rate, blood pressure, and the potential for complications such as acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac arrest. The research and methodology section outlines the data sources used, including Cochrane library, PubMed Central, UpToDate, and EMBASE, emphasizing the thoroughness of the research. The analysis, synthesis, and conclusion section summarizes the research findings, emphasizing the potential dangers of stimulant drug abuse and the importance of regular medical check-ups to prevent serious complications such as kidney and liver damage. The report concludes by referencing key research articles related to the topic.

Acute Myocardial Infarction
Amphetamine Methamphetamine Induced

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PRESENTATION OF ARGUMENT.....................................................................................1
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY.................................................................................2
ANALAYIS, SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION................................................................2
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are stimulants drugs that affects central nervous system.
Amphetamine exists as two forms in nature; that is, dextro form and levo form. It is used for the
treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity and narcolepsy. Athletes
use amphetamine illegally to enhance their performance. Methamphetamine is structurally
similar to Amphetamine and have high toxic potential than amphetamine. It is also illicitly
trafficked for recreational use. Abusive use of these drugs can cause many side effects mainly
cardiovascular collapse and death. Chronic use can results in causing blood vessels and heart
inflammation. Over usage and unnecessary use of methamphetamine can cause skin abscess,
seizures and hallucinations (Aguirre and Coleman, 2019).
PRESENTATION OF ARGUMENT
Acute overdosage of methamphetamine and amphetamine result in their poisoning in
blood and tissues. Methamphetamine boost remodelling of myocardial structure as well electrical
remodelling, responsible for cardiac arrhythmias. Finally, it stimulate profound mitochondrial
dysfunction and death of heart's cells, and ultimately heart failure. Persons who use
methamphetamine for long-term without regular diagnosis and doctor's supervision has been
reported to exhibit the indications of cardiac myopathy. In cardiomyopathy, heart's systolic
function get affected and dilation of left ventricular chamber get dysfunction which is indicated
by hypertrophy, necrosis, fibrosis, and enlargement of the heart. Amphetamine activates the part
of nervous system that promote speeding up of heart rate, increase blood pressure, and
responsible for producing “fight or flight hormone”. Severe amphetamine poisoning causes acute
coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, acute myocardial infraction, and sudden cardiac arrest.
Apart of cardiac toxicity, other systemic potential toxicity caused by amphetamine includes,
hyperthermia, liver damage, kidney damage, cognitive deficit and even death. And complications
caused by methamphetamine toxicity includes, seizures, coma, internal bleeding in cranial space,
ischaemic stroke, elevated blood pressure, heart failure and disturbance in cardiac rhythms.
Drug-induced cardiac complications can be treated by giving alpha-1 and beta-adrenergic
receptor antagonist, named Carvedilol and Labetalol, it helps in providing complete blockade to
adrenergic receptors. The administration of esmolol is also a good choice as it control
methamphetamine-induced high heart rate (Barnes and et. al., 2020).
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RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
The research conducted on this topic with the goal of identify and analyse the data related
to the affect of overdosage and poisoning of amphetamine and methamphetamine. The research
report mainly consider the impact of stimulant drugs on heart and cardiovascular functioning.
For successful understanding and complete information collection, the major of data is supported
by Cochrane library, PubMed Central, UpToDate, and EMBASE. For supporting the complete
knowledge and resolve all the questionnaires, millions of articles are available that provide
detail as well as brief studies and collection of data for the purpose of research.
ANALAYIS, SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION
From the research on the given topic, it is analysed and concluded that the stimulant
drugs, Amphetamine and methamphetamine are majorly used for the ADHD disease but its
overdosage and abusive use can be fatal . In recent times , athletes are showing great interest in
adopting these stimulant drugs in order to enhance and boost up the performance to gain
popularity by using unfair means. It is important to visit doctors for regular diagnosis of drug's
concentration into blood otherwise it can leads to the damage of kidney and liver. Abusive use of
these drugs can lead to the development of potential systemic complications also (Barnes and et.
al., 2020).
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aguirre, D. and Coleman, J., 2019. A Case of Methamphetamine Induced Cardiomyopathy and
Myocardial Infarction. Proceedings of UCLA Health, 23.
Barnes, A., Babar, A., Shah, R., Williams, S., Oyesanmi, O. and Jordan, J., 2020.
Methamphetamine Associated Cardiovascular Complications. Journal of Drug and Alcohol
Research, 9(2), pp.1-3.
Kevil, C.G., Goeders, N.E., Woolard, M.D., Bhuiyan, M.S., Dominic, P., Kolluru, G.K., Arnold,
C.L., Traylor, J.G. and Orr, A.W., 2019. Methamphetamine use and cardiovascular
disease: in search of answers. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 39(9),
pp.1739-1746.
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