University Carpooling Project: Reducing Fuel Consumption Analysis

This project proposal explores carpooling as a strategy to reduce fuel consumption, examining its historical context, real-world applications, and functional requirements. The student's work includes a literature review covering e-commerce, e-business models, and the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The proposal analyzes various ride-sharing applications, such as Uber and Lyft, and discusses their generic functions and impact. The paper outlines the different phases of SDLC and highlights its significance in software development. The project aims to assess the viability and effectiveness of carpooling in promoting sustainable transportation and reducing environmental impact. The document also explores the potential benefits of carpooling, including cost savings and reduced traffic congestion, while also addressing potential challenges and limitations. The project aims to propose innovative solutions and strategies to promote carpooling as a viable and sustainable transportation option.

Running head: CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
Carpool as a way to reduce fuel consumption
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
Table of Contents
2. Literature Review...................................................................................................................2
2.1 E commerce and e- business............................................................................................2
2.2 Real Life e-businesses......................................................................................................4
2.3 Systems Development Life Cycle....................................................................................6
2.4 Hardware and Software Considerations.........................................................................10
2.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................14

2CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
2. Literature Review
2.1 E commerce and e- business
Concepts are and their importance of e-commerce business
According to Laudon and Traver (2016), e-commerce is an integral part of e-business
and these types of business can be both financial as well as non-financial. The sales and
marketing strategies adopted by most of the commercial establishments depends on the use of
diverse categories of business models. The paper was very much useful as it provided a
detailed description about the effectiveness of the e-commerce platforms which are deployed
all over the globe. The paper highlighted that there are diverse categories of technologies
which are related with the most common e-commerce platforms such as electronic data
interchange, inventory management systems, supply chain management and internet
marketing.
The paper highlighted that there are both advantages as well as limitations related
with the use of e-commerce platforms. The positives of these e-commerce platforms includes
its ability to help the retailers of the business and the finance analysts to manage each order in
the relational database management table. The paper helped in understanding the global
trends of any particular industry can be identified with the help of the e-commerce platforms.
However, as discussed by Srinath (2017), there are few limitations related with the use of e-
commerce platform as well in terms of the additional cost of the internet charges which is
required and it can be considered as an additional cost for a corporate business organization.
Separate training session is required to work with these e-commerce platforms for the first
time.
Business Models

3CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
According to Lemke et al. (2018), the products as well as the services are sold
directly between the customers of a business according if the business to customer model is
followed. This business models was very much popular in the early 90s. The paper
highlighted that this business model was first introduced in the year 1979 by Michael Aldrich
and effective marketing campaign are required to work with this business model. But, as
elaborated by (), business to business model is the other type of model and based on this
business model commercial establishments makes transaction with each other with the
involvement of any other organizations or third parties in between. This business model can
again be classified into two categories such as the vertical b2b model and the horizontal b2b
model. The paper highlighted that most of the manufacturing organizations all around the
world uses the vertical b2b model whereas the most of the trading markets makes the most
out of the horizontal b2b model.
On the other hand, as explained by Chowdhury et al. (2018), most of the business
organizations where consumers interacts with each other with the help of the customer to
customer business model. The paper highlighted that this business model has numerous
limitations as well in terms of the lack of control in a business transaction or payment related
issues. Apart from this business model, consumer to business model is also one of the most
used business model in the e-commerce businesses. The paper focussed on the fact that this
business model is used most in the crowed sourcing projects. The journal also highlighted the
contribution of the business to administration model which are considered by most of the
smaller e-commerce business organizations where the entire dealing is between the public
administration and different e-commerce companies. The journal reflected on the usability of
the consumer to administration model as it is very much useful in most of the educational
institutions which provides distant learning services.

4CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
Important business processes supported by e-business
As mentioned by Pakistan et al. (2016), there are diverse categories of business
processes which are supported by e-businesses such as the recruiting of the efficient
employees, running of automated employee services, sharing of diverse categories of data in
each business unit of a complex business environment. The researchers of this paper
highlighted that e business is very much useful to manage the production control of a
business, process the diverse categories of payments, providing good quality services to the
existing consumer of the business and selling of good. Each of these business processes are
supported by the e-commerce business as per the discussions of the researcher of this journal.
The most significant contribution of this journal is that it provides a detailed description of
the business processes which are supported by the e-business, whereas there are no real
pictorial illustrations which could have been more useful to understand the e-business
processes.
2.2 Real Life e-businesses
According to Onat et al. (2017), there are diverse categories of ride sharing
application which are used by the end users all over the world such as Uber, Wingz, Curb,
Juno, Gett, and Lyft. The paper was very much useful to understand how each of the rides are
providing good quality services to their consumers. The paper was very much useful as it
provided a detailed description about the wide range of vehicles which are used by each of
these application such as SUV, luxury cars, and KUV.
Real life examples of businesses
Tsui, Davis and Sahlin (2018) highlighted that Uber provides services to more than
600 metropolitan cities all around the world. The paper highlighted that the pricing strategy
of Uber is very much competitive in nature. The paper highlighted about the discounted

5CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
carpooling option which is provided by Uber, the same time this paper was also very much
useful as it provided a detailed description of the low fare option of Uber which allows them
to have more consumers as compared with the local market competitors.
On the other hand, as elaborated by Lemke (2018), lyft is most of the most dominant
ride sharing application in the United States. The researchers of this paper highlighted that
lyft provides their service to more than 300 cities across United States. The journal also
stated that the availability of this application across the other countries of North America like
Canada. The researchers of this data source also highlighted about the use of wide range of
vehicles by this commercial organization. This organizations is very much focussed on both
the current as well as the future trait of the consumers of this industry.
But, as stated by Zhang and Wen (2017), Curb was one of the finest cab service in
the city of California before another organization VeriFone Systems took over. The
investigators of this paper was very much vocal about the accomplishments of this business
organization before it was taken over, they mentioned that there were more than 50000 cabs
around 45 cities in the United States. The pickup services can be scheduled by the commuters
with the help of the business software which was maintained by this business. The paper
revealed that this business had no surge charges, the same time restaurant and movie ticket
bookings are the other specification of the software maintained by this business.
List of generic functions
As discussed by Wirtz (2019), the functional requirements of any business software
must be depending on the needs and expectations of the consumers and the current business
conditions. The paper highlighted that background screening can be one of the most
significant functional requirement of a real time carpooling application. The researchers of
this paper highlighted that the driver of these application can find the potential consumers in

6CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
a specific location with the help of this specification. This feature can also be very much
useful to the commuters to identify the nearest vehicle from their mobile devices. This
feature can also be very much useful for the commuters as they can check both the driving
record as well as the criminal record with the help of this feature. The paper focussed on
the fact that the insurance package of the vehicle along with the employment stability of
the driver are the other major contributions of this feature.
On the other hand, as elaborated by Srinath (2017), information security is one of
the most desiring aspects of these carpooling applications. The investigators of the paper
highlighted that this function requirement can be very much useful for both the drivers as
well as the commuters to maintain the security of the data in terms of the payment invoices.
The research declared that based on this specification each user of these application must be
having their own profile which can allow then to get the services offered by this business.
Orfanakis and Papadakis (2016), highlighted that the car pooling application must be
having a feature which can allow the commuters to customize their journey based on their
necessities such as the choice of the routes, mid-way pick and drop. The paper highlighted
that flexibility can be very much useful in order to attract potential consumers in a car
pooling business. The researcher of the paper also highlighted that cancellation charges
should not be there in these application when a commuters cancels a trip. The paper
highlighted some of the most common functional requirements of the car pooling applications
and can be considered by developers who are working in software development projects.
2.3 Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
According to Ong, Tee and Lim (2017), sdlc is one of the most significant conceptual
model which are used by the software developers all around the world. The researchers of

7CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
this paper highlighted that there are both advantages as well as limitations related with the
this reputed conceptual model, the prime strength of this model is that this model can be very
much useful to control and deal with the major risks of software development such as
management of cost and time and the selection of the programming languages. The paper
also highlighted that the priority of each of these risks can be identified with the help of this
conceptual model. On the other hand, as elaborated by Mourad, Puchinger and Chu (2017),
the prime limitation of this conceptual model is that the working procedure of this model
cannot be managed by new project managers (Madlberger and Matook 2017). The journal
highlighted that there are few scalability issues related with this model which has to be
addressed in the first place so that there are no real interruptions in the software development
procedure. The researchers of this paper provided an in-depth discussion about the use of this
conceptual model regarding the creation of both technical as well as non-technical systems.
The different stages of this models as described by the researchers of this paper are as
followings:
 Analysis: The support personnel’s are identified in this phase of the SDLC.
 Planning and requirements: The system requirements of the software are identified
in this phase of the entire cycle. The functionalities and the capabilities of the
software are identified in the form of the on functional and functional requirements.
 Design: Diverse categories of platforms such as HTML and CSS are used to design
the basic design of the application and this step is followed by the creation of a
database for the software where each of the outgoing as well as the incoming data will
be stored. The designing of the software will be done in such a manner so that there
are no real network security issues.
 Development: It is one of the most significant phase of SDLC where a programming
language is used for the creation of the backend of the software. The selection of the

8CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
exact programing language is one of the most important challenge of this phase of
SDLC. This phase also includes the training session for the employees who will be
working with the newly created software.
 Testing: The quality of the end product depends upon the white box as well as the
black box testing which are done after the completion of the development phase.
There should be quality assurance standards which will be very much useful for the
testers to understand the errors of the new software (Levin et al. 2017). System testing
procedure is one of the most significant step of the testing phase of SDLC.
 Deployment: It is also one of the most significant phase of this project as the new
software will be hosted on the server and it must be available in most operating
systems such as the Google play store and Apple Store. The deployment of the new
software can be boosted if there an effective marketing strategy.
 Maintenance: The version of the software must be updated on a regular basis as the
social engineers are trying our new ways to compromise these kinds of business
software all around the world. Thus, it can be said that this cycle can be very much
useful to create a new business software.
Strengths and weaknesses of different development methodologies
According to Lee, Rahafrooz and Lee (2017), there are advantages as well as
disadvantages related with every development methodologies such as waterfall, agile, and
scrum. The paper highlighted about limitations related with the use of waterfall
methodology as any of the phases cannot be skipped if this methodology is applied. The
investigator of this paper highlighted that this methodology is suited only for the smaller
projects, on the other hand, there are few positives related with this methodology as well as

9CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
it do not requires any form of planning and less amount of cost is required to work with
the concepts of this methodology.
As elaborated by Laudon and Traver (2016), the prime strength of agile is its higher
flexibility in the software development projects. The investigators of this paper provided an
in-depth discussion about the visibility of a project which can be enhanced if agile
technique is used. This journal highlighted that this methodology is very much useful to
increase the efficiency of the project team members. The paper also successfully
highlighted the limitations of agile in terms of its less predictability and the high
commitment required from the project stakeholders. The investigators of this paper declared
that falling of the track due to the lack of documentation is the other drawback of this
methodology.
As mentioned by Kooti et al. (2017), there numerous limitations related with scrum
methodology such as its uncertainty with the completion of a project. The researcher of
this paper highlighted that daily meeting between each stakeholder is required to work with
this methodology. This journal indicated that this methodology have very limited advantages
and it is one of the main reason behind its fall in the recent years. The investigators of the
paper declared that the strength of this methodology is the quality of the end product as
each phase of this methodology are monitored by each stakeholder of the project.
As cited by Kollmann and Hensellek (2016), the prime strength of extreme
programming language is its ability to satisfy the expectation of the consumer of any type
of the business or software development projects. The paper was very much useful as it
provided detailed explanation about its effectiveness in creating a new business software.
Visibility and the accountability of this methodology of this software is very much on the
higher side as compared with the other methodologies. The paper highlighted that getting the

10CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
feedback from stakeholders after each milestone is completed is one of the strengths of this
methodology. The cost and time requited in this methodology is also very less as compared
with the other methodologies as per the discussions of the authors of this data source. On the
other hand, there are few limitations related with this methodology as well in terms of its
inability to measure the quality of the backend codes in a software development project.
As mentioned by Helmus and Collis (2016), the prime advantage of deploying object
oriented system analysis and design is that this methodology is very much useful to protect
the integrity of the data which are accessed in a business software. The low computational
power of this methodology can be one of the prime weakness in the projects which chooses
this methodology. The other drawback of this methodology is that it requires lot more time
and cost as compared with the other methodologies. Thus, these papers were very much
useful as it provided a detailed description of the strengths and weakness of a methodology
which can be used in software development projects.
2.4 Hardware and Software Considerations
Designing software
Guzdial and Ericson (2016), highlighted that there are diverse categories of software
which are requited for the development of a bigger business software. The researchers of this
paper suggested that there are numerous editors which are for creating the basic fundamental
framework of a business software. The journal highlighted that canva, weebly, mock plus and
blended are the most popular designing software which are used by the software designers all
over the world. The paper provided an in depth discussion about the importance of having a
responsive software as the customers tends to open the business software from diverse
categories of mobile devices. The paper highlighted that Adobe Photoshop is one of the most

11CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
used graphic design software which can also be very much useful to design the basic
fundamental structure of a business software.
Cloud based platforms
Even though as described by Ghosh, Page and De Roure (2016), there are numerous
designing software which can be used to design a new business application such as the out
systems, GitHub, Kalipso Studio, and ReQtest. The paper highlighted the strengths and
weakness of the Microsoft Azure and Microsoft Visual Studio in such a manner so that it is
selected by most of the developers who ate trying to create a new business software or an
application. Diamond and Boyd (2016), mentioned that mobile applications can be created
with the help of diverse platforms such as the Mobile Roadie, AppMachine, GameSalad,
Good Barber, and Appery.io. The paper also highlighted that the significance of the batch
processing tools and the diagramming software which are be very much useful to create any
new graphic or design for an application. The paper stated about the use of different types of
database for a software development project such as the ADABAS, Microsoft Access,
Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL as well.
Programming languages
According to Chaudhry, El-Amine and Shakshuki (2018), there are diverse categories
of programming language which can be used in the software development projects such as
PHP, Java and C. The investigators of the paper was very much informative as it provided a
detailed explanation of the different categories of programming languages such as the
procedural language, object oriented language and scripting programming language. The
journal also provided an in depth discussion about programming languages such as Scala and
C programming. The investigator of this paper stated his opinion that the use of python as the
programming language can be very much beneficial regarding the creation of a new

12CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
commercial software (Dennisen and Müller 2016). This data source was very much
explanatory as it justifies the reason behind selecting python as the programming language in
the back end of the software. The researchers highlighted that there are numerous supporting
libraries available in Python and they are very much useful while adding new features in the
software after the software is created. The data structure of this language is very much user
friendly as compared with the data structure of java. The data source acknowledged that fact
that the productivity as well as the scope of this language is also much better than the other
languages.
Hardware specifications
Carpenter et al. (2017), cited that, new commercial software must be crated in such a
manner so that it can be used by numerous end users. The researcher of the paper highlighted
that the system requirement of a business software must be very low and must be accessed by
everyone (Čepický and de Sousa 2016). The researcher also stated that most if the recent
business applications requires a minimum of 1GB RAM and 1GB hard disk to get installed in
a mobile device. The researcher highlighted responsiveness of the software must be checked
in different mobile devices in order to check its resolution.
2.5 Conclusion
There are numerous e-commerce business models which are very much useful for the
development and growth of the e-commerce business such as the B2B model and B2C model.
The selection of these model must be depending on the business requirement and the role
of each of the stakeholders related with the business. Numerous ride sharing application are
there which provides high quality services to their consumers such as Uber and Curb. Each
of these organizations have impressive business strategies which allows them to survive in
this competitive market conditions. Background screening is one of the most significant
functional requirement of a car pool software as it can provide security to the commuters by

13CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
showing them the criminal record and the driving record of the driver. It can be concluded
that there commuters can identify the nearest vehicle with the help of this feature as well.
Information security is the other major functional require which can be very much useful to
secure the financial statements from the data security threats.
It can also be concluded that the car pool software can be created and maintained in
an organized manner if SDLC is considered in this project. Based on the description of each
methodology it can be said that agile methodology can be used in this project as this
methodology is much more flexible and transparent as compared with the other
methodologies. It can be concluded that commuters can be hugely benefitted if the software
is created using this methodology.
Among the different categories of software which are used application development it
can be said that canva can be very much useful to create the basic design of the software as
this software provides wide range of free features. Considering the different types of
database, it can be said that the selection of MySQL can provide security to the data flowing
inside or out of the software. Python is the most preferred choice as the programming
language for this project, as this language is very much useful for the developers whenever a
new feature will be required in the application. The data structure of this language as well as
the speed of this language are the other reasons behind selecting this as the programming
language for the backend codes for creating a new ride sharing application.

14CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
References
Carpenter, B., Gelman, A., Hoffman, M.D., Lee, D., Goodrich, B., Betancourt, M., Brubaker,
M., Guo, J., Li, P. and Riddell, A., 2017. Stan: A probabilistic programming language.
Journal of statistical software, 76(1).
Čepický, J. and de Sousa, L.M., 2016. New implementation of OGC Web Processing Service
in Python programming language. PyWPS-4 and issues we are facing with processing of
large raster data using OGC WPS. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 41, p.927.
Chaudhry, B., El-Amine, S. and Shakshuki, E., 2018. Passenger Safety in Ride-Sharing
Services. Procedia computer science, 130, pp.1044-1050.
Chowdhury, A.Z.M., Bhowmik, A., Hasan, H. and Rahim, M.S., 2018. Analysis of the
veracities of industry used software development life cycle methodologies. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1805.08631.
Dennisen, S.L. and Müller, J.P., 2016. Iterative Committee Elections for Collective Decision-
Making in a Ride-Sharing Application. In ATT@ IJCAI.
Diamond, S. and Boyd, S., 2016. CVXPY: A Python-embedded modeling language for
convex optimization. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 17(1), pp.2909-2913.
Ghosh, S., Page, K. and De Roure, D., 2016. An application of network lasso optimization for
ride sharing prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03276.
Guzdial, M. and Ericson, B., 2016. Introduction to computing and programming in python.
Pearson.

15CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
Helmus, J.J. and Collis, S.M., 2016. The Python ARM Radar Toolkit (Py-ART), a library for
working with weather radar data in the Python programming language. Journal of Open
Research Software, 4.
Kollmann, T. and Hensellek, S., 2016. The E-Business Model Generator. In Encyclopedia of
E-Commerce Development, Implementation, and Management (pp. 26-36). IGI Global.
Kooti, F., Grbovic, M., Aiello, L.M., Djuric, N., Radosavljevic, V. and Lerman, K., 2017,
April. Analyzing Uber's ride-sharing economy. In Proceedings of the 26th International
Conference on World Wide Web Companion (pp. 574-582). International World Wide Web
Conferences Steering Committee.
Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2016. E-commerce: business, technology, society.
Lee, C., Rahafrooz, M. and Lee, O.K.D., 2017. What are the Concerns of Using a Ride-
Sharing Service?: An Investigation of Uber.
Lemke, G., 2018. The Software Development Life Cycle and Its Application.
Levin, M.W., Kockelman, K.M., Boyles, S.D. and Li, T., 2017. A general framework for
modeling shared autonomous vehicles with dynamic network-loading and dynamic ride-
sharing application. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, pp.373-383.
Madlberger, M. and Matook, S., 2017. Theorizing E-Commerce business models: On the
impact of partially and fully supported transaction phases on customer satisfaction and
loyalty. Australasian journal of information systems, 21.
Mourad, A., Puchinger, J. and Chu, C., 2017, February. Privately owned autonomous
vehicles in a ride-sharing application.

16CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
Onat, N., Kucukvar, M., Halog, A. and Cloutier, S., 2017. Systems thinking for life cycle
sustainability assessment: a review of recent developments, applications, and future
perspectives. Sustainability, 9(5), p.706.
Ong, D.L.T., Tee, S.Y.V. and Lim, M.Y.H., 2017. Uber-nization of transport: An
investigation into the sustainability of ride-sharing applications in Malaysia.
Orfanakis, V. and Papadakis, S., 2016, December. Teaching basic programming concepts to
novice programmers in secondary education using Twitter, Python, Ardruino and a coffee
machine. In Hellenic Conference on Innovating STEM Education (HISTEM) (pp. 16-18).
Pakistan, G., Masood, T., Azhar, F., Ramzan, M., Malik, S. and Pakistan, W., 2016,
December. Usability Practices in Software Development Life Cycle: A Review. In of 2nd
International Multi-Disciplinary Conference (pp. 19-20).
Srinath, K.R., 2017. Python–The Fastest Growing Programming Language. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(12), pp.354-357.
Tsui, R., Davis, D. and Sahlin, J., 2018, July. Digital Engineering Models of Complex
Systems using Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) from Enterprise Architecture
(EA) to Systems of Systems (SoS) Architectures & Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC). In INCOSE International Symposium (Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 760-776).
Wirtz, B.W., 2019. B2C Digital Business Models: Commerce. In Digital Business Models
(pp. 103-120). Springer, Cham.
Zhang, Y. and Wen, J., 2017. The IoT electric business model: Using blockchain technology
for the internet of things. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 10(4), pp.983-994.

17CARPOOL AS A WAY TO REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION