Impact of Cervical Screening on Female Health: A Research Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of cervical screening, examining its significance in female health and cancer prevention. It begins with an introduction defining cervical screening and cervical cancer, outlining the research questions, and presenting a research outline. The literature review covers various aspects of cervical screening, including different types of tests like Liquid Based Screening and Pap tests, symptoms of cervical cancer, and the importance of regular screening. The research methodology section details the research philosophy, approach, design, sampling, and ethical considerations. The results section presents the findings from data analysis, including the main warnings of cervical cancer, the significance of persistent lower back pain, and the importance of consulting a doctor. The report concludes with a discussion of the research results, limitations, and references. Data analysis reveals that vaginal bleeding and persistent lower back pain are significant warning signs, and consulting a doctor is crucial for early detection and treatment. The research is based on a survey of 25 NHS employees with thematic analysis used to interpret the data.

RESEARCH

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Questions:....................................................................................................................................1
Research.......................................................................................................................................1
Research Outline..........................................................................................................................1
Literature Review:.......................................................................................................................2
Research Methodology:...............................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
RESEARCH RESULTS..................................................................................................................5
Data analysis................................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................12
Impacts of cervical screening on Female...................................................................................12
Symptom and reason of cervical cancer....................................................................................13
Importance of cervical screening...............................................................................................13
Precautions should take to prevent cervical cancer...................................................................14
RESEARCH LIMITATIONS........................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Background
Cervical screening came from the word cervix, which is the lower portion of the uterus
that connects the uterus to the vagina. Besides, cervical cancer occurs when the cells in cervix
grow erratically and multiply out of control. As compare to other cancers this takes years of
cervical cancer to develop. Under this process of working first normal cervical cells change into
pre-cancerous cells. Pre-cancerous abnormalities cells fails to indicate any kind of symptoms and
left untreated. This causes progress of cancer. Cure of this stage is only when if cervical
abnormalities are detected and treated in pre-cancerous stages, in that position cervical is
become preventable. Overall, cervical screening is the process under where females can check
their health issues and can take treatments accordingly. This usually happens with female
genders.
Questions:
 What are the impacts of cervical screening on Female Genders?
 What is the importance of cervical screening?
 What are the precautions should take to prevent cervical cancer?
Research
This is the fact that cervical cancer often shows any kind of symptoms in its early stages.
In order to identify the symptoms, there is a need of cervical screening, through human being can
get to know about their health issues and take early process of treatment. Research will be taking
place many aspects of importance of cervical screening. It also explains the different types of
cervical screening test which is more important for the female genders.
Research Outline
Cervical screening test is the method of detecting abnormal cells on the cervix; the cervix
is entrance to womb from the vagina. Detecting and removing abnormal cells can prevent
cervical cancer. Health care organisation plays the biggest role to take care the health issues of
the people. They found the best techniques and treatments for cause removing process or make
better and healthy environment in society. Present study is based on cervical test. It is the major
health issues which is commonly found in the females. Further, research is based on health care
sector. For that, NHS non-profit organisations will be taken into action. It will be more
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challenging and controlling process making task oriented. It will be the more challenging and
task oriented sector. It is very necessary to take this study further to make more awareness
between females. So that, they adopt cervical screening on monthly basis in order to protect
health.
Literature Review:
According to author, cervical screening is mainly of two types. First one is Liquid Based
Screening, under which doctors or nurses scrape the cervix with small brush to collect cells from
female’s body. Then they preserved the liquid to detach. This process helps to identify wheather
there are any symptoms or not. Another process is Papanicolaou (Pap) test; it helps to test
abnormal cells in cervix before they become cancer. Besides, on the basis of Arbyn and Castle,
20155 there are some symptoms of cervical cancer such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal
or persistent vaginal discharge etc. there are the symptoms are showing and guiding by the
nurses in the process of cervical screening. According to Arrossi and et.al., 2015, cervical
screening in every three years, will reduce the 70 % chances of cervical cancer. On the contrary,
if cervical cancer caught at earlier stage, chances of survival will increase more than 80 %.
Along with that, (Blatt and et.al., 2015) it will be a more dangerous situation when females
ignore situations and take it for granted. NHS should increase awareness and importance of
cervical screening to protect female life.
Cervical cancer is one of the leading cancers among women, with an estimated 520,200
new cases and 274,000 deaths are estimated annually. It becomes the serious concern for the
society to take action to prevent the situation and make more awareness among society. 86%
percent cervical cancer occurs in developing countries and creates more serious concern for the
country. It is necessary to make more awareness about the cervical screening among the society
to take advance action to prevent cervical cancer. Cervical screening is the process through
females gets to know about the actual cause of the disease. It helps them to take corrective action
against to prevent them. According to Consedine and et.al., 2015 Cervical screening process
make females aware about the actual reasons and all process of happening. Papillomavirus
infection is virus in human body which cause a variety of benign proliferations such as warts,
intraepithelial neoplasias. According to Crowe and et.al., 2014 the main purpose of the cervical
screening is that to apply a relatively simple, inexpensive process through large number of
people take benefit of the programme. This process helps to identify the risk factors of cancer
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and especially for those who suffering from first stage. Screening helps to identify the abnormal
cells in cervix which might be treated or may be stooped at early stage from developing.
Cervical screening is the long-term process is the process of making good task or oriented
process. It is another process of make. Along with that, it is the simply which makes another
effective process. Cervical screening is the process who hardly takes 50 minutes for surgery it
takes 15 minutes. On the basis of Kitchener and et.al., 2014 from last few years cervical
screening have evolved rapidly over the last several years due to highly increasing the process, it
also makes the process longer in order to save the health from its unwanted disease. There are
several methods or process or method of testing the cervical cancer such as Pap, HPV testing
primary screening. NHS organise various forms of cervical screening programmes and health
awareness programmes in order to prevent the cancer. Along with that they also provide free
services to the people who don’t afford the high expenses treatments and treatment process to
cure their cancer disease.
Cervical cancer involves high risk factors which might be change the human life. For
example improper care services and improper charges are might be affected from the cancer.
Cervical screening usually handled by the female nurses in order to make female comfortable
and safe. Cervical screening is also called by smear test which is depends on the sample may be
tested for the types of human papillomavirus that can because cervical cancer. According to
Ronco and et.al., 2014 it will take another test for diagnosing the sample into more deep manner
to measured actual treatment process.
Research Methodology:
Research philosophy: Research philosophy is the process taken by investigator in order
to take place deep knowledge of the research topic. It also helps to analyse actual scenario and
importance of topic. This might be providing more discussing methods or process to full fill
research objectives. There are two types of research philosophy positivism or interpretivism. In
this further research positivism method will be taken into action to calculate qualitative data.
Research approach: Research approach is the plan and procedure that will help to take
assumptions to detailed method of data collection. This process is based on investigation
problems or issues. This is divided into two approaches data collection or data analysis or
reasoning. This approach helps to identify the actual scenario or database of the research.
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Research design: It is another type of research methodology; it is a set procedure or
process under which whole research has been taken into action. Research design is the structure
of the research. Through which investigator take help of the next procedure. It is another of many
types such as descriptive, experimental, correlational etc. for present study scholar will take
descriptive method to make proper observation and survey.
Sampling: sampling is another matter of fact through without which research has been possible.
It is the process of statistical analysis through proper analysation process. Sample size is depends
upon the sample from a larger population. There are two types of sample systematic sample or
random sampling. In present research it will be taken systematic sampling or taken 25 employees
from the organisation to collect the information of cervical screening.
Ethical consideration: it is the most important and necessary step for a researcher to
collect data in ethical manner; without any frauds or in wrongful manner. Ethical consideration
can be addressed by the society in most productive manner. It is the responsibility of investigator
to collect data under the guidance of legal implications and must consider some things to
evaluate the data analysis.
Data Collection: Data collection is another process of research methodology. Data
collection is the most important in the research methodology in order to fulfil the basic
requirement of then organisation. Besides, it also helps to identify the process of gathering and
measuring information or targeted variables. There are two types of data collection methods such
as primary and secondary.
Primary data collection is the process of collection of data through questionnaire,
personal interview, observation. It is the more challenging with effective management goals.
Moreover, secondary data collection method is the process where an investigator collects data
that has been already available, for example on internet
INTRODUCTION
Data analysis is very much important part which will be describing the whole research
aims and objective in proper manner so that the conclusion could be drawn which is achieving
both the aims and objectives. There are many types of ways in which data collected could be
analysed so that particular conclusion is been drawn. Within this particular research which is
aimed at finding out impact of cervical screening on female, importance of it and what are
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precautions which need to be taken thematic analysis method will be used. This will be helping
in correcting analysing data so that these aims could be meet out properly.
RESEARCH RESULTS
Data analysis
Theme 1: Main warning of cervical cancer
Particular Respondents
Vaginal bleeding between periods 10
Persistent lower back pain 10
Persistent diarrhoea 5
Total 25
Figure 1: Main warning of cervical cancer
Interpretation:
From the above table and the review it could be analysed that most of the employees of
NHS who are practising within the organisation as doctors and practitioner think that vaginal
bleeding between periods is the main warning signal for cervical cancer. This is one of the most
leading cancer among all women in UK and leading to death of patients. Doctors suggest that
this is the most common cervical cancer symptom which occur at time of abnormal vaginal
bleeding occur mostly at time when cancer is spreading to nearby tissues. While some of them
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also consider persistent lower back pain and persistent diarrhoea as main warning of cervical
cancer.
Theme 2: Persistent lower back pain is sign of cervical cancer
Particular Respondents
Yes 15
No 10
Total 25
Figure 2: Persistent lower back pain is sign of cervical cancer
Interpretation:
From the table it could be interpreted that most of the respondents who are known to as
doctors know that continuous lower back pain is clear sign of cervical cancer. It is common that
if any women are suffering from cervical cancer could judge from their persistent lower back
pain that they are suffering from it. While there were some of them who did not consider it as
common cause or symptom of cervical cancer.
Theme 3: Should consult a doctor while there is sign of cervical cancer
Particular Respondents
Consult a doctor 20
Ignore it 5
Total 25
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Figure 3: Should consult a doctor while there is sign of cervical cancer
Interpretation:
From the table it is very much clear that most of respondents indicated that consulting a
doctor would be required when the patient or women are witnessing any symptom of cervical
cancer. It becomes essential to consult a doctor rather to ignore it and not consider any it as
important.
Theme 4: Likely to develop cervical cancer in UK
Particular Respondents
Women aged 20-29 2
Women aged 30-49 10
Women aged 50-69 5
Women over 70 3
Cervical cancer is unrelated to age 5
Total 25
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Figure 4: Likely to develop cervical cancer in UK
Interpretation:
Most of the respondents who participated into the research indicated that it is cervical
cancer is very much prominent within all women between the age of 30-49. This is the age when
cervical cancer will be mostly developing into tissue of women so it is very much required that
they are looking into all symptom and consulting their doctors so that they could be safe from it.
While the other respondents did not looked much into the age factor in the cervical cancer on
other hand some of them think that 50-69 is also the age at which cancer could occur.
Theme 5: Main reason of development of cervical cancer in women
Particular Respondents
Infection with HPV 10
Smoking any cigarettes at all 10
Having a weakened immune system 5
Total 25
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Figure 5: Main reason of development of cervical cancer in women
Interpretation:
One of the major reason in way of developing the cervical cancer is that from infection
with HPV and smoking cigarettes. These are the reason way women in UK are mostly facing this
problem at age of 30-49 so they should be avoiding both of them. While other respondents who
are the doctors and employees working in NHS regarded that if women are having weaker
immune system then also there will be greater chance of getting touch with cancer at early stage
only. It is moreover advised that women should be taking precautions and avoiding the intake of
smoking and also should have stronger immune system so that they could be lowering down
chance of cervical cancer.
Theme 6: Level of confident for noticing cervical cancer symptom
Particular Respondents
Not at all confident 5
Not very confident 3
Fairly confident 9
Very confident 8
Total 25
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Figure 6: Level of confident for noticing cervical cancer symptom
Interpretation:
From the doctors and employees who were interviewed regarding this cervical cancer
symptom were asked that whether they are confident into testing and analysing cervical cancer
symptom into their patients or not. Most of them answered that they are very much confident that
they could be able to identify all symptom of cervical cancer and then treating it on timely bases.
While there were some respondents who could not be able to identify this cancer which shows
that they need more training for it.
Theme 7: NHS is taking cervical cancer screening program.
Particular Respondents
Yes 15
No 10
Total 25
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