University Case Study: Patients' Case Study Assessment - Healthcare

This assignment is a patient case study that explores various aspects of human health and disease. It begins with an overview of cell structure and function, including cellular respiration and the essential compounds for cell survival. The study then delves into cellular adaptation, discussing atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia. The assignment further examines physiological processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and hydrostatic pressure, and their relevance to human health. It also covers the effects of environmental factors like diving, high altitude, and temperature on the body. The case study then proceeds to analyze several diseases and conditions, including carbon monoxide poisoning, surgical trauma, and various traumas. It also explores a wide range of medical conditions, including neurological disorders like stroke and epilepsy, and other diseases such as Raynaud's disease, asthma, pneumonia, peptic ulcers, liver cirrhosis, gout, carpal tunnel syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, UTIs, PID, prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, SLE, Hodgkin's disease, and inner ear disorders. For each condition, the assignment discusses the pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, and possible treatments. The assignment provides a comprehensive overview of various medical conditions and their impact on human health.

Running head: PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMENT
Patients’ case study assesement
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
1.1
A cell is mainly consists of three parts and they are a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a
nucleus. In a cell, there are several cell organelles like ribosome, mitochondria, and
lysosomes.
1.2
The main functions of a cell are to furnish the structure of body, supply nutrients,
forming different types of molecules, metabolizing nutrition’s and replicating itself. Cells
also permits specific nutrients and molecules according to their size.
1.3
The oxidation of food molecules like glucose into water and carbon dioxide is
referred to as cellular respiration. The whole process occurs in mitochondria in two
steps.ATP holds the released energy in this process.
1.4
The most important compounds for a cell to survive are oxygen and glucose for
respiration. The compound is water because without water they are unable to execute the
essential reactions.
2.
Cellular adaptation is the changes made by the cell itself in reply to unfavourable
environmental changes. It can be either physiological or pathological.
3.
The four major types of cellular adaptation are atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and
dysplasia. Atrophy refers to the reduction in cell size. However, the whole organ size will be

2PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
reduced if enough number of cells have atrophied. In early human development, thymus
atrophy is an important example of physiological atrophy. Hypertrophy refers to the
increment of the cell size. The organ can be hypertrophied with the hypertrophy of the cell.
Hypertrophy may be caused by the mechanical signals or by the trophic signals, the kidney
and the heart have the higher chances of hypertrophy. Hyperplasia is the condition where
number of cells is increased due to cell mitosis. Hyperplasia is of two types- compensatory
and hormonal. Compensatory hyperplasia occurs mainly in epithelial cells of bone marrow
cells,intenstines.Hormonal hypertrophy is mainly common in organs that is dependable on
estrogen.For example in uterine cells hyperplasia is more common. Metaplasia refers to the
replacement of differentiated cells by an other type of cells. The changes occurred in
bronchial cells in response to an irritant like smoke or smog is the common example of
metaplasia. It is thought that this replacement of cells is reversible.
4.
4.1
Simple diffusion is the process of moving solutes along a concentration gradient
through a semipermeable membrane.It is completed by the hydrogen bonds between the
solutes and the water molecule. In human body, transportation of water is example of the
simple diffusion. Water molecules are transported to cell from high to low concentration.
4.2
Facilated diffusion is the process of active transport in which one molecule is
transported with the help of another molecule along with their concentration gradient.
Through facilitated diffusion, protein molecules can be transported along with carbohydrate
nucleosides.

3PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
4.3
Osmosis is the process by which solvent passes through plasma membrane from low
to high concentration. In human body, dialysis is the example of osmosis.
4.4
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the fluid outside or within the
capillary at resting condition. Due to the hydrostatic pressure, filtration occurs in the kidney.
5.
5.1
The effect of diving in human body is mainly vasoconstriction caused by the
increased amount of oxygen in the body. This results in high blood pressure and lowering of
heart rate and cardiac output.
The signs of diving in human body are chest pain, rashes in skin, joint pain in major
joints like shoulder and elbows.
5.2
The primary effect of high altitude on human body is the hypobaric hypoxia that is the
lower concentration of oxygen in the body.
The primary sign of high altitude is acute mountain sickness ( AMS) which includes
symptoms like headache,dizziness,vomiting (Bärtsch and Swenson 2013).
5.3
The main effect of temperature in human body is pyrexia and mental dysfunction due
to high temperature.

4PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
The signs and symptoms of the temperature on human body is mainly heat rash,heat
syncope and heat stroke (Harlan et al. 2014).
6.
6.1
The main pathophysiological changes due to carbon monoxide poisoning is formation
of myoglobin that cause reduction in cardiac output and blood pressure. This may result in
brain ischemia.
6.2
Seven possible signs and symptoms of this condition can be dizziness,blurred
vision,loss consciousness,nausea, weakness, shortness of breath, vomiting.
7.
7.1
Surgical response is the stress that body experiences after a surgery. It results due to
release of several hormone and inflammatory response.
7.2
Penetrating trauma refers to the injury due to piercing of an object through skin and
enters into the bodily tissue. This results in open wound in the body.
7.3
Blunt trauma is the non-penetrating trauma and in this case, skin wound is not
necessary.
8.1

5PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Outer part of the body.
Response to question 8.2
Coronal line on torso.
Response to question 8.3
Frontal part of the body.
Response to question 8.4
Backside of the body.
Response to question 8.5
Closer to the frontal side
Response to question 8.6
Closer to the posterior portion
Response to question 8.7
Thing, which is above
Response to question 8.8
Thing, which is in lower position
Response to question 8.9
Something, which is closer to the torso
Response to question 8.10
Distal means which is apart from torso.
Response to question 8.11

6PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Trunk of the body
Response to question 8.12
Sections of body
Response to question 8.13
Plane collateral to sagittal suture.
Response to question 8.14
Bisects of the vertical bodyline
Response to question 8.15
Vertical plane dividing the body into dorsal and ventral.
Response to question 8.16
Divides the body into inferior and superior.
Response to question 8.17
Pressure exerted by the flow of blood in the wall of the blood vessels.
Response to question 8.18
Value isolated from weight and height of the individual.
Response to question 8.19
Amount of blood ejected per minute
Response to question 8.20
Rapid breathing with abnormality
Response to question 8.21

7PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Increased amount of blood carbon dioxide level
Response to question 8.22
Lack in oxygen supply into a specific organ
Response to question 8.23
Inner pressure of skull
Response to question 8.24
Movement of gastro-intestinal tract
Response to question 8.25
Filtration of excess fluid by kidney.
Response to question nine.
Response to question 9.1
Inadequate blood flow to the brain tissue results in cell death.
Response to question 9.2
Lack of oxygen causes infarction to the tissue.
Response to question 9.3
Headache, spasticity, hemiplegia, numbness
Response to question 9.4
Head up position would improve blood and oxygen supply in the brain tissues.
Response to question 10.
Response to question 10.1

8PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Bunch of neurological disorders, which is characterized by epileptic seizures.
Response to question 10.2
Changes in gene expression and ion channel distribution is associated with the disease.
Response to question 10.3
Attacks of seizure, decreased consciousness, contraction of chest muscle, bitten of
tongue.
Response to question 10.4
It will help in protecting patient during tonic phase.
11.1
Raynaud's disease refers to the condition in which vasospasm occurs in fingers, toes.
11.2
This situation happens due to decrease in blood supply in smaller arteries that supply
to the skin
11.3
The symptoms are whitening of skin, numbness, prickly feeling.
11.4
Calcium channel blocker increases peripheral circulation by arteriolar vasodilation.
12.1
Asthma refers to the shortness of breath or wheezy sound during breathing.
12.2

9PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
Asthma causes squeezing of the trachea and production of mucous. This results in
narrow down of air pathway (Cornet et al 2013).
12.3
The main symptoms are shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing
12.4
Corticosteroids reduces inflammation and mucous production in trachea (Price,
Fletcher and Van Der Mole 2014.).
13.1
Pneumonia refers to the lung infection those results in air sac inflammation.
13.2
In these disease alveoli is filled by pus or fluid resulting in cough with pus.
13.3
Symptoms are chest pain during breathing, fever, nausea, shortness of breath.
13.4
Hydration will decrease the viscosity of mucous and that will ease the breathing for
the patient.
14.1
Peptic ulcer refers to inflammation due to sores in stomach and small intestine.
14.2
The inner mucous cell line is destroyed by the attack of Pylori and long-term use of
NSAIDs.

10PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
14.3
The main symptoms are nausea,stomach pain,vomiting,intolerance to fatty food.
14.4
In case of H.pylori, antibiotic is effective for killing Pylori.
15.1
Liver cirrhosis is the ultimate stage of liver fibrosis.
15.2
Liver cirrhosis mainly occur due to formation of scar tissues during self-repairing
process of liver.
15.3
The symptoms are jaundice, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite.
15.4
High protein diet will avoid tissue wasting and PCM (Tsochatzis , Bosch and
Burroughs 2014.).
16.1
Gout is a form of joint pain with various complications.
16.2
Accumulation of urate crystals causes local inflammation in the joints .
16.3

11PATIENTS’ CASE STUDY ASSESEMET
The symptoms are severe joint pain,redness and inflammation, difficulty in
movements,swollen area of joint.
16.4
Allopurinol helps in reduction of uric acid level in the body and that results
prevention of gout attack.
17.1
The disease refers to the tingling and numbness of arm and hand
17.2
The compression of median nerve ,that passes through carpal tunnel region of
wrist ,is responsible for this disease.
17.3
The main symptoms are pain and numbness in thumb,weak grip,ache in upper
arm,pain in wrist.
17.4
Splint will reduce the symptoms of curpal tunnel syndrome in some way.
18.1
Nephrotic syndrome refers to a kidney disorder in which presence of protein in the
urine is ditected.
18.2
Damage in small blood vessels in kidney is associated with nephrotic syndrome.
18.3