Cardiovascular Illness: Causes, Complications in UK Older Adults

This report examines the causes and complications of cardiovascular illness among older adults in the United Kingdom. It begins by defining cardiovascular illness and its prevalence, highlighting the role of atherosclerosis and the importance of healthy lifestyles. The research aims to analyze the causes and complications, understand the concept of the illness, evaluate risk factors, and examine potential interventions. The literature review identifies research gaps, particularly the need for more information on causes and effective interventions for older adults in the UK. The report then discusses the research methodology, employing a deductive approach and mixed methods to gather and analyze data. It references various studies and perspectives on age and gender as risk factors, the burden of cardiovascular disease, and the importance of addressing diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Ultimately, the report seeks to provide insights for healthcare professionals and contribute to overcoming the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults in the UK.

Proposal.

Table of Content.
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................2
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................2
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................4
Research philosophy....................................................................................................................4
Research approach.......................................................................................................................4
Methodological choices...............................................................................................................4
Research Strategies......................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH PLAN.........................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

TITLE
“Causes and Complications of cardiovascular illness among older adults across United
Kingdom.”
INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular illness among people is specifically a common term that can affect
the blood vessels and heart to cause severe problem. It is commonly linked with the deposition of
fat inside the arteries and is known as atherosclerosis, which improves inside the blood vessels
and causes the developing risk of blood clots. Across countries, it is generally one of the leading
term which can causes deaths and is greatly prevented by using the various kind of therapies and
medications as well. Another way of preventing or reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular
illness among people is to enhance the understanding of healthy lifestyle among people. In this,
most of the information is being gathered with several healthcare organizations that is linked in
the United Kingdom. For example, The Royal Brompton Healthcare organization is specifically
ranked top ten hospitals among all who generally used to give information based on cardiology.
Furthermore, another healthcare organization such as The Cambridge Heart Clinic is also linked
with several problems that is generally faced by the people due to heart failure. Every cardiology
healthcare organization can use specific interventions like an instant use of the crucial
procedures that is linked with the bypass surgery. Another healthcare organization, such as
Queen Alexandra healthcare can also furnish the specific well-being services or strategies that is
usually based on the heart related problems having a proper diet care plan.
While talking about the cardiovascular illness, it is specifically of four main types such as
Strokes, Coronary heart illness, Peripheral arterial illness, Aortic illness. There varieties can
effectively trigger the people and can make them ill with having illness that is usually associated
with heart. The cardiovascular illness is more common among old age people and it can be
treated with having broad aspects of medications. The report will cover multiple causes as well
as the risk components that is specifically based on the heart associated illnesses that can create
the complications among the old age people. The report will cover its impacts and interventions
that can be effectively used to overcome such causes of cardiovascular illness among older
people across United Kingdom. In addition, the healthcare professionals can effectively perform
the physical examination as well as can ask about the complications that is associated with the
personal well-being and the history of family. The research will cover the information to
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effectively overcome the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults across United
Kingdom.
RESEARCH AIM
“To analyse the causes and complications of cardiovascular illness among older adult people
across United Kingdom.”
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 To understand the concept of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across
United Kingdom.
 To evaluate the causes and associated risk factors of cardiovascular illness among older
adult people across United Kingdom.
 To examine the intervention/ways to reduce the cardiovascular illness among older adult
people across United Kingdom.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What are the concept of cardiovascular illness among older adult people across United
Kingdom?
 What are the causes and associated risk factors of cardiovascular illness among older
adult people across United Kingdom?
 What are the intervention/ways to reduce the cardiovascular illness among older adult
people across United Kingdom?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review generally represents a systematic review and its important process of
gathering the secondary information which is specifically related with topic. In this, there are
various secondary resources like the books, articles, Journals that are mainly associated with the
topic of interest. The main aim of doing the literature review is to positively determine the main
research gaps in their primal examination. In the current literature, the main gap in the research is
to explore about the prevalence of cardiovascular illness among older adults. In the past studies,
there were some absence of information about the causes and how it can be effectively overcome
so that it cannot affect the older adults within United Kingdom. This is generally the main gap
and to reduce this, there is some interventions provided so that the prevalence of cardiovascular
illness among older adults can be overcome.
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As per the view of Jennifer L. Rodgers, Jarrod Jones and et. al., (2019), age generally
plays an essential role in the worsen the functionality of cardiovascular system, outcomes in an
enhanced risk of having heart associated illnesses among older age group people. The older
people as well as ageing population are generally more susceptible towards the cardiovascular
illness. In this, age is specifically an independent risk component for the specific cardiovascular
illnesses among adults, and these such risk components are more specifically combined by some
of its additional developing risk factors such as diabetes, obesity and many more. In this, these
such factors are specifically known to complicate as well as can improves the developing risk of
heart associated illnesses. As per the perspectives of authors, sex is also an another potential risk
factor among the older age group people and it is generally reported that the older women are
specifically at a greater risk of having cardiovascular illnesses as compared with men. Moreover,
in both the male and female, the developing risk of heart related illnesses can generally enhance
with age and these such can specifically correspond to the whole downfall in the sex hormones
like testosterone and oestrogen hormones. In addition, the alterations in the heart functions
among the older age group people are generally been determined which can involve the report of
diastolic and systolic dysfunction as well as an electrical dysfunction, containing the
improvement of arrhythmias. Moreover, both the defects in electrical and functional can
specifically results in an increased rates of atrial fibrillation, heart failures, various other
cardiovascular illnesses among the old age group people (Cardiovascular Risks Associated with
Gender and Ageing, 2019).
As per the view of Ali Yazdanyar (2009), there are various underlying causes of the
deaths in the year 2005 in 864,480 of nearly about 2.5 million overall deaths across country.
These are more specifically among the age group of above and equal to 65 years are accounted
for about 82% of overall deaths more attributable towards the cardiovascular illnesses. In this,
the prevalence of cardiovascular illnesses consisting CHD, hypertensions, heart failures, stroke
generally enhances about 40% among male and among female involving age group of 40 to 59
years can increases up to 75% and those people who are above the age of 80 years, involve
nearly about 85% prevalence of having cardiovascular illness among people. As per the
perspective of author, the coronary heart illness specifically accounts for more than half of
overall cardiovascular illnesses deaths among people. In the year 2005, only the coronary heart
illness is the only cause of many of the people such as nearly about 445,687 deaths and in this,
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about 80% of the people were falls under the age group of above 65 years. In this, the prevalence
of coronary heart illness is significantly enhancing with increasing in age among both male and
female. Similarly, the incidence of the coronary heart illnesses can enhance with age more
common among the older age people, irrespective of their gender or race. It is analysed from the
study that at the age of 70 years, the lifetime developing risk of having first coronary heart illness
is about 35% among male and nearly about 24% among female (The Burden of Cardiovascular
Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs, 2009).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology is generally defined as a procedure or the technique that is
helpful in order to determine the process of selection, process and analyse the data on the
cardiovascular illness.
Research philosophy
It is specifically a set of belief which is making the consent of nature of the reality that is
being examined. In this, it can involve two methods such as Ontology and Epistemology. The
research will continue with Epistemology as it is the scientific study that can indicates the data
which can be prove without having doubt. Through Epistemology method, it specifically tries to
find out the more common acceptable understanding that is addressing the fact which is based on
it. Through this method, it can provide enough knowledge about the prevalence of cardiovascular
illnesses among older people across UK.
Research approach
The research approach generally involves the both deductive and inductive and its
evaluation that is based on the several factors that specifically depend on specific choices,
research aims, its limitations and personal opinions. There is used a deduction method which
specifically indicates that it can flow the aspects from generic to specific. The research generally
follows the context of deductive that is associated with heart associated illness that is
accountable with interventions and its strategies that make benefits for the people treatment.
Methodological choices
Qualitative data: The data can involve the gathering of information that is associated with non-
numerical information.
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Quantitative Choices: It is mainly based on the numbers and digits and can involve the number
of survey of the overall population in a group.
Mixed methods: It is the method that is specifically based on both the aspects such as
quantitative and qualitative as well. This method is generally followed during the study to gather
the information.
Questionnaire: It can involve the number of participants who were generally chosen from the
questionnaire on which they specifically exhibit their response in context with CVD.
Research Strategies
The research strategies can involve various information that are generally being collected
from Experiments, survey, Archival research, case study, Action research.
RESEARCH PLAN
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Carrero, J.J., Hecking, M., Chesnaye, N.C. and Jager, K.J., 2018. Sex and gender disparities in the
epidemiology and outcomes of chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 14(3),
pp.151-164.
Colafella, K.M.M. and Denton, K.M., 2018. Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated
cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 14(3), pp.185-201.
Cornec-Le Gall, E., Alam, A. and Perrone, R.D., 2019. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
disease. The Lancet, 393(10174), pp.919-935.
Forbes, J.M. and Thorburn, D.R., 2018. Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease. Nature
Reviews Nephrology, 14(5), pp.291-312.
Zhao, D., Liu, J., Wang, M., Zhang, X. and Zhou, M., 2019. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in
China: current features and implications. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 16(4), pp.203-212.
Online:
Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Ageing, 2019 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616540/>
The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs, 2009
[Online] Available through: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797320/
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