Cell Biology and Biochemistry Workbook - Human Biology CBH285

This workbook covers fundamental concepts in cell biology and biochemistry, suitable for students in health professions. It begins by differentiating between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, exploring their structural and functional differences. The workbook then delves into the detailed labeling and understanding of various cell organelles, including the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, explaining their structures, functions, and how these features contribute to their roles. The assignment also examines the sizes of cells and organelles. The workbook continues by identifying and describing different types of tissues, such as skin, and by comparing the structural differences between carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, emphasizing how these differences determine their functions. It further explores the formation and breakdown of polymers. This workbook is a comprehensive resource, designed to reinforce understanding of key biological concepts.

Cell Biology and Biochemistry
Workbook
How to complete this workbook:
Work through each answer in the workbook as you go. If you run
out of space, simply use one of the additional sheets to record your
answer. Remember to add your name and the question number.
Remember to show your working out for each question!
You MUST answer ALL of the questions.
1

Q1 Describe the differences between a Prokaryotic cell and a
Eukaryotic cell.
Nucleus
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus while this is absent in
prokaryotic cells. The nucleus of eukaryotic cell is true and
contains DNA while the genetic material in prokaryotic cells is not
bound in a membrane.
Metabolic processes
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by presence of various
metabolic processes that are performed by mitochondria and
chloroplasts. These have been derived from endosymbiotic
bacteria. Whereas, in prokaryotic cells, the metabolic processes
take place across the cell membrane.
Chromosomal DNA
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is found on chromosomes
which are tightly bound and organized. In contrast to this, in
prokaryotic cells, only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA
is found. This is stored in an area known as nucleoid.
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1.1
Label the following diagram;Q2

Q3 How large is the following cell?
The size of the organelle is about 400 nm.
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Q4 How large is the following organelle?
The size of the organelle is about 1000 nm
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Q5 Complete the following chart;
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Q6 Identify the following tissue. What are the key specialist
features of the cells in this tissue and how do they work
together?
The tissue provided in the figure is skin. The outer layer of the skin
is considered as the one responsible for feeling the touch as it is
sensitive and is called as epidermis. IN the epidermis only, there are
four layers which are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans and
the merkel cells.
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Q7 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
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Organelle is nucleus that helps in performing the functions of a
cell. This organelle is a eukaryotic organelle and is responsible
for making proteins. This is the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell and
it consists of the genetic information, various structures and the
enzymes that help in controlling the overall production of protein
and all its functions. There are nucleus pores in the nucleus that
helps in regulating whatever enters and leave the specific
nucleus.
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Q8 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
This organelle is a Golgi apparatus and it helps in preventing
the bursting when the turgid pressure is very high. The Golgi
apparatus is composed of about four to eight cisternae whereas,
in those organisms that are single celled, its number reaches up
to 60. The Golgi apparatus processes and bundles various
molecules and these molecules can be even lipids or proteins
because these are being synthesized with the structure of the
cell.
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Q9 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
This organelle is a Ribosome that helps in making the
protein.Proteins are essentially required for the functioning of the
cells. The functioning can involve repairing, covering and
continuing all the chemical processes as well. As they help in
carrying the functioning of the cells, ribosomes are considered as
essential enough for the survival of a human being because
without the functioning of the cells, it is difficult to survive for an
individual. So, ribosomes play a very essential role in overall
functioning of the individual.
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Q10 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
This organelle is mitochondria and it helps in producing the
energy rate of the cell. The basic role of mitochondria is to
produce the energy of ATP, that is also considered as the
phosphorylation of ADP. It is being done through the means of
respiration and also, for regulating the metabolism of the cell.
The whole cycle is also called as citric acid cycle because a
range of reactions are being involved in the production of ATP,
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so mitochondria is also essential in developing and maintaining
the energy rate of cells.
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Q11 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
The organelle is a Lysosome and these contain digestive enzymes
which helps in the digestion. The whole structure of lysosomes are
being bounded by a single membrane. The digestive enzymes,
they contain are important for maintaining the whole process of
digestion efficient. Usually, with the help of these enzymes, the
organelles that are in excess or worn out are being digested along
with the particles of food, bacteria and viruses as well. The
enzymes that are in the lysosomes are known as acid hydolases
and is termed quite efficient in acidic environments.
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Q12 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
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The organelle is a Chloroplast and the actual role of a chloroplast
is to conduct photosynthesis.The basic function of chloroplast is
the conversion of light energy in sugars and it is then being used
by the cells. This whole process is termed as photosynthesis. It
somehow depends on the molecules of the green chlorophyll that
are present in the chloroplast.
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