Physiological Principles for HSC: Cellular Metabolism and Body Systems

This report provides a comprehensive overview of physiological principles, focusing on human anatomy, cellular metabolism, and the interplay of various body systems. It begins by outlining the core anatomical features of key systems, including the circulatory, digestive, and endocrine systems, and identifies their crucial functions. The report then delves into cellular metabolism, explaining its significance in maintaining life and the role of growth hormone in metabolism and development. The report further explores normal body responses to routine activities, relating these responses to cellular and tissue structures, and explaining how the body coordinates its internal activities. Additionally, the report analyzes the impact of aging on the body, specifically focusing on an 85-year-old individual, and discusses how medical conditions can influence routine care planning. The report concludes by summarizing key findings and providing relevant references.

Physiological
Principles for HSC

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Outlining the core anatomical features in body system and identifying the important
functions of three system........................................................................................................1
1.2 Cellular metabolism and explaining the function of growth hormone in metabolism and
development...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Explaining normal body response to routine activities....................................................6
2.2 Identifying the way responses are explained by cellular, tissue structure and physiology6
2.3 Explaining the way body will coordinate its internal activities.......................................7
(Source: Homeostatic Process, 2018).....................................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Analysing the way routine measures are recorded.........................................................10
3.2 Assessing the way routine measures provides the GP with information about body
functioning............................................................................................................................10
3.3 Explaining the way such information about body functioning might inform care planning
..............................................................................................................................................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Analysing the way age of 85 years old lady can have effect on her body structure as well
as functioning.......................................................................................................................12
4.2 Assessing the impact of above mention condition on her body structure as well as body
functions...............................................................................................................................12
4.3 Relating the effect of her medical conditions including on the routine carte of lady....13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Physiology is defined as study on the way body of human being functions. It is very
much important for an individual to develop understanding about general principles of
physiology, specifically in context of person own body (Van der Kolk, 2017). There are different
ways which an individual can use to study human behavior, among which one of the suitable
technique is to analyze the way Physiological events have impact or influence on behavior of
person. A study on Physiology supports a person in developing understanding about the physical
as well as chemical functioning of living system in human being. Principle of physiology defines
the way organs system works together. The study on Physiological principle also enables an
individual to gain knowledge about control mechanism which is accountable for maintaining or
improving internal conditions of human body.
The report has focus on identifying the important or main anatomical features in each of
the body systems. It also emphasizes on highlighting the role of growth hormone in metabolism
and development. Assignment will explain normal body activities in terms of Breathing, Eating
& Elimination, movement and coordination. It will also provide important information related to
care planning for person suffering from specific disease.
TASK 1
1.1 Outlining the core anatomical features in body system and identifying the important
functions of three system
Physiology can be referred to as branch of biology which deals with normal functioning of
living organism and their parts. It is the study which assist in developing the understanding about
the way living organism or body parts in human being function. Physiology is also defined as the
nature of any mechanism. It is basically study of organ system (Falvo and Holland, 2017). A
system which includes collections of cells, organs as well as tissues, these elements have
important role to play inhuman body.
Physiology is basically concerned with the main organ system for instance, nervous as
well as musculoskeletal system. It has focus on analyzing or dev eloping the understanding about
functioning of organs as well as cell within biological system in human being.
Anatomy is defined as branch of science which is primarily concerned with structure of
human or animal body. A study of Anatomy is categorized into two these are microscopic and
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macroscopic. It is basically study of body parts like bones, heart etc. Anatomy is mainly
concerned with developing the understanding about the way body parts are organized.
Main autonomies feature of ten body system are:
Human body consists of different biological system which has specific function to
perform which is important for everyday living.
Circulatory system: It is also recognized as Vascular system. Circulatory system allows blood
to transport and circulate nutrients to as well as from the cell in the body. It also transports
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, around the body. Circulatory system consists of blood
vessels, veins, arteries, hormones and heart. This system of the blood is seen as having two
components, a systemic circulation and a pulmonary circulation.
Functions of circulatory system
The main function of circulatory system is to enable the smooth flow of oxygen as well
as nutrients in human body. Other function of circulatory system is to remove waste from body
of human being. It role is to prevent as well as protect human body from blood loos and
infections. Maintain fluid balance in an individual body is considered to be as important function
of circulatory system.
Digestive system: This system consists of series of interconnected organs which enables human
body to absorb food and remove waste from the body. Pancreas as well as liver has important
role to play in digestive system, as these two element produces digestive juices. Digestive system
involves esophagus, stomach, mouth, anus, rectum, short as well as large intestine.
Functions of digestive system:
The core functions of digestive system are to ingest food. In addition to this other
functions includes digestion of food into smaller parts, absorption of nutrients, Mixing of food,
movement of waste throughout human body, excretion of waste etc.
Endocrine system: It consists of eight major glands which secrets hormone into blood. These
secrets hormones travel to different tissues and regulate several bodily functions (Kolacz and
Porges, 2018). Endocrine system is mainly accountable for regulating growth, chemical
procedures etc. the biological functioning of endocrine system is related to that of nervous
system.
Functions of endocrine system are:
 To produce as well as secret hormones.
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 To regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body
 To control the behavior of human being.
Immune system: the important feature of immune is that it has capability of discriminating
between self as well as foreign components. It has characteristics to react against any external
molecule. Immune system has specificity. This system can easily recognize different anti-agents.
Lymphatic system: the three main function of lymphatic system are:
It is responsible for removing interstitial fluid from tissues. Role or function of this
system is to transport as well as absorb fatty acids from the digestive system. Transportation of
white blood cells to as well as from lymph nodes into the bones is other important function of
Lymphatic system in human body (Chabot and Nirula, 2017).
Nervous system: Some of important features of nervous system are: Excitability: Nervous system in human being have the ability to provide appropriate
response to environmental stimulus. Conductivity: This system has high potential to communicate signals to other nerve cells.
Muscular system: the important feature of muscular system is that it has ability of providing
response to stimuli by generating electric signals. Another feature of muscular system is
Extensibility which means that it has potential to be stretched (Doshi, Cabeza and Berger, 2018).
Elasticity is considered to be as another important feature of muscular system which means that
muscles have capability to return to original length.
Respiratory system: Features of respiratory system is that it has thin walls, moist inner surface,
big combined surface area. It enables human being to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. It
mainly comprises of diaphragm, trachea and lungs.
Urinary system: The size as well as position of lower urinary structures varies in male and
female.
1.2 Cellular metabolism and explaining the function of growth hormone in metabolism and
development
Cellular metabolism is defined as the set of chemical reactions which take place in living
organisms and helps in maintaining life. This metabolism includes complex series of controlled
biochemical reactions which is also referred to as metabolic pathways. In simple words, cellular
metabolism can be referred to as the aggregation of all chemical changes which generally occurs
in cells.
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The important function of cellular metabolism is to break down the components which is
require for energy, growth, function, and healing. Role of cell metabolism is to extract energy
which is used by human beings for performing different activities (Fairchild, Haws and Mead,
2017). Biochemical reaction enables living organism to grow, reproduce, maintain their structure
and provide suitable response to changes in environment. Function of metabolism is to regulate a
metabolic pathway for maintaining a continuous set of conditions in response to changes in the
cell's environment, this procedure is known as homeostasis (Raphael, Gilligan and Ix, 2018).
There are basically two types of metabolism these are Catabolism as well as Anabolism.
The important function of Anabolic pathway is to fuse the four classes of macro molecules
which are required by cell. Function of Catabolism is to eliminate electrons from molecule.
Cellular respiration
It can be defined as chemical procedure which generates most of energy in the cell.
Cellular respiration is referred to as a set of metabolic reactions and procedure which take place
in the cell of organism. In other words, cellular respiration is referred to as the procedure in
which cells transforms fuel into energy as well as nutrients (Vinters and Kleinschmidt-
DeMasters, 2018). It consists of sequence of metabolic reactions which take place in the cell of
living organism.
There are mainly two types of cellular respiration these are Aerobic and Anaerobic
respiration.
Aerobic Respiration: It is considered to be as the corrosion of glucose in the presence of
oxygen to release energy. The complete procedure has three steps these are glycolysis, Krebs
cycle as well as electron transport system.
 Glycolysis: In this step, splitting of sugar take place. At this stage, the breakdown of 6
carbon compound into two molecules of pyruvic acid take place. Krebs cycle: It is also referred to as tricarboxylic acid cycle. At this step, two molecules
of ATP are produced. Electron transport system: This system is directly dependent on oxygen.
Anaerobic Respirations:
It is referred to as a type of cellular respiration which generally take place in absence of
oxygen. The procedure is also known as fermentation.
Interaction of Body System to Facilitate Cellular metabolism
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Cellular metabolism can be defined as a process of chain if chemical reaction occurs in
living organism for maintaining the life. There are several body systems that interacts for the
same such as respiratory system which takes carbon dioxide out of the cells, digestive system
that provide required nutrition and energy to living body and blood circulation system.
Growth hormone is defined as hormone that stimulate growth or development in plants
and animals which is secreted by pituitary gland. It also stimulates cell generation as well as
reproduction in human being. These hormones are responsible for regulating significant
physiological procedures like metabolism as well as growth. The direct effect of growth hormone
take place when hormone act for particular receptors (Wang, Liang and Roberts, 2017).
Indirect effect is intervened by the impact which growth hormone have on other
hormones secreted by the liver known as Insulin like growth factor. This specific growth factor
has major promoting effects on development as well as growth of tissues. It also has significant
impact on the growth of bone in human body. Insulin like growth factor plays significant role in
growth of muscles.
Functions of growth hormone
The main function of this hormone is to stimulate growth of important tissues in the
human body including bone. Growth hormones also contributes to decrease in body fat which is
very much essential for human being in order to live heathy life. It also stimulates synthesis of
protein as well as increase fat breakdown in order to deliver energy which is essential for growth
of tissue.
Excessive and Under secretions of growth hormone
Excessive growth hormone is caused by non-cancerous pituitary tumor. The result of
excess growth hormone is Acromegaly which is a kind of disorder. This specific disorder takes
place due to the gland such as pituitary produce too much growth hormone. Over production of
growth hormone causes excessive growth. In children excessive growth hormone can lead to
gigantism and in adult it can cause acromegaly.
Under secretion of growth hormone lead to pituitary dwarfism in children and in adults it
results into deficiency of growth. Under secretion of growth hormone is usually due to the
disorder pituitary. In adults’ absence of growth is there due to deficiency in an n
endocrinological practice.
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TASK 2
2.1 Explaining normal body response to routine activities
When human being are provided with physical task their body responds through series of
combined functions which includes physiologic system. Body of human being has the ability to
provide appropriate response to changes. Movement done by human being is necessary for the
activation and control of Mus skeletal system. Cardiovascular and respiratory system provides
the potential to sustain body movement of human being. When the activities such as exercise is
conducted in such situation the body of human undergo through peculiar adaptions that is very
much helpful in context of increasing efficiency and stamina (King, 2017). A boy belonging to
the age of twenty-five years, breathing system helps him advocates for relation and balancing
physiological states which is important for enhancing the functioning of organs in human body.
Breathing system in human body consists of two phases which are directly affected by routine
activities. These two phases are inspiration and other is expiration. During the time of
inspiration, muscles in human body contracts. Breathing is considered to be as very important for
life of human being. Brain is part of human body which is responsible for controlling the
breathing system and behavior of an individual. Voluntary and automatic breathing effect the
routine activities performed by college going student.
Respiratory system in human being also provide support in sustaining the body
movement over extended period (Lira and Gardner, 2017). During the high intensity of exercise,
there is need of oxygen molecules. At the time of exercise carbon dioxide molecules are exerted
from the body of human being.
2.2 Identifying the way responses are explained by cellular, tissue structure and physiology
Cellular structure of body consists of organisms. When divisions of pre-existing cell taken
place it gives rise to new cells. There are different types of cells these are in vitro which is
present outside organism and other is in vivo which is their in inside cells as well as organisms.
The cell structure is more complex as well as rigid. But all the cells are organized in systematic
manner. Cellular respiration includes breaking down of organic molecules so that ATP can be
produced. Carbon dioxide in human body is also produced by cellular system (Tommasino and
Corcione, 2018). The structure exchange must take place, for instance, carbon dioxide must be
excreted out and oxygen should be inhaled. Tissues are formed by combining many cells which
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have similar structure. All tissues work in a group in body of human being. There are different
sorts of tissues these are epithelial, role of this tissues is to provide protection to deep body
layers. Other are connective tissue, function it is to connect other tissues.
The important role of tissues in human body of college going student is to transport
waste products, gases from the body of human being. It is the role of tissues to control the Ph.
level in human body and protect the cells from getting damaged. Blood tissues are responsible
for removing toxins from the blood.
Filtration: During the time of filtration, blood enters the afferent arteriole as well as flow into
glomerulus. The glomerular filtrate is not the same consistency as urine, as much of it is
reabsorbed into the blood as the filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron.
Reabsorption: In the peritubular network, ions as well as molecules are reabsorbed back into the
blood. There is increase in the osmolaroty of blood as sodium chloride is reabsorbed in the
system. The procedure of reabsorption enables water to pass through glomerular filtrate back into
circulatory system.
Secretion: During the time of secretion few substances are removed from blood through the
peritubular capillary network. Urine is considered to be as accumulation of substances which
have not been reabsorbed at the time of tubular reabsorption.
2.3 Explaining the way body will coordinate its internal activities
Homeostasis is referred to as a property of system or an organism to assist in maintaining
parameters within normal range of values. Diabetes and hypertension are the two common
disease which results due to failure in homeostasis. Homeostasis can also be defined as the
ability of organism to keep internal conditions same despites changes in situations around it.
Human being in order to maintain internal body environment constant require continuous
monitoring as well as various adjustments due to change in conditions (McKinlay and McKay,
2018). The adjustment in physiological system, is known as homeostatic regulation. This type of
regulation include receptor, control center and effector.
The various factors which the human body regulates assist in maintaining homeostatic
are:
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Temperature: muscle and liver are responsible for producing heaty in body of human being. In
addition to this brain also generates heat. Evaporation is considered to be as method of cooling
down the heat or maintaining the body temperature. System of Blood vessel comprises head,
enables the excessive heat to escape.
Osmoregulation: It includes the monitoring as well as regulation of osmotic pressure of fluids
ion the body of human being. The body ensure that the water content within the human body
does not become too diluted or concentrated. Kidney assist in regulation of osmotic pressure by
eradicating excessive or extra ions from the blood.
Sugar: It is very much important to regulate the sugar level in human body so as to maintain the
homeotic pressure. Mainly two hormones are secreted by pancreas for regulating blood sugar
level.
Calcium: Regulation of calcium take place when calcium sensing receptors are activated. These
receptors are present in gland recognized as parathyroid.
Balance of fluids: It is very much important in order to maintain homeostasis. This balance
involves both the gain and loss of fluids in the body of human being. Two important hormones
such as aldosterone as well as Antidiuretic assist in maintain fluid balance in human body.
Negative feedback
Homeostasis includes negative feedback loop which encountered changes in various
properties from their target values. Negative feedback loops are utilized for maintaining
homeostasis and for accomplishing the set points within a system. This feedback loops are
recognized by their capabilities to decrease or increase stimulus. For instance, negative feedback
might include maintenance of blood sugar level in human body.
Positive feedback
This type of biological feedbacks is characterized by their potential of maintaining the
direction of stimulus. There are few examples of positive feedback loops that exist in animal
bodies, but one is found in the force of chemical reactions that result in blood clotting, or
coagulation. Uterine contractions during childbirth is an example of positive feedback loop.
During the time of mother giving birth to child, the hormone recognized as oxytocin, created by
the endocrine system, stimulates the contraction of the uterus which leads to pain which is sensed
by nervous system.
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Figure 1: Control of body temperature
(Source: Homeostatic Process, 2018)
Nervous system is considered to be as important part of human body which coordinate
with Non voluntary as well as voluntary system. This system is responsible for
transmitting signals. There are two types of nervous system in human body these are
central and peripheral. Reflex is considered to be as the important action (Pennington,
2017). Essential parts of nervous system are brain cerebrum which is necessary for the
consciousness recognition, innovation etc. The lower part of central nervous system is
accountable for coordination of muscular activities.
Peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves and spinal cord which is
responsible for transferring the sensory instruction to the motor whims through CNS.
TASK 3
3.1 Analysing the way routine measures are recorded
It has been found from the given case scenario that, a man whose age is 65 years is
suffering from hypertension which is also recognised as high blood pressure. Heart attack is the
disease which can be caused due to high blood pressure. Routine laboratory test might include
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respiration, blood pressure, BMI, pulse rate etc. Department of health care is mainly accountable
for formulation of policies adult social care services and health.
Measures: Visual observations can be used for measuring height, weight, temperature, pulse etc.
Information: data or facts which cannot be observed easily and measures are taken using
assessment tool are required to be recorded. Information related to the measurement which are
recorded generally includes under or over weight, heart or pulse rate, infection etc.
Accuracy: It is important to be maintained in order to eliminate errors or faults in treatment.
Derived measures: Information from derived measures such as relevant readings of Body Mass
Index (BMI), fluid balance, nutritional health monitoring (regular recording) and differences in
measures over time are equally vital.
Uses in social care: Information related to patient is crucial and are used by medical staff for
making plans, determining the type of treatment to be given etc.
Ethical considerations: It is very much important for medical professional to take and record
information about the patient health considering the laws (Issel and Wells, 2017). In addition to
this, medical professionals or medical staff should take care that individual rights, privacy and
dignity does not get effect. All these factors are required to be considered by professional when
taking measures and using information’s.
In the given case study, stress test or BMI can be conducted in order to identity the root
cause of High blood pressure. As person in given case study is also having the chest pain so ECG
can be recommended as there is high chances of heart attack which can be caused due to High
blood pressure.
3.2 Assessing the way routine measures provides the GP with information about body
functioning
The routine test provides the detail information about the routine functioning of human
body. Statistics generated from routine test serve as the basis for normal range of important as
well as critical body functioning measures. Any variations in range values led to the abnormality
in body functioning of human being. Vital signs such as body temperature of person, blood
pressure, BMI etc. These signs assist in detecting the medical problems faced by an individual.
There may be variations in body temperature as per the age, gender, current activities of person
etc. Normal body temperature of person is 97.8-99 degree. Internal temperature of human body
is known as hypothyroidism, if it is not balanced then in such situation can lead to deficiency in
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thyroid hormone. A pulse rate is heart beat per minute. Normal heart beat range is between 60-
100 beats in a minute. Heart beats or pulse rate might vary as per the activities like running,
playing etc. As per the given case scenario, a person is suffering from high blood pressure, this
disease can have direct as well as significant effect on routine body functioning of an individual.
High blood pressure also have significant impact on respiration rate (Challis and Clarkson,
2017). A person suffering from high blood pressure might face difficulty in breathing. High level
or range of fluctuation in blood pressure might damage kidney. Blood pressure can also the main
cause of heart attack. As function in kidney is effected by high blood pressure, a person might
have to suffer insomnia weight loss, there might be problem in urination etc. It is required by
person suffering from high blood pressure to follow proper dietary plan. In addition to this, an
individual need to get diagnosed on regular basis.
3.3 Explaining the way such information about body functioning might inform care planning
The physical activities can be recommended by medical professionals which will be
helpful for person in order to overcome problem of high blood pressure. There are certain points
which are required to be consider by medical staff while making care plan these are:
Cardiac output is required to be decreased: there can be high risk factor due to which
cardiac output can be ventricular rigid. The intervention includes monitoring of blood pressure
which may show sign of heart attack. In addition to this pulse rate have to be checked by medical
professional at regular interval of time (Koeppen and Stanton, 2017).
Acute pain: It is considered to be as unpleasant sensation in human body which might take place
due to potential tissues.
Ineffective tissue perfusion: Interventions can be hypotension have to measured time to time
etc.
Knowledge deficit: It is defined as lack of knowledge about specific disease. Interventions can
be nature of the disease have to be described with the purpose of strategies. Person suffering
from hypertension can be suggested to have balance diet and recommended to take balanced diet.
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TASK 4
4.1 Analysing the way age of 85 years old lady can have effect on her body structure as well as
functioning
It has found in given case scenario that; a lady whose age is 85 years is suffering from type
2 diabetes. In this disease, human body generates more insulin. Reasons for this health issue is
beta cells present in body of human being produces the insulin. Insulin resistance is the other
reason. A person of old age suffering from type 2 diabetes are provided with the insulin dosses
and oral medication, as this intervention assist in controlling blood sugar level. Increase in
hunger, thrust, frequent need of urination, vision related problem, problem related to un-healing
of wounds etc. are some symptoms of type 2diabetes.This disease can have direct as well as
negative effect on nervous system. As the nervous system is the important part which control
most of the important functioning in human body, so increase in the level of blood pressure in
old lady can cause dizziness.
Automatic nervous system also has effect on the gastrointestinal system control. Diabetes
might damage the nerves symptoms of which are nausea, constipation, vomiting, this all occur
due to reaction in abdomen (Barrouin-Melo, Anturaniemi and Hielm-Björkman, 2018). This
disease also has significant impact on the urine system especially of old age people. Single nerve
system can also get effected due to diabetes which may cause paralysis or weakness of muscles.
Functioning of lungs might get effect because of diabetes disease which leads to respiratory
issue. It can lead to issue of diabetic ketoacidosis due to labored breathing. This is caused when
large volume of glucose combines with ketones in blood. Due to this, chances of kidney failure
get increased
4.2 Assessing the impact of above mention condition on her body structure as well as body
functions
Following are the effect of diabetes, hypertension and arthritis on body structure as well as
functioning of old lady
Due to old age
 Decrease in vision, chronic visibility loss
 Change in outer body structure such as lose skin.
 Problem in breathing
 Less stamina as well as strength
 Impaired sensory functions and brain
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Because of diabetes, hypertension and arthritis
 Less of generation of glucose in the body
 Loss of functioning in brain due to deficiency of glucose in body.
 Blood flowing at high pressure
 Impaired movement due to arthritis
 Heart attack or stroke
 Elongated wound healing
 Weak immune system
4.3 Relating the effect of her medical conditions including on the routine carte of lady
The effect of her medical conditions including on the routine care of old lady medical
conditions which has arisen from the different disease such as diabetes, hypertension and
arthritis. Infection as well as un-healing or prolonged healing of wound have direct as well as
significant effect on care planning. Lack of glucose and lack of insulin production in body of old
lady has given rise to other symptoms as well as has led to changes in body structure. The
medications which are given to old lady considering her existing situations are immune booster
drugs that has been prescribed by medical profession which will assist old lady in healing of
wound, external insulin dosage (Lehtinen and Martin, 2018).
Immune booster drug will assist her in dealing with the problems faced by her due to
arthritis. Insulin injections her hypertension will impair additional secretion because of increase
in transportation, excretion as well as breakdown of glucose molecules.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the report that aging has direct as well as significant effect on
immune, nervous and digestive system. The other thing which has been concluded from the
study is that metabolism is very essential for maintaining the life. It has been concluded from
the assignment that maintaining the fluids as well as balance diet is very much essential in
order to live healthy life. Balance diet, regular exercise is very much necessary, as it assist an
individual in preventing or fighting from disease. It has been concluded from the report that age
or disease are two factor which might have effect on body structure as well as functioning of
old lady. Other facts which has been found in study is that routine measures provide vital stats
about the information related to Human Body functioning of an individual person, both normal
and abnormal.
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The various precautionary methods which can be adopted by an individual will help them
in prevent the problems related to hypertension. Various perceptions which are generally
prescribed by medical professional to person suffering from diabetes, arthritis and hypertension
are suggested.
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