The Role of the Central Nervous System in Biological Communication

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the biological communication system, primarily focusing on the central nervous system (CNS). It details the composition of the CNS, including the brain, spinal cords, and nerve cells, and their roles in processing sensory information and controlling body responses. The report further explains nerve impulse transmission, highlighting the role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses and the differences between electrical and chemical synapses. Additionally, it contrasts voluntary and reflex actions, emphasizing the involvement of conscious thought in voluntary actions versus the rapid, self-protective nature of reflex actions. The report also touches upon the autonomic nervous system and the effects of caffeine on nerve impulses, concluding with a summary of how the CNS processes nerve cell conditions and coordinates actions between the brain and spinal cords. Desklib offers this and many other solved assignments to aid students in their studies.

Biological communication
system

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
The biological communication system is defined as the system which is well show intrinsic
mechanism within the body which may show the function within the body. The communication
system which is refer as the nervous system and hormonal system (Allen, and Lyons, 2018).
They are usually act by the concept of signalling which is well related with the cells. They are
usually transmitted with the optimum range of receptor cell to the effector cells. In this report,
the major of discussion is based on the central nervous system, nerve impulses transmission,
chemical transmitters and voluntary and reflex action which is showing the aspect which may
provide the index that may support the report (Bennett, and Kim, 2021).
MAIN BODY
The central nervous system is defined as the composition of brain and spinal cords. They
used to perform some of the major function which is related with the sensory information,
process information and send out the motor signals. Therefore, the CNS used to receive the
sensory information from the nervous system and they also control the body response. The
central nervous system which may play and important role in the taking the primary care which
is well related with the receiving of information from the various of areas which is showing the
coordination for the activity which help to synthesis the response which is based on the body.
The structure of the central nervous system is defined as the three main component which named
as brain, spinal cords and the nerve cell. The part of the CNS plays vital role in the function and
three components are used to work together in order to take the information and control the body
responds (Blandford, Galloway, and Moore, 2018).
Brain: In this, the brain controls the number of body function which may include the sensation,
movement, awareness and memory. The surface of brain is usually show the aspect which is
known as the cerebral cortex. In addition, the surface of the cerebral cortex shows the bumpy to
the grooves and fold the tissue. The analysed groove is also known as the sulcus which show the
bump that named as gyrus. Overall, the brain the main part of the CNS that help to control the
function such as movement, thought and learning.
Spinal cords: The spinal cord usually show the connection to the brain stem and then they run
down through the aspect of spinal canal which is located inside the vertebra. The spinal cord
usually carries the process information to the various part of body and the brain. The nerve of the
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spinal cord consists of 8 cervical nerve, 12 thoracic nerve, 5 lumber nerve, 5 sacral nerve and 1
coccygeal nerve. Overall, the spinal cord generally carries the information from the brain to the
rest of the body which show the transmission signal to the body to the brain (de Kock and et. al.,
2020).
Neurons: The neuron is defined as the building block of the CNS. There are billions of nerve
cell are usually found throughout the body and make proper communication with the other organ
in term of making physical responses and actions. Neuron are the cell that make the central
nervous system. They are also showing the responsibilities for the communication information
towards the body.
The nerve impulses are usually transmitted in the systematic way where the nerve impulse
reach to the end of the axon, there are some of the chemical which is released form the
neurotransmitter. In addition, they also show the aspect which is across the synaptic gap that
make the small space which is present between the axon and receptor. In this, the nerve impulse
which is well transmitted either they are showing the electrical synapse or chemical synapses
(Desforges and et. al., 2019).
Neurotransmitter are defined as the messenger which is present inside the body. They are
well referred as the context that follow the molecule which is used by the nervous system which
help to transmit the message which is associated between the neurons and from the neurons
which is happen in the synaptic cleft. It usually shows the small gap which is present the
synapses of the neurons. In the chemical synapse, the major of electrical activity which is
showing the presynaptic neuron which generally trigger the release of the chemical messenger
that is neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter is usually make the diffuse which is focus across
the synapse and bind the proper receptor which is based on the post synaptic cell (Qiu and et. al.,
2020).
Voluntary action is generally involving with the various of conscious thought which is may
defined as the thinking time. The reflex action which is show the aspect which is do not making
any involvement with the thinking time and happen very quickly in order to avoid the damage to
the body. There is comparison which is related voluntary action and reflex action (Zarrinmayeh,
and Territo, 2020).
Voluntary action Reflex action
They are well stimulated by stimulus. They are based on the willing and thought.
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Self-protective due to environment. Fulfilment of the desired goals.
The autonomic nervous system which is defined as the core component of the peripheral
nervous system that may show the aspect of regulation which help to defined as the involuntary
physiologic process that majorly include the fraction of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and
the digestion where they also show the association with the sexual arousal. They also contain the
three anatomical division which named as sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric (Ronin and
et. al., 2021).
The effect of the caffeine is used to taken on the nerve impulse which may show the impact
where the caffeine blocks the adenosine receptor, the result is the term of release of the dopamine
which is well related with synaptic cleft which may bind with the dopamine receptor which is
elicit the nerve impulse (Yang and et. al., 2021).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the CNS system is helpful in order to
process the condition of nerve cell and impulse that is show the action with the coordination as
per brain and spinal cords. The overall discussion follows the structure and the function of CNS.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Allen, N.J. and Lyons, D.A., 2018. Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and
function. Science, 362(6411), pp.181-185.
Bennett, H.C. and Kim, Y., 2021. Pericytes across the lifetime in the central nervous
system. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 15, p.71.
Blandford, S.N., Galloway, D.A. and Moore, C.S., 2018. T he roles of extracellular vesicle micro
RNA s in the central nervous system. Glia, 66(11), pp.2267-2278.
de Kock, L., Priest, J.R., Foulkes, W.D. and Alexandrescu, S., 2020. An update on the central
nervous system manifestations of DICER1 syndrome. Acta neuropathologica, 139(4),
pp.689-701.
Desforges, M., Le Coupanec, A., Dubeau, P., Bourgouin, A., Lajoie, L., Dubé, M. and Talbot,
P.J., 2019. Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated
opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system?. viruses, 12(1), p.14.
Qiu, B., Bessler, N., Figler, K., Buchholz, M.B., Rios, A.C., Malda, J., Levato, R. and Caiazzo,
M., 2020. Bioprinting neural systems to model central nervous system
diseases. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(44), p.1910250.
Ronin, E., Pouchy, C., Khosravi, M., Hilaire, M., Grégoire, S., Casrouge, A., Kassem, S., Sleurs,
D., Martin, G.H., Chanson, N. and Lombardi, Y., 2021. Tissue-restricted control of
established central nervous system autoimmunity by TNF receptor 2–expressing Treg
cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(13).
Yang, S., Qin, C., Hu, Z.W., Zhou, L.Q., Yu, H.H., Chen, M., Bosco, D.B., Wang, W., Wu, L.J.
and Tian, D.S., 2021. Microglia reprogram metabolic profiles for phenotype and function
changes in central nervous system. Neurobiology of Disease, 152, p.105290.
Zarrinmayeh, H. and Territo, P.R., 2020. Purinergic receptors of the central nervous system:
biology, PET ligands, and their applications. Molecular Imaging, 19,
p.1536012120927609.
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