Comparative Analysis: Construction Challenges in Australia & Scotland

This dissertation explores the significant challenges in construction project management, comparing case studies from Australia and Scotland. It begins with an introduction outlining the importance of project management in construction, followed by a literature review that examines the overview of construction project management, identifying challenges like cost escalation, schedule delays, safety issues, technological challenges, and skills shortages. The research methodology is then detailed, including the research approach, design, data collection methods, and ethical considerations. The data analysis chapter presents key themes and findings, leading to a conclusion and recommendations for improving construction project effectiveness and addressing identified challenges. The study emphasizes the need for effective management techniques to mitigate issues and enhance the success of construction projects in both regions, offering insights into dealing with these challenges through planning, effective cost and time management, and the involvement of advanced strategies to enhance the quality of construction projects.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Rationale of the study.................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research aim and objectives.......................................................................................................4
1.4 Significance of the study..............................................................................................................4
1.5 Structure of the dissertation .......................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Overview of construction project management..........................................................................6
2.3 Identifying the significant challenges in the construction projects of Australia and Scotland.....6
2.3.1 Cost escalation, schedule delays and local governmental pressure ....................................6
2.3.2 Safety issues in construction projects ..................................................................................7
2.3.3 Technological challenges......................................................................................................8
2.3.4 Skills shortage and labour issues..........................................................................................9
2.4 Different ways to deal with the construction project challenges................................................9
2.4.1 Planning and management of safety measures....................................................................9
2.4.2 Effective cost and time management techniques...............................................................10
2.4.3 Involvement of advance strategies to enhance the quality................................................10
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................12
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................12
3.2 Overreaching approach.............................................................................................................12
3.3 Research approach....................................................................................................................12
3.4 Research design.........................................................................................................................13
3.5 Data collection methods............................................................................................................13
3.6 Sampling design ........................................................................................................................14
3.7 Data analysis..............................................................................................................................14
3.8 Ethical consideration.................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................................16
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................16
4.2 Key themes................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................32
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................32
5.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................33
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................35

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Project management has critical importance in construction; yet its execution possesses has major
challenges (Winch, 2010; Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006). In this context, in order to keep a project on track,
the decisions often have to be taken on the basis of available information. Construction projects are
typical to manage globally because time management, inadequacy of financial and human resources,
ineffective leadership of project manager etc. causes delay in the completion of construction projects
(Winch, 2010; Hussin, Rahman and Memon, 2013). Further, developing countries face the critical
challenges in mega construction projects to achieve sustainable development of constructions (Othman
and Ahmed, 2013; Fellows and Liu, 2012). Furthermore, construction projects face a challenge in
adoption of modern technologies because construction managers are not remained confident to acquire
latest techniques in construction (Hewage, Ruwanpura and Jergeas, 2008). Additionally, construction
projects lag behind because unavailability of technical experts and least use of time frame strategies to
complete the projects. On the other hand, construction projects deal with the challenge of requirement
of remote areas for the construction (McAnulty and Baroudi, 2010). In this context, Australian
construction industry faces the issues related to large, remote and isolated areas for the effective
construction projects. In remote areas, project managers can easily manage all the resources, materials
and equipment on a single place to minimize the further transportation issues (Qi-hu, 2012). However,
remote construction projects deal with the issues related to communication and management of
resources reason that remoteness of construction sites (Arayici, Egbu and Coates, 2012, p.75). On the
other hand, Scotland, is engaged with large scale infrastructural projects but these countries are dealing
with the severe issue of shortage of skilled labour which hinder the growth of the construction sector
(Ho, 2016, p.533; Agapiou, 2002).
Currently construction projects have entered into green construction projects for the sustainability of
environment; however, green projects require the adequate skilled, knowledgeable and professionals to
execute green constructions (Hwang, 2013; p.272). In this context, the project managers demand skilled
workers for the quality constructions. Similarly, delivery of Green Building (GB) projects are typical in
comparison to conventional construction projects because activities of GB are associated with hidden
cost and uncertainties which are not easily accepted by stakeholders (Qian, Chan and Khalid, 2015,
p.3615; Powmya and Abidin, 2014). However, construction industry is at boom and focuses on rapid
growth with assessment of new infrastructure projects. Nevertheless, countries face the issues related
to enhancement of sustainable built environment and emphasizes on better building practices (Hussin,
Rahman and Memon, 2013). Therefore, the current study has been done on the challenges of
construction industries which are faced in construction projects during construction. Hence, different
techniques and approaches has been identified and accordingly analysed to improve the effectiveness of
projects and resolve the challenges which occurs in construction projects.
1.2 Rationale of the study
Construction projects are important for the growth of the economy and infrastructural development of
the society (Song, Haas and Caldas, 2006). However, the issues related to failure in completing the
project on time and cost overruns affect the overall economic growth of the country (Acharya, Dai Lee
and Man, 2006;Ala-Risku and Kärkkäinen, 2006). These issues also have direct impact on the overall
growth of the construction sector since project management practices are not applied effectively
(Sambasivan and Soon, 2007). This makes it necessary for leading construction sectors to identify the
potential challenges and accordingly take the corrective step for the success of entire sector. Thus, it is
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crucial to study the challenges which are being faced by the construction sector of the specific countries
like Scotland and Australia as these are fast growing countries in terms of economic growth. For this
purpose, the current study is important to uncover the specific challenges which impede the growth of
the related sector and entire economy.
1.3 Research aim and objectives
Aim
To identify the significant challenges in construction project management; a comparative analysis of the
Scotland and Australian project cases.
Objectives
 To provide construction project management overview
 To identify the significant challenges in the construction projects of Australia and Scotland?
 To critically evaluate different ways to deal with the construction project challenges
1.4 Significance of the study
Different types of construction projects are helpful for the success of construction industry which is
characterised by quality delivery (Elattar, 2009, Shehu, Endut and Akintoye, 2014). However, the rate of
failure of construction projects become higher because several challenges leads to failure. Further, cost
over runs causes failure of most of the construction projects because maximization of cost is a major
challenge faced by construction industry in all over the world (Rahman et al., 2013, p.1963). Hence, this
needs to take serious attention and strategies to alleviate the causes of failures. In this context, the
current study is important to take in course because it identifies the several challenges and problems of
construction projects which harm the success of industry. Further, the study claims to apply different
adaptive ways to enhance the quality of construction and reduce the issues which are generally faced by
project managers.
1.5 Structure of the dissertation
A typical dissertation is normally classified in to specific chapters like introduction, literature review,
research methodologies and results and conclusions. In this context, the structure of current
dissertation is significantly bifurcated on the basis of notified chapters.
 Chapter 1: Introduction- This chapter includes a brief overview and background of the study,
objectives to conduct the study, rational, significance etc. This chapter helps to reader know
about the study in brief by knowing the aim and objectives.
 Chapter 2: Literature Review- The second chapter describes about overview, significant
challenges and strategies to deal with issue of construction projects in Australia and Scotland.
Further, literature review helps to know about previous studies which are done by different
scholars so that a new insight can be assessed on the basis of past studies.
 Chapter 3: Research methodology- The third chapter explains about philosophy, research
approach, design, data collection methods, sampling, data analysis and ethical consideration of
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the study. Collected data helps to analyse the entire study and provide the adequate results on
the study. Methodology helps the researcher to know about different tools and techniques for
the study.
 Chapter 4: Data analysis- Data analysis chapter describes about key themes for the analysis of
collected data. On the basis of themes, it is easy for the researcher to get the results of the
study along with proper justification.
 Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations- This chapter provides effective conclusion and
suitable recommendations for the effectiveness of construction projects. So, with the help of the
suggestions, construction industries implement the new ways to resolve the issues and
challenges.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The literature review section of the current study critically examines the management of construction
projects which focuses on the overview, challenges and ways to improve the construction project
management. The previous studies about construction projects would assist researcher to derive detail
data which further helps for the current study of specific context Australia and Scotland. In this context,
various themes have been constructed by considering the aim and objectives. For this purpose, effective
secondary sources like journals, books, annual reports, newspaper etc. has been used to complete the
study.
2.2 Overview of construction project management
Construction industry is bifurcated due to involvement of different stakeholders such as general public,
workers, investors etc. in construction projects (Nitithamyong and Skibniewski, 2004; Song, Haas and
Caldas, 2006). This fragmentation leads to several challenges like time, cost, quality, technical issues,
skill shortage etc. However, theses issues are resolved with the help of the effective management of
construction projects by time and cost management techniques, training to unskilled labours, proper
communication with parties etc. (Kanapeckiene et al., 2010). In this context, Rivard et al. (2004) stated
that information technologies are used in construction projects on regular basis to enhance the quality
and reduce the issues which arises due to competitiveness. Furthermore, El-Mashaleh, O’Brien and
Minchin (2006) asserted that involvement of advance technologies in project management helps to
manage material handling, workforce management, waste and environmental safety management etc.
Nevertheless, several studies notified that ineffective management of construction projects leads to
higher cost, time and impact on the productivity of labours (Aibinu and Jagboro, 2002; Sweis et al., 2008;
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Belout and Gauvreau, 2004). Further, Eriksson and Westerberg (2011) mentioned that involvement of
various tools and techniques helps to manage the entire construction project and improves the level of
competency. For instance, according to Australian case study of construction of forensic health hospital
and large tunnel infrastructure project got success by involvement of construction time performance
(CTP) and flexibility approaches to manage the entire construction project (Walker and Shen, 2002;
p.31). Therefore, it reflects that construction project management is helpful for the construction
industry; however, it required extra efforts to manage all the activities of material handling, labour
availability, time flexibility etc.
2.3 Identifying the significant challenges in the construction projects of
Australia and Scotland
Large construction projects are typical to manage globally because it faces several issues and challenges
in context of labour, cost, time etc. (Mahamid, 2013). Further, large as well as small projects also deals
with critical challenges such as safety and security, technical and skill shortage and labour etc.
2.3.1 Cost escalation, schedule delays and local governmental pressure
According to several studies, road construction projects are runs with large project contracts which
require volatile and extensive capital resources in order to timely accomplish process of construction
(Mahamid, Bruland and Dmaidi, 2011; Mahamid, 2011; Mahamid, 2013). In this context, Kaliba, Muya
and Mumba (2009, p.522) asserted that road constructions get delays in process due to weather
inclination such as heavy rains and flood which confirms the cost escalation and schedule delays.
However, Al-Momani (2000) stated that proper planning and time allocation in such a way helps to
complete the construction during seasons of clement weather. On a contrary, Sweis et al. (2008)
mentioned that it is not possible to run the construction projects only in fine weather; however, the
weather changes in any season and damage the planned construction project. Additionally,
inappropriate weather conditions lead the project to time delays and ultimately overruns the cost of
entire project. On the other hand, few studies claimed that highway construction projects get delays to
local governmental rules and polices disrupts the process and leads to excessive time to complete the
projects (Shen, Platten and Deng, 2006; Faridi and El Sayegh, 2006). For example, according to‐
Government Accountability Office, it has been found that 77% projects in USA experienced to cost
escalation due to mis-management of time frameworks and non-identification of governmental factors
(Flyvbjerg, Holm and Buhl, 2002). However, AlSanad (2015) asserted that governmental factors help to
strengthen the economic infrastructure of the country. Therefore, it shows that construction projects
face the challenges of time and cost overruns which lead to disruption of overall project. Further,
governmental accreditations also bother the time frame of constructions and higher the cost and delays
the projects.
2.3.2 Safety issues in construction projects
Several studies revealed that large and underground construction projects face the issues related to
safety of labours and security of equipment (Kartam, Flood and Koushki, 2000; Koehn, Kothari and Pan,
1995; Tam, Zeng and Deng, 2004). In this context, Zhou, Goh and Li (2015) asserted that underground
construction projects required adequate safety and security of workers due to higher risk. However,
Wang, Dulaimi and Aguria (2004) mentioned that risks in construction projects reduces with the help of
effective design for safety, accidents statistics and safety competency in overall project. In this regard,
Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008) identified that least enforcement on safety measures rise the chances of
higher number of accidents at construction sites. For example, according to census of 1997-2002,
accidents rate is higher in construction projects in Scotland in compare to Great Britain and still
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accidents are occurring in lack of safety measures. The accidental ratio of construction site is more than
50% than Britain (Cameron, Hare and Davies, 2008, p.692). Additionally, the higher ratio of accidents in
Scotland shows that there are more manual workers instead of professionals and technicians than rest
of Great Britain. On the other hand, Hinze and Godfrey (2003) examined that use of complete safety
measures and professional training to use technical equipment, machineries help to reduce the ratio of
accidents in construction which may be concerned with underground or over the land projects.
Nonetheless, Carter and Smith (2006) proposed that total safety design supports the construction
projects to reduce the rate of accidents and improves the level of hazardous factors in the construction
projects. In this context, Aminbakhsh, Gunduz and Sonmez (2013) notified that for the management of
health and safety related risk in construction projects, a theory of Cost of Safety (COS) model helps to
reduce the level of risk. It supports to set the rational budget as per the project and includes the realistic
goals by considering the safety measures which supports to reduce the injuries as well as cost of injury
(refer figure 1). Thus, it indicates that construction projects deal with the issues and challenges related
to safety of workers because insecurity measures increase the chances of accidents on construction
sites. However, complete safety measures, designing of safety plans and professional training helps to
reduce the ratio of risk in construction projects.
Figure : COS model to save the injury cost
(Source: Aminbakhsh, Gunduz and Sonmez, 2013)
2.3.3 Technological challenges
According to Tam (2009), modern construction projects are based on the use of technical instruments
and advance machineries, equipment to enhance the quality of construction. However, Porwal and
Hewage (2013) mentioned that organizational and workforce centred issues causes the greater
challenges for the implementation of technologies. On the other hand, Gann and Salter (2000) asserted
that involvement of technologies in construction resulted in least errors, improved quality and effective
coordination with parties etc. Nonetheless, Merschbrock and Munkvold (2015) notified that
construction companies lags behind in the implementation of new technologies due to lack of qualified
and professional labours. On the contrary, Goodrum et al. (2010) stated that use of technology in
current construction projects helps to reduce the time factor for the entire project but rise the overall
cost of the project. For instance, most of the construction projects uses the new technology as Building
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Information Modelling (BIM) with the specific design and effective construction procurement process.
Thus, 39% construction projects using the almost BIM technique to manage the quality and effective
processing of projects (Porwal and Hewage, 2013). However, several studies claimed that execution of
BIM technology in construction leads the project cost higher because labour force demands for training
to operate the particular system with safety and security (Khosrowshahi and Arayici, 2012; Becerik-
Gerber, Gerber and Ku, 2011; Hardin and McCool, 2015). Further, few studies experimented that use of
risk and project management techniques such as Critical Path Method (CRM), programme Evaluation
and Review Techniques (PERT), Simulation, game theory etc. (Tatum, 1986; Jessen, 2011). In this regard,
Merschbrock and Munkvold (2015) asserted that use of technology Highers the cost of project but
supports to improve the overall quality and rating of construction projects. It shows that use of
technology become a greater challenge for construction industries because it demands for professional
and skilled workforce to operate the systems. However, higher adoption rate of advance techniques
helps to improve the quality and ratings of construction projects.
2.3.4 Skills shortage and labour issues
Le-Hoai, Dai Lee and Lee (2008) studied that currently construction sector is moving towards the green
buildings and infrastructure to save the resources and environment safety. In this context, Hwang and
Ng (2013) stated that green construction projects require the skilled workforce to manage the process
and overall activities of construction. Further, Rahim et al. (2016) asserted that lack of skilled labour for
construction projects is one of the crucial risks which hinder the construction project in attainment of
sustainability. In this context, Yi and Chan (2013) notified that the problem of shortage skilled labour
reduces with the help of outsourcing of knowledgeable workforce. On the contrary, Chou and Chou
(2011) claimed that outsourced labour demands for higher cost and incentives to fulfil the requirements
of basic amenities. Similarly, Fisher et al. (2008) asserted that construction industry requires vast labours
and employees for full and part-time within industrial constructions. Further, industrial construction
contractors’ trains to unskilled labour force to face the challenge of skill shortage and timely completion
of project (Kikwasi, 2012). Nevertheless, Manley (2008) notified that introduction of new technology in
construction projects is difficult because lack of competent and skilled workforce. Moreover, shortage of
skilled workforce enhances the overall cost for the construction in context of operational training. Apart
from this, Agapiou (2002, p.697) stated that there is a difference between perception of gender towards
male and female workers in Scottish construction industry. Construction industry is a male dominant
sector which perceive the women as least competent in compare to men. However, Arditi, Gluch and
Holmdahl (2013) asserted that women are equally competent to men and finding new ways to enter
into different working environment. Thus, it reflects that skills shortage reduces the quality of
construction and higher the time for completion of projects. However, shortage of skill labour is
managed by outsourcing and gender biasness approach.
2.4 Different ways to deal with the construction project challenges
2.4.1 Planning and management of safety measures
Safety and security of labours in construction projects is necessary to enhance the productivity of
workers and quality of construction (Rechenthin, 2004). In this context, Hofmann and Stetzer (1996)
asserted that lack of safety and health precautions enhances the occupational injuries and wastage of
time which arises health issues. In this regard, Ringen, Seegal and England (1995) stated that effective
safety and health planning and management is helpful to reduce the health issues in construction
projects. However, Gambatese (2000, p.661) pointed out that it is not mere responsibility of labours to
follow the safety precautions on construction sites even contractors are also accountable to make
labours understand regarding safety measures. Further, Gambatese, Behm and Hinze (2005) explained
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that safety at construction site requires that all the parties like stakeholders, general public, investors,
labours etc. are remains attentive and committed towards safety policies. Nevertheless, Huang and
Hinze (2006) argued that involvement of owner is more essential for the safety of workers at
construction site. On the other hand, Zeng, Tam and Tam (2008) mentioned that construction design
and management regulations help to bring health and safety measurement on compulsory basis in to
the design of construction work. However, Lee, Mahendra and Alvarez (2010) stated that environmental
safety is supportive to reduce the accidents rate and health issues of labours at construction site like less
environmental pollution, awareness about health risk. Therefore, it indicates that involvement of
additional health and safety precautions helpful for the labours in context of health and safety. Further,
all parties are equally responsible to follow the health and safety policies at construction site to reduce
the accidents and injuries.
2.4.2 Effective cost and time management techniques
According to Olawale and Sun (2010), time management is one of the critical aspects for construction
projects to enhance the quality, productivity and reduce the cost factors. In this context, Okonkwo and
Mbachu (2015) asserted that cost benefit analysis is the method which is helpful to manage the overall
cost of the construction project. However, several studies mentioned that Six-sigma is more effective
technique to manage the cost in all small and large construction projects (Forbes and Ahmed, 2010;
Hanet al. 2008; Banawi and Bilec, 2014). Additionally, six-sigma approach is varied from one project to
another construction projects and supports to reduce cost, cycle-time management and waste as well as
error reduction (Kwak and Anbari, 2006). On a contrary, Ajiboye (2011) notified that CPM approach is
appropriate than six-sigma because CPM identifies a critical path for readily completion of construction
project which ultimately reduces the overall cost of projects. Nevertheless, Kenley and Seppänen (2009)
stated that CPM is only applicable for large and complex projects instead of regular or routine
construction projects because it creates higher uncertainty of completion time in less routine projects.
On a contrary, Yamin and Harmelink (2001) claimed that PERT is a useful technique to reduce the time
of the project because PERT distributes range of duration for each specified activity in mega projects and
save the cost and time. However, Tchidi, He and Li (2012) examined that Six-sigma is an effective
method than other specified approaches because it improves the quality of project and enhance the
competitive benefits among construction competitors. Hence, it reveals that time and cost management
techniques are adopted in construction projects as per the size medium, large or small which helps to
decide the nature of cost and time frame for the project. Further, it indicates that six-sigma is effective
approach which reduce the overall cost and time of the construction.
2.4.3 Involvement of advance strategies to enhance the quality
According to few studies, skill shortage is a critical issue for the construction projects because new
techniques and approaches not easily adapts by workers (Chan and Dainty, 2007; McGrath-Champ,
Rosewarne and Rittau, 2011). In this context, Gann and Salter (2000) asserted that project-based
training is helpful to enhance the skills and knowledge of available workforce. Further, Tabassi and Bakar
(2009) stated that to conduct project-based training programs in construction projects leads to higher
cost and requirement of extensive time to complete the project. On the contrary, Frimpong, Oluwoye
and Crawford (2003) notified that training programs leads to higher cost and time but enhances the
quality and productivity of workers. For example, Australian construction industry focuses on the
Building Information Modelling (BIM) technique to enhance the quality in construction (Brewer,
Gajendran and Le Goff, 2012; Azhar, 2011). However, Australia has an issue of skill shortage at
construction sites; hence, training at construction site helps to resolve the issue of skill shortage which is
found more competitive in all kind of projects such as green projects, road construction etc. (Khalfan
and Maqsood, 2014). In this manner, Walker and Keniger (2002) pointed that modern projects helps to
9

construction industry to move towards competitive practices for the growth. However, Arif and Egbu
(2010) mentioned that off-site manufacturing (OSM) is one of the emerging strategies in construction
industry to enhance the quality, reduce time and cost of residential construction. In this context, Wong,
San Chan and Wadu (2016) asserted that traditional construction industry is moving to modern
construction like modular construction and green buildings. Additionally, this requires knowledge-based
environment, rapid change in technology and changing the demand of workers. However, few studies
stated that skill shortage, quality, time and cost certainty issues are resolved by OSM techniques (Pan,
Gibb and Dainty, 2007; Kamar et al., 2010). It indicates that project-based training, BIM approaches
helps to reduce the cost of project and supports to enhance the productivity of least competitive
workers. Further, labour force demands for training to deal with advance construction projects like
green buildings, modular construction etc.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The chapter of research methodology includes the essential methods to collect the data and analyse to
complete the whole research in specific time period. The chapter is associated with a research design,
type of investigation, approach, sampling, philosophy, data collection and data analysis etc. The research
methodology chapter bestow detail information related to methods which are applied for the research
along with complete justification. Thus, the research explains that current study uses appropriate
methods to collect data easily and achievement of aim and objectives. In this context, for the purpose of
current study, the research methodology is as follows-
3.2 Overreaching approach
Research philosophy is a set of beliefs which are related to investigation and researcher uses those
philosophies in the light of research to collect the data (Stern, 2004). Two types of research philosophies
such as interpretivist and positivism which are used in the research on the basis of purpose of the study.
In positivism approach, researcher is limited to use the available information and figures for the study
because the researcher is not allowed to use own experiences for the data analysis. However, in
interpretivist philosophy, researcher is allowed to use own knowledge and experience to complete the
study (Leitch, Hill and Harrison, 2010). In this regard, extensive data and detail information can be
collected with the help of the interpretivist philosophy by involving the external knowledge. Further,
interpretivist philosophy is based on the qualitative analysis whereas positivism philosophy is used on
the quantitative approach which is associated with statistical tools and techniques to derive optimum
results (Ponterotto, 2005). Owing to this, interpretivist philosophy is appropriate for the current study
because the study is based on the in-depth analysis; therefore, interpretivist approach provides the
detail information regarding challenges face by construction industries in construction projects in
Australia and Scotland. Further, it is not possible to apply quantitative approach to analyse the collected
data from both countries because it creates higher complexities in the process. Nevertheless, positivism
philosophy proves the actual and relevant information without involvement of own knowledge
(Rosenberg, 1996). By considering this, current study demanded for detail analysis and in-depth study
regarding issues and challenges of construction industry. Hence, use of interpretivist approach is
justifiable for the current study.
3.3 Research approach
As per the research approach for present project, which is used as per the objective of the study to
gather the data (Saunders et al., 2007). There are two types of research approaches like inductive and
deductive approach which are adopted by the researcher on the basis of nature of the study (Soiferman,
2010). In this regard, deductive approach starts with the specific information and ends with
generalization whereas inductive approach is based on the general data and ends at specifications
(Fereday and Muir-Cochrane, 2006). Further, inductive approach is depended on the secondary data of
the study which helps to find out the extensive outcomes with the help of different sources. In this
regard, inductive approach is appropriate for the current study because it provides general information
about challenges of construction projects in Australia and Scotland on prior basis then consider the
specific information regarding issues. However, deductive approach cannot be applicable for the current
study because it is narrowed to available data and specific information which is not sufficient. Apart
from this, deductive approach is effective for the quantitative study which uses statistical tools to derive
the optimum outcomes (Hyde, 2000). By considering this, inductive approach has been used in the
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current study because it is based on the qualitative analysis in which specific emphasis has been given
on detail analysis of the study. Hence, the use of inductive approach is appropriate for the current study
because it offers higher level of flexibility to researcher to derive the in-depth information regarding
challenges of construction industry.
3.4 Research design
Research design is a blueprint which is used by the researchers to get the overview of the methods
applied in the study to gather the data which helps to easy resolution of the problem (Cooper, Schindler
and Sun, 2006). Several types of research designs are used by the investigators such as exploratory,
explanatory and descriptive which are selected according to the objectives of the study (Lambert and
Lambert, 2012; Williams, 2007). Explanatory research design is used to establish cause and effects
relationship between several variables whereas exploratory design is helpful to elaborate the topic and
find new insights for effectiveness of the study (Harrison and Reilly, 2011). Besides this, descriptive
designs provide the comprehensive information regarding the selected population for the study
(Lambert and Lambert, 2012). Further, exploratory design can be appropriate for the current study
because it delivers something new information which can be helpful to resolve the issues related to
study; however, exploratory design requires the framing of hypothesis for systematic analysis which is
not possible in current study. Nonetheless, the present study requires to analyse the entire study in
detail to derive the optimum results regarding challenges faces by construction industry in Australia and
Scotland. Hence, application of exploratory design is not appropriate for the current study because the
study does not demand to search for new things. Thus, descriptive design has been used for the current
research which is justifiable.
3.5 Data collection methods
There are two types of data collection methods such as primary and secondary which are adopted by
the researchers as per the aim and objectives of the study to achieve better results (Cooper, Schindler
and Sun, 2006). Primary data are those which are collected first time by the researchers for the specific
purpose of the study whereas secondary data are those which are already available in the records (Hox
and Boeije, 2005). Further, on the basis of available data, new data has been identified are considers as
secondary data. In this regard, interview, questionnaire, observation, survey etc. are included in primary
methods whereas literature review, annual reports, journals, books, newspapers, magazines etc. lies
under secondary sources of data collection which are selected by the investigator according to nature of
the study (Harrell and Bradley, 2009; Terrell, 2012). By considering this, the researcher is not obliged to
use data collection methods on single basis even both types of methods like mixed methods can be used
in the research as per the requirements of the study. In this regard, mixed methods have been used in
the current study to gather the adequate data like questionnaire and interview has been conducted to
collect primary and fresh data regarding construction industry. Further, literature review has also been
done to collect past data for the purpose of the current study. Furthermore, actual and relevant
information can be gathered with the help of the primary data; however, secondary data may be wrong
and unreliable for the further research (Cooper, Schindler and Sun, 2006). Hence, to meet the objectives
of the current study, mixed methods has been used because interview has been conducted with
experienced project managers and questionnaire has been filled up by parties involves in the
construction projects. The appropriate data merely could not be collected by only interview and
questionnaire; hence, literature has also been done for the purpose of the current study. Therefore, use
of mixed approach is appropriate for the current study to analyse the challenges of construction
industries. Further, by keeping the reliability of data, both approaches have been used for the study.
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3.6 Sampling design
Sampling is the group of people which is selected from the entire population to collect the data for
attainment of objectives (Cooper and et.al., 2006). There are two types of sampling such as probabilistic
and non-probabilistic techniques which are adopted by the investigator according to objective of the
study (Etikan, Alkassim and Abubakar, 2016; Saunders et al., 2007). The objects have equal chances to
get selected for the sampling lies under probabilistic sampling whereas in non-probabilistic sampling all
objects do not have equal chances to be selected for research (Gabor, 2007). Moreover, probabilistic
sampling includes purposive sampling whereas cluster, stratified, random, snowball etc. covers under
probabilistic sampling techniques (Suri, 2011). By considering this, non-probabilistic sampling has been
used for the current study to collect the data because it is simple to use and identifies the relevant
information as per the purpose of the study. In this regard, purposive sampling has been applied for the
current research to gather the past and current data about challenges faces by construction industry in
different projects in Scotland and Australia. Hence, the study has a purpose to find out the issues and
accordingly provide the adequate ways to resolve the problems of construction industry. Therefore, it
shows that selection of probabilistic sampling is appropriate for the current research besides of
probabilistic sampling. Probabilistic sampling involves the equal selection of all respondents which is not
requirement of the current research.
In the current study, 3 knowledgeable and experienced construction project managers have been
selected for the interview and 78 people which are involves in the construction projects has been
selected to get results from questionnaire. In the virtue of this, probabilistic sampling cannot not be
used to collect the related data in the current study because it is based on the past experiences which is
not possible in probabilistic sampling. Thus, the use of purposive sampling is justifiable for the current
study besides of random sampling.
3.7 Data analysis
Data analysis is used by investigators to analyse the collected data by contemplating the objective of the
study. There are two types of data collection methods such as qualitative and quantitative which are
applied accordingly aim of the study (Dey, 2003). There are different types of which are undertaken as
to conduct the present research some of that include, , quantitative data analysis includes statistical
tools and techniques like ANNOVA, t-test, chi-square, regression, correlation, standard deviation etc.
which are limited to specifications. However, qualitative data analysis is based on the detail analysis of
the study and includes the thematic analysis (Patton, 1990). Further, quantitative analysis is useful in
those studies which are based on dependent and independent variables; however, these are helpful to
measure the average of the collected data. However, different themes have been prepared in the
qualitative study for in-depth analysis of the data. Besides this, mixed approach is depending on the
combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques which helps to provide authentic and detail data
for the study (Sandelowski, 2000).
By considering this, mixed approach has been applied for the current study to derive the factual and
relevant data along with detail investigation. In thematic analysis, different themes have been prepared
regarding the challenges faced by construction industries in Australia And Scotland to achieve the
purpose of the current study along with frequency tables. Further, average of collected data has been
done by quantitative tools. Hence, it indicates that use of mixed approach is justifiable for the current
study to analyse the collected data.
Data analysis is most essential and important part of research which will help an investigator to
accumulate accurate information about the challenges in the construction project management which is
faced by stakeholders who worked in Australia and Scotland. Data analysis will be completed with the
13

use of thematic analysis. It is most important method of data analysis which will be used for this project.
In case of data analysis, different number of themes will be created which will assist in performing
research activities in effective and systematic manner. The theme will be developed on every question
as this will support the scholar or researcher in minutely analyzing the response from stakeholders.
Along with this, 78 stakeholders will be selected for identifying their opinion about the construction
project management. Apart from this, 3 experienced and knowledgeable construction project managers
have been chosen for the interview. Questionnaires will be made for 78 stakeholders who worked in
Australia and Scotland. Interview will be done for analysis view point of managers about the challenges
faced by stakeholders which is associated with construction project.
3.8 Ethical consideration
Ethical consider shows that investigator has used ethical norms and values to conduct the research to
achieve the aim of the study (Gajjar, 2013). Various techniques have been used in the research to
prevent from misleading of the study for the effectiveness. In this regard, the privacy of respondents has
been maintained and the identity of the participants has not been disclosed in the research. Moreover,
respondents have involved as per their willingness and no obligations has posed on parties to provide
the authentic and real data for the study. Further, all the relevant information has been shared with
respondents before collection of data. Besides this, confidentiality has completely maintained regarding
the assurance that collected data will be destroyed after completion of the study. On the other hand,
secondary data has also been used for in-depth collection of data for the purpose of the study. Hence,
for the proof, a complete reference list has been attached with the entire study. On the basis of ethical
vulnerability, secondary data has not been directly considered in the study from the available sources
and are completely rephrased in own words of the researcher.
Research ethics regulate the standards of doings for investigators. It is essential to adhere to ethical or
moral principles in order to defend the rights, welfare and dignity of research participants. There are
some research ethics that were used by researcher in order to ensure that the investigation outputs are
reasoned to be relevant as well as robust also. The principles of research ethics that were applied
include anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent. All these are important principles of research
ethics which must be follow by researcher while completing of investigation in ethical and accurate
manner. For informed consent, this considered giving the accurate understanding or knowledge of
research objectives to the respondents such as stakeholders who are worked in Australia and Scotland.
It will help an investigator in enabling the potential participants to opt in or out of involving in the
investigation. For anonymity, relevant data about the respondents are not included as well as not
related to any other type of study outputs. At last, for confidentiality, results of an investigation are only
communicated with those who have main part in the output of research.
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
Data analysis introduces as an effective and useful process of inspecting, modelling and
transforming information with the purpose of discovering valuable data, informing valid
conclusion and assisting decision making. In addition, it is the useful process of evaluating
information applying logical and analytical reasoning to analyse each aspects of the data
provided. Data analysis will be finished with the use of thematic analysis. It refers as one of the
14

most common types of analysis within qualitative investigation. Thematic analysis focuses
pinpointing, evaluating and capturing themes of meaning within data.
4.2 Key themes
Questionnaire
Q1) Are you have knowledge about the construction project management?
a) Yes
b) No
Q2) Which type of challenges you faced in working in construction project management of
Australia?
a) Poor Communication
b) Inadequate Risk Management
c) Lack of Structure
Q3) Which kind of challenges or issues you faced in working in construction project
management of Scotland?
a) Unrealistic Expectations
b) Limited Skills
c) Delayed Cash Flow
Q4) What are the significant or common challenges in the construction projects of Australia
and Scotland?
a) Security issue
b) local governmental pressure
c) Technological challenges
d) legal challenges
Q5) What are the ways to deal with the construction project challenges?
a) Planning and management of safety measures
15

b) Effective cost and time management techniques
c) Involvement of advance strategies to enhance the quality
Q6) According to you, in which country regulation relating to construction is more restrict,
Scotland or Australia?
a) Scotland
b) Australia
c) Both
d) None of above
Q7) What is the most influential ways through which government control construction
industry?
a) Laws
b) Regulation
c) Injections and withdrawals of capital
Q8) What key competitive advantage is available to construction companies of Australasia
and Scotland?
a) Skilled labour
b) Cheaper rate of raw material
c) Other
Q9) Which nation provide more support to construction related to project, Scotland or
Australia?
a) Scotland
b) Australia
c) Both
d) None of above
Q10) Which country focuses on employing highly skilled and competent employees in their
16

construction projects?
a) Scotland
b) Australia
Q11) What ways according to you does the countries use to deal with risk associated with
construction?
a) Avoid the risk
b) Transfer the risk
c) Mitigate the risk
d) Accept the risk
Q12) Do you think construction industry in different countries faces distinct challenges?
a) Agree
b) Disagree
Q 13) Provide further recommendation to construction industry about its success at different
country.
Q1) Do you have knowledge about the
construction project management?
Frequency
a) Yes 60
b) No 18
Q2) Which type of challenges you faced in
working in construction project management
of Australia?
Frequency
a) Poor Communication 30
b) Inadequate Risk Management 20
17

c) Lack of Structure 28
Q3) Which kind of challenges or issues you
faced in working in construction project
management of Scotland?
Frequency
a) Unrealistic Expectations 28
b) Limited Skills 30
c) Delayed Cash Flow 20
Q4) What are the significant or common
challenges in the construction projects of
Australia and Scotland?
Frequency
a) Security issue 35
b) local governmental pressure 23
c) Technological challenges 20
Q5) What are the ways to deal with the
construction project challenges?
Frequency
a) Planning and management of safety
measures
35
b) Effective cost and time management
techniques
20
c) Involvement of advance strategies to
enhance the quality
23
Q6) According to you, in which country
regulation relating to construction is more
restrict, Scotland or Australia?
Frequency
18

a) Scotland 30
b) Australia 20
c) Both 10
d) None of above 18
Q7) What is the most influential ways
through which government control
construction industry?
Frequency
a) Laws 25
b) Regulation 23
c) Injections and withdrawals of capital 30
Q8) What key competitive advantage is
available to construction companies of
Australasia and Scotland?
Frequency
a) Skilled labour 30
b) Cheaper rate of raw material 28
c) Other 20
Q9) Which nation provide more support to
construction related to project, Scotland or
Australia?
Frequency
a) Scotland 20
b) Australia 30
c) Both 15
d) None of above 13
19

Q10) Which country focuses on employing highly skilled and competent
employees in their construction projects?
Frequency
a) Scotland 35
b) Australia 43
Q11) What ways according to you does the countries use to deal with
risk associated with construction?
Frequency
a) Avoid the risk 20
b) Transfer the risk 25
c) Mitigate the risk 18
d) Accept the risk 15
Q12) Do you think construction industry in different countries faces
distinct challenges?
Frequency
a) Agree 40
b) Disagree 38
20

Data Interpretation:
Theme 1: Knowledge about the construction project management
Q1) Do you have knowledge about the construction project
management?
Frequency
a) Yes 60
b) No 18
Interpretation: This pie chart has been concluded idea regading the construction project
management among 78 stakeholders. 60 out of 78 stakeholders have accurate idea about the
phenomena of construction project management. On the other side, remaining 18 stakeholders
not have any idea about the construction project management. As whole, most of the
stakeholders have accurate idea about the such concept which will helps construction industry by
enhancing its success and growth at marketplace.
Theme 2: Type of challenges in construction project management of Australia
Q2) Which type of challenges you faced in working in construction
project management of Australia?
Frequency
a) Poor Communication 30
b) Inadequate Risk Management 20
c) Lack of Structure 28
Interpretation: This graph has been determined challenges faced by stakeholders while
working in constrction project of Australia. For this, 30 stakeholders have opinion as
21

communication is major issue which will impacted while completion of construction project
successfully. 20 stakeholders have view as inadequate risk management is another challenges
which have been faced by respondents while working in Australia. Remaining 28 participants
have opinion as lack of structure is main issue which will directly impact on stakeholders.
Therefore, all these are major challenges which will effect on performance and productivity of
employees in a negative manner. As it will further impact on working style of stakeholder and
they not work in proper time manner.
Theme 3: Kind of challenges in construction project management of Scotland
Q3) Which kind of challenges or issues you faced in working in
construction project management of Scotland?
Frequency
a) Unrealistic Expectations 28
b) Limited Skills 30
c) Delayed Cash Flow 20
Interpretation: This chart has been interpreted kind of issues faced by stakeholders while
working in construction project management of Scotland. 28 out of 78 stakeholder have idea as
unrealistic expectation is major challenge which will impact over the performance of workers. 30
respondents have idea as limited skills is major kind of challenge which will negatively impact
on construction industry by reducing its profit and sales. 20 respondents have knowledge as
delayed cash flow is one of the major risk which will effect on industry as well as employees
also in negative manner. Therefore, all these are major challenges for stakeholder who are
working in construction project management of Scotland.
Theme 4: Common challenges in the construction projects of Australia and Scotland
Q4) What are the significant or common challenges in the construction
projects of Australia and Scotland?
Frequency
a) Security issue 35
22

Q4) What are the significant or common challenges in the construction
projects of Australia and Scotland?
Frequency
b) local governmental pressure 23
c) Technological challenges 20
Interpretation: According to above information it has been explained common
challenges in the construction projects of both country such as Australia and Scotland. 35 out of
78 stakeholders have opinion as security issue is major challenge which will directly impact on
safety of respondents. Accidents rate is high in construction projects within Scotland in compare
to Great Britain. Still accidents are happen in lack of safety measures. In construction site,
accidental ratio is more than 50% than Britain. 23 stakeholders have view as local governmental
pressure is one of the major issue which will negatively effect on labour as well as construction
industry also. Along with this, few studies claimed that construction projects get delays to local
governmental legislation and laws disrupts the procedure and leads to excessive time duration to
complete the projects. Remaining 20 out of 78 respondents have idea as technology is major
challenge which have been faced by stakeholders while working in both destination such as
Australia and Scotland. Therefore all these are major issues which will effect on stakeholders in
negative as well as direct manner.
Theme 5: Ways to deal with the construction project challenges
Q5) What are the ways to deal with the construction project challenges? Frequency
a) Planning and management of safety measures 35
b) Effective cost and time management techniques 20
c) Involvement of advance strategies to enhance the quality 23
23

Interpretation: This graph has been determined effective ways for dealing with
constrctuion project challenges in effective manner. 35 out of total stakeholder have view as
planning and management of safety measures is most effective way for overcoming security
issue in effective manner. Proper planning and management is essential for each construction
industry who are having their business in both destination such as Scotland and Australasia. 20
respondents have opinion as effective cost and time management techniques is also consider
essential aspect for dealing technological issue in systematic manner. Remaining 23 respondents
have opinion as involvement of advance strategies to enhance the quality which will support
construction industry by addressing issue of local governmental pressure. Thus, all these are
effective and useful ways for reducing issue in construction project management of Scotland and
Australia.
Theme 6: Which country regulation relating to construction is more restrict
Q6) According to you, in which country regulation relating to
construction is more restrict, Scotland or Australia?
Frequency
a) Scotland 30
b) Australia 20
c) Both 10
d) None of above 18
Interpretation: According to the above chart, it has been concluded regulation relating to
construction is more restrict in Scotland or Australia. 30 stakeholders have opinion as in
Scotland rules and regulations of government is higher which will effect on entire working in
direct manner. 20 respondents have idea, in Australasia regulation relating in construction is
more restrict. 10 participants have view as both countries have more regulation and remaining 18
respondents have to suggest none of above. Along with this, regulation are more strict in
Scotland which will effect on both labour as well as construction industry also.
Theme 7: Most influential ways through which government control construction industry
24

Q7) What is the most influential ways through which government
control construction industry?
Frequency
a) Laws 25
b) Regulation 23
c) Injections and withdrawals of capital 30
Interpretation: Above given information has been interpreted most influential and
effective ways through which government control construction industry. 25 out of 78
stakeholders have idea as accurate laws are more essential ways for construction industry to
overcome excess control of government systematically. 23 respondents have knowledge as
proper regulation in both countries such as Scotland and Australia is more essential in overcome
of government's control effectively. Remaining 30 respondents have view as injections and
withdrawals of capital is effective and best way for construction project of Scotland and
Australia in reduction of more control of government. As it will further support such type of
industry by giving best opportunities for future growth and success.
Theme 8: Competitive advantage is available to construction companies of Australasia and
Scotland
Q8) What key competitive advantage is available to construction
companies of Australasia and Scotland?
Frequency
a) Skilled labour 30
b) Cheaper rate of raw material 28
c) Other 20
25

Interpretation: According to the above data, it has been determined key competitive
benefit for construction companies of Australasia and Scotland. 30 out of 78 stakeholders have
opinion as skilled labour is main advantage for construction industry. As skilled workforce are
able to complete whole project within given time period and systematic manner. They will also
support an organisation by attracting large number of clients which will further helps in its
growth and success. 28 workers have idea as cheaper rate of raw material is best competitive
advantage for construction industry who have their outlets and working in Scotland and
Australia. With the help of cheaper rate of raw material, construction industry able to complete
their project easily and achieve competitive advantages within given time period. Remaining 20
respondents have to suggest other key competitive benefits which is available for construction
company of Australia and Scotland. Therefore, cheaper rate of raw material and skilled labour
assist an organisation in achievement of its competitive benefits within given time period.
Theme 9: Which nation provide more support to construction
Q9) Which nation provide more support to construction related to
project, Scotland or Australia?
Frequency
a) Scotland 20
b) Australia 30
c) Both 15
d) None of above 13
Interpretation: According to this graph, researcher will able to identify which country
provide more support to construction related to project. 20 out of 78 stakeholders have opinion as
Scotland give help to construction industry by providing capital, resource etc. It will assist them
in growth and success of construction organisation easily. 30 stakeholders have opinion as
Australia is best nation for constitution sector by giving skilled workforce, cheaper rate of raw
material etc. 15 respondents have idea as both nations supports by giving different helps to
them. Remaining 13 stakeholders have to suggest none of the above. As a conclusion Australia is
more supporting nation for constitution industry as compare to Scotland.
26

Theme 10: Which country focuses on employing highly skilled and competent employees
Q10) Which country focuses on employing highly skilled and competent
employees in their construction projects?
Frequency
a) Scotland 35
b) Australia 43
Interpretation: This graph has been concluded focuse of country in regards with
employing highly skilled and competent employees in their construction projects. 35 out of 78
stakeholders have accurate idea as Scotland is highly emphasis on employing competent and
highly skilled workers in their construction projects. 43 stakeholders have idea as Australia has
main focus on competent and knowledgeable employees in their project which is mainly related
with construction. Thus, Australia is highly focused country in regards with employing highly
skilled and competent employees. As it will help them in its development and growth within
given time duration.
Theme 11: Ways to deal with risk associated with construction
Q11) What ways according to you does the countries use to deal with
risk associated with construction?
Frequency
a) Avoid the risk 20
b) Transfer the risk 25
c) Mitigate the risk 18
27

Q11) What ways according to you does the countries use to deal with
risk associated with construction?
Frequency
d) Accept the risk 15
Interpretation: This graph has been interpreted different ways to deal with risk
associated with construction. 20 out of 78 stakeholders have opinion as construction industry
must avoid the risk which will help them in its success at marketplace. 25 stakeholders have
opinion as an organisation must transfer the risk which will support them by reducing burden of
risk on them. 18 respondents have view as mitigate the risk is another important option for
construction industry in reduction of any type of risk. Remaining 15 stakeholders who are
working in Scotland and Australia have view as company must accept the risk which will assist
them by providing better opportunities for future growth and development.
Theme 12: Construction industry in different countries faces distinct challenges
Q12) Do you think construction industry in different countries faces
distinct challenges?
Frequency
a) Agree 40
b) Disagree 38
Interpretation: Above given data has been determined construction industry in different
countries faces distinct challenges or not. 40 out of 78 stakeholders have to agree whereas
remaining 38 respondents are disagree about the same. Thus, number of agree stakeholders are
higher which will directly impact on success and growth of construction sector who are worked
in Scotland and Australia.
28

Interview
Q 1) Interviewer: What are your views on current circumstances in the construction
industry?
Construction project managers: It has been analysed by opinion of project managers that today
major role in improving and developing the infrastructure of society, played by construction
industry. But there are number of issues they are faced due to amendment of laws and regulations,
implementation of latest technologies, high skilled labours, provide safety and security to them etc.
So, all these factors causes delay in project, managing budget and more. In context with two main
countries that highly face these problems that are Australia and Scotland, it becomes highly
essential for them to identify current challenges and develop strategies to overcome the same.
Q 2) Interviewer: What are the major challenges that you think are threat to this
industry?
Construction project managers: Analysing the overall concept of construction project, it has been
analysed that there are number of challenges present that are currently faced by organisations
which deal in same sector. It includes security and safety issue, high risk of failure of project,
technological challenges, pressure of local government, public concerns and more. All these factors
arise problems in managing, executing as well as completing the project for society development, in
desired way. Along with this, risk of natural calamities like heavy rains, floods and more, that impact
adversely on time and cost of project. Similarly, safety concerns also arise challenges for
construction project, especially when it is based on underground constructional work. So, lack of
safety measures, shortage of skilled labour and latest technologies in such kind of problems reflects
high risk factors.
Q 3) Interviewer: How can such challenges in construction industry can be dealt with?
Construction project managers: As per views of project managers, it has been evaluated
construction industry contributes a major role in development of society by manufacturing roads,
building and more, therefore, it is highly essential for organisations that deal in this sector to
formulate a number of strategies to handle those problems that affect their project execution. It
mainly includes shortage of safety equipment and technology at construction site that may increase
chance of major accidents, so to deal with such risks and challenges, a company can incorporate
safety measures, design safety plans and provide professional training to its workers, that helps in
reducing the ratio of risk in construction projects. Hereby, planning and management of safety
measures lead to enhance productivity of workers by reducing the chance of major accidents that
create life issues for them. Concerning on environmental safety also provides support to
construction companies in reducing the accidents rate and health issues of labours. In context with
organisations, as they highly face issues related to cost ineffectiveness and over budget therefore,
to handle this problem, it proves beneficial to apply the concept of six sigma in project
29

management. This would prove more effective in managing the cost in all small and large
construction projects, as well as provide support in reducing cost, cycle-time management and
waste etc.
Q 4) Interviewer: What are the approaches that can be applied by a business to achieve
competitive advantage?
Construction project managers: In order to gain high competitive advantages as a project
managers, they think that organisations of both countries that are Australia and Scotland, must
concerns on formulating such strategies which concerns more on enhancing quality of work. Since
skill shortage is considered as the most critical issue under construction projects where to adopt
any new technique and approach, requires to develop productivity of workers first. So, it becomes
high essential for provide effective training to labours to increase their knowledge about new
technologies like BIM (Building Information Modelling), so that high cooperation of them can be
gained to enhance quality of project. Along with this, approaching one of the emerging strategy like
Off-site Manufacturing (OSM) also lead to complete project within set period of time with
enhancement of quality. This technique also help in resolving problems that both countries are
currently facing are skill shortage, quality, time and cost certainty. Thus, implementing such
approaches that are OSM and BIM help construction companies in getting high competitive factors.
Q 5) Interviewer: What methods do you follow to monitor and track the progress of
your construction project within Scotland and Australia?
Construction project managers: In order to monitor and track the progress of construction project,
managers have said that they can use like six sigma approach, Critical Path Method (CPM), PERT
techniques and more. Six-sigma approach proves as more effective technique for managing the
cost of any project whether at small and large level, as well as reduce cost, cycle-time management
and waste also. While CPM helps in identifying the critical path for readily completion of
construction project that ultimately reduces the overall cost of projects. But it majorly uses for the
large construction based project only, as it creates higher uncertainty of completion time in less
routine projects. In context with PERT technique i.e. Program evaluation and review technique, help
in reducing the time of the project because it mainly use to distribute the range of duration for each
specified activity in mega projects and save the cost and time
Q 6) Interviewer: As a knowledgeable construction project manager, do you have
experience hiring subcontractors or dealing with vendors?
Construction project managers: According to perception of managers of
Scotland and Australia, it has been analysed that there is good long term experience in hiring
subcontractors and dealing with vendors. Project manager have experience in hiring
subcontractors and dealing with vendors because they have good knowledge about
construction related work and in hiring contractors. It also had good knowledge about how
to deal with vendors and do profitable deals. Hiring subcontractors is an effective4 role
30

played by project manager and it knows how to hire appropriate and effective subordinates.
So yes, project manager have good experience in hiring subcontractors and dealing with
vendors as per the perception of Scotland manager and Australia manager.
Q 7) Interviewer: What methods do you follow to keep the construction project team
motivated in both country i.e. Scotland and Australia ?
There are many methods to motivate a constructions team in both countries. This can include
providing timely rewards for hard work. It is the responsibility of manger to stay engaged and aware
about its team and working conditions. Manager should not take the undue advantages of its team
and should keep a relaxed and comfortable atmosphere at construction site.
Q 8) Interviewer: According to you what types of risks associated in construction?
In construction of building, roads and other things many risk are associated and the biggest risk is
related with the security of workers and third party. Despite of all safety measures a construction
site is always dangerous and full of health hazards. Hence it is necessary that all are well aware and
familiar about safety rules. Therefore, enforce of safety regulations and proper training of work and
crew is necessary to minimize the risk and injury at construction site. One more risk associated with
construction work is liability of faulty or unsound construction that can lead to loss of money in
form of reimbursement. Proper compliance with building codes and safety standards is the most
effective way to get rid of this risk.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
It has been from this dissertation that the major problems that construction industry contributes a
major role in improving the infrastructure of a country. But due to some factors like labour safety,
interference of government, low skilled employees, lack of technological advancement, seasonal
changes and more, companies that deal in construction business are facing a lot of trouble. As under this
report, investigation is done on two major companies that are Australia and Scotland where first one
faces problems due to ineffective management, while later one in dealing with problem related to
shortage of skilled workers. Therefore, it has delayed in construction work that further impact on
enhancement of sustainable infrastructure on countries as well. Furthermore, it has been evaluated
from overall investigation that challenges like delay in time, increased in cost, technical issues, along
with shortage of skilled workers etc. mainly causes due to involvement of various stakeholders like
public, investors, government and more. So, these issues high impact on both countries in
accomplishment of projects within set budget and period of time. Along with this, another challenging
role that organisations of Australia and Scotland are currently facing is changes in weather conditions,
because rain, flood and any natural calamity impact adversely on construction project, which includes
road development or building any site. Therefore, it becomes highly essential for organisations to
31

develop a number of strategies and proper management plan. Furthermore, from various researchers
point of view, it has been analysed that as construction work includes a number of tasks like resource
management, workforce management, wastage and environmental safety etc. So, using of latest
technologies helps in managing entire work more effectively and provide chance to reduce occurrence
of risk as well. But it demands high cost and investment for introducing new technology and providing
training to workers to make them able to work with same. Furthermore, as there is a high risk factor
associated within construction work therefore, concerning on safety of them also create issues.
In this regard, a number of research techniques have been used that reflects that there are number of
ways present that helps construction companies in managing, executing and completing the project,
timely in desired manner. It includes planning and management of safety measures, effective costs and
time management techniques, formulating number of strategies to deal with future challenges and
enhancement of quality etc. All these procedures aid Australian and Scotland organisations in managing
construction project more effectively. Hereby, to incorporate these changes in project management, this
research entails that in construction work, government of a country plays a main role, in giving support
to construction companies for improving and developing the infrastructure of society. They also provide
raw materials used in construction like cement, bricks and other concrete materials on cheap price and
adequate amount of funds as well. So, organisations can gain high support of government by amending
laws and regulations in constructional work. But it also assist organisations to make changes in business
practices like risk management, security and safety procedures, resource management and more as per
governmental law. This would may impact on working procedures and organisational policies more.
5.2 Recommendations
Working in the construction site is most dangerous occupation. In the construction sector, safety is one
of the most necessary concern. It is essential for the management to use the better safety measures in
order to safe the workers from any kind of harm. It is necessary that all the muniments as well as
materials should be stored in a proper manner and also prevent the materials from any kind of damage.
On the other hand, firm should be assure about safe loading the limits for materials which store inside
the building. All the passageways should keep clear for the workers in a better or effective manner. It is
essential to use the cellar signage so that the construction site in the Australia and Scotland to use the
safe procedure by consisting the 24 hour emergency number and also the clear directions to site office.
In addition to this, the restricted sites is not about to preventing the equipments from damage. There is
a need to use better security measures in place that helps in restrict the access to work outside of the
working hours for the purpose of protect employees from the potential construction hazards. On the
other hand, construction sites should have the separate exit and the entry points for the heavy
machines and for the purpose to assure the safety at the high- traffic in construction sites.
For better improvement, company need to use new and advance technology within the business
activities. This will improve the overall performance of the company at market place. In context of
construction company, use of technology instruments should advance machineries that may aid in
improving the quality of construction project. One of the main advantage of using technology is to
reduce the chances of errors and at the same time also improve labours to improve their skills.
Furthermore, Building information Modelling (BIM) should be implement by the company because it is
beneficial for managing quality and effective project processing. This will improve safety and security at
constriction area. This is also beneficial for Australia and Scotland to develop safe and secure
constriction so that people feel safe. In context of organisation, appropriate training and development
activities should be provided to the workers who are working at a construction sites. In this the main
focus of company is to provide better guidance to the people so that they easily perform their activities
with appropriate safety. This will contribute in managing risk so that project can be successfully done.
32

Use of advance and innovative technology help company in reducing cost and at the same time also
make develop positive rated within the construction project. For attaining the same, skilled workforce is
also required by the company so that they easily handle all the technologies in effective way. All these
are directly contribute in improving the quality and rating of construction project.
It is recommended to that manager to adopt the CPM tool instead of six-sigma as it is more effective and
appropriate tool. As the Critical path method is very relevant for the long time as well as complex
projects. Along with this it is beneficial tool to analysing the path as well as durations of projects and it is
also useful technique for reducing the total cost of project. Along with this CPM approach helps the
project manager in managing and the completing project in flow and in routine in a effective and
efficient manner.
In this project they are focusing on the time and cost of that particular project. So for solving this
problems they use many techniques and PERT is one of them. Yamin and Harmekink apply this
technique of PERT for reducing the time of project. Through using this method they can reduce cost of
the project. After it it has been analysed that overall cost of the project is effect by this in positive
manner. This technique can use for large and small projects and it support in various way. In Australia
country This technique mostly use for reduction of overall cost of [project because it is a effective
method and beneficial for the organisation as well as employees. Through this technique they also
improve the quality and find a easy way as a output.
Furthermore, it is recommended to the project manager to focus on using six sigma approach as this
method is highly effective in assuring that quality if the project can be managed in effective manner.
With reference to the construction industry, it can be said that project manager could improve the
quality of project by using this approach. This will not only relevancy of their project but it will also
contribute in gaining competitive advantage in whole construction industry. For the project executed in
Scotland and Australia, adoption of this approach will also help them in finishing up their project within
provided time frame as well as cost. Along with this, it can also said that this approach is best feasible
for all sizes of business that is small, medium and large. As a result, with this method the company can
easily decide actual nature of project, its associated time and overall budget. In a whole sum, it can be
said that six sigma approach is seen as the effective approach with the help of which cost of project can
be reduced. In addition to this, it also reduces time of the project effectively in the time limit of whole
project.
33

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