CHD: Risk Factors, Prevalence, and Global Strategies Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). It begins with an introduction to CHD, its impact, and the importance of health maintenance. Task A delves into the risk factors associated with CHD, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and physical inactivity. The etiology of CHD is discussed, considering factors such as age, family history, and smoking. The report outlines common symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath, followed by a discussion of diagnostic methods, including ECG, and disease management strategies. Task B examines the impact of international, economic, environmental, and political issues on CHD management, particularly in the UK. The report also presents prevalence data, highlighting the disease's burden and the need for government strategies. It compares the situations in the UK and South Africa, detailing the causes and management approaches for CHD in both countries. The report concludes with a reflection on the discussed topics.

Coronary heart
disease

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
Task A.........................................................................................................................................................3
Task B..........................................................................................................................................................5
Task C..........................................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Coronary heart disease (CHD) damages the heart’s major blood vessels. It impacts the
blood circulation to the heart of a person, creating a higher-level of risk as the body unable to
function proper.(Bechthold and et.al., 2019). In this report, a specific focus will be made on risk
factors of Coronary heart disease, discussion of the impact of various types of issues, discussion
of the aetiology and assessment of the prevalence of CHD, strengths and limitations of global
strategies. Additionally, a specific analysis on the reflection will be made as a part of this
assignment.
Task A
Health is a state of physical, social and mental well-being in which there is an absence of
disease and infirmity. Therefore, it is desired that all the individuals must focus on maintaining
their health so that will be quite helpful in ensuring the individuals are able to maintain their
fitness and it will help them in avoiding diseases (Ellison, Grønbæk and Skovenborg, 2021).
Coronary Heart Disease is a major disease faced by a lot of people all around the world
and therefore this affects both their physical as well as mental health (Hopewell and et.al., 2020).
This disease affects people from all age groups and therefore they are required to get appropriate
treatment which will help them in dealing with the impact created by this disease(Chen and
Levy, 2016).
Risk factors associated with the disease-
High Blood Pressure- People with the problem of High Blood Pressure are affected by this
disease and it creates a higher risk for them(Hsue and Waters, 2019).
High Blood Cholesterol- People with High Blood Cholesterol face a higher-level of risk due
to this disease because they face a risk of blockage of blood flow to the heart (He and et.al.,
2020).
Diabetes- People having the problem of Diabetes are affected by this disease as presence of
High Blood Sugar can increase the risk of this disease.
Physical inactivity- People who are physically inactive are at risk due to the impact of this
disease as lack of physical activity can be a high-risk factor for this disease.
Etiology in healthcare refers to a set of causes which can lead towards a particular
disease. Therefore, it is quite important that the analysis of these causes can be made so
that the appropriate actions can be taken regarding the treatment of the disease. The
causes of Coronary Heart Disease are explained as follows-

Age- With an increase in age, there are higher chances of the arteries of the heart getting
blocked which can lead towards Coronary Heart Disease. Therefore, Older Men and Women
are at a higher risk of getting this disease as compared to Younger Men and Women.
Family History- If there is a higher-level of prevalence of this disease in a person’s family
then this can lead towards Coronary Heart Disease and therefore this disease can create an
impact on both men and women because they will be highly affected from this disease (Isola
and et.al., 2019).
Smoking- People who smoke are at risk of facing this disease because smoking affects the
lungs of a person and also affects the other organs of the body as well.
Diabetes- People facing Diabetes disease are also at the risk of facing this disease because
they have a higher-level of sugar in their blood which can affect the flow of blood to the
heart thereby leading towards this disease.
Symptoms-
There are different types of symptoms which are associated with this disease. The
symptoms can be explained as follows-
 Chest Pain- It is a major symptom of CHD. People who complain about having
regular Chest Pain are often patients of CHD.
 Shortness of Breath- It is another major symptom of CHD. Some people who face
this issue have problem of CHD.
Thus, the patients having these particular symptoms have the problem of CHD. Thus it is
quite important that the symptoms are identified early so that the treatment of CHD can
be started which will help in ensuring that the management of the disease can be carried
out.
Diagnosis-
A person who has the symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease will first visit the Doctor.
The Doctor will ask a few questions from the patient which he/she is required to answer.
Thereafter, certain tests can also be conducted by the Doctor which can confirm the
disease. The most common of these tests is Electrocardiodiagram i.e. ECG. ECG can be
used to assess the way in which the Heart is functioning. Therefore, In this manner the
overall assessment of the way in which the Heart tends to function can be assessed which
will be quite helpful un ensuring that the appropriate actions can be taken regarding
treatment if an issue is found (Jiang and et.al., 2019).
Disease Management-
The Doctors can provide an appropriate course of treatment which is required to be
followed by the patients who are facing Coronary Heart Disease i.e. CHD. Therefore, in

this way the patients will be able to make sure that they follow the proper course of
treatment which the Doctors are providing to them which can be helpful for them in
managing their regular lifestyle along with this Disease.
Most of the Doctors prescribe a mix of Medicines, Exercise and Fitness Plan as a
treatment for this disease initially after the operation has been conducted. This helps the
patients by ensuring their speedy recovery and thus helps them a lot.
Task B
(i)- Sustainable Development Goals refer to the various types of goals which can be set
up in order to ensure that the organizations can ensure that everyone is included as a part of the
development which is being done. This will be helpful in ensuring everyone’s participation.
Therefore in this way it can be said that it is quite important for the firms to set up the SDG. This
will be quite helpful in ensuring that the overall level of sustainability can be managed within the
organizations.
UK is a developed country and there is advanced medical facilities which are available to
the patients which help them in dealing in a better manner with the disease which they are
facing (Navar, 2019). However there can be different types of issues which can be faced
within the country. Therefore, the impact which is created by the following issues is
explained as follows-
Impact of international issues- UK is facing international issues because it has
recently implemented the policy of Brexit. Therefore, it has led towards a debate on the
international platforms (Paynter and et.al., 2018). It will impact patients facing CHD
because there are many talented Doctors and other healthcare professionals who come
from the other countries and therefore it is quite essential that the appropriate actions can
be taken which will help in dealing with the international issues. The impact will be
created on the patients facing CHD because they may not get proper treatment due to this
reason.
Impact of economic issues- UK is a developed country and has a strong
economy. However, the economic growth has been hit because of the influence of Brexit
and the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this will create an impact on the patients facing
CHD because the lack of economic growth in the country will mean that many
experienced healthcare professionals will leave the country for better opportunities which
will thus impact the treatment which the patients are getting.
Impact of environmental issues- UK has stricter environmental rules and
regulations. Therefore this can impact the patients who are getting the treatment for CHD
because stricter environmental rules and regulations may mean that the use of some of the

modes of treatment of CHD cannot be made. Therefore, this will create an overall level
of impact on the patients who are facing CHD.
Impact of political issues- UK is a developed country. However, it also faces a
lot of political issues. The influence of these issues has particularly increase since the
implementation of Brexit in the economy. Therefore, this is affecting the patients who are
receiving the treatment of CHD because it will impact the development of the hospitals
and the other healthcare facilities which are required in order to provide the best possible
treatment to the different patients in the country. Thus, in this way it is affecting a lot of
patients who are facing CHD and thus is creating an overall level of impact on them.
Thus, it can be said that it is quite important that the various types of
international, economic, environmental and political issues are handled in a proper
manner which will be helpful in ensuring that the appropriate course of action can be
developed in order to provide the best possible treatment to the patients who are facing
this disease which will particularly help a lot in ensuring that they can be provided with
the right treatment in a proper manner effectively and efficiently. For dealing with these
issues, it is important that the policy changes in healthcare can be implemented. This will
be quite helpful in dealing in a better manner with these types of issues.
According to a study, Ischemic Heart Disease affects about 126 million individuals which
is approximately 1.72% of the world’s population. Also Nine Million Deaths were caused
by it globally.
The current prevalence rate of Ischemic Heart Disease is at around 1,655 per 100,000 of
population. It is expected to increase to 1,845 by the year 2030. Therefore, it can be said
that there will be a higher-prevalence of this disease in the future and this will create a
particular level of impact on the patients. Therefore, the Government is required to make
sure that a proper strategy is made in order to deal with the impact which will be created
by this particular disease on the people in the future. Therefore, advanced medical
facilities are required to deal with its impact in the right manner (Kokubo and et.al.,
2020).
Due to the high prevalence of the disease there is a burden which is created by it on the
Government Expenditure. It results in an increase in the Government Expenditure and
therefore the healthcare costs are increased as a result.
(ii)- South Africa is a developing country. Here, there is a high prevalence of CHD in the
people (König and et.al., 2020). The causes of prevalence of CHD here are as follows-
 High Blood Pressure
 Smoking
 Drinking Excessively

 Poor Eating Habits
 Obesity and Lack of Physical Activity
Due to these particular reasons, there is a higher-level of prevalence of CHD in South
Africa which is affecting the health of the people in the country and is also creating an
impact on the healthcare system of the country (Soares-Miranda and et.al., 2016).
UK is a developed country. CHD is highly prevalent there. Therefore, due to the
prevalence of this disease there are many people in the country who are affected by this
disease (Santos and et.al., 2020). The causes of prevalence of CHD here are as follows-
 Smoking
 High Blood Pressure
 High Cholesterol
 Lack of regular exercise
 Diabetes
Due to the influence of these particular reasons, the CHD is very prevalent in UK (Uddin
and et.al., 2016). This is thus creating an impact on the health of the people in the country
and is affecting the healthcare system quite badly.
Diagnosis and Management of CHD-
In South Africa, the Diagnosis and Management of CHD of people is done by both public
as well as private hospitals which make sure that they are able to ensure that they are able
to provide the appropriate course of treatment to the people who are facing this disease.
However the healthcare system in the country is still not sound enough to deal with the
problems of the people who have major complications due to CHD.
In UK, the Diagnosis and Management of CHD is done by ensuring that the treatment of
the people who are facing this particular disease is done through the way of identifying
the course of treatment which they can be given. The Public and Private Hospitals work
in the right coordination to make sure that the people face no inconvenience and are able
to get the desired treatment.
Differences-
As compared to Healthcare System in South Africa, the Healthcare System in UK is
much more advanced and developed and therefore can handle a large number of patients
which is helpful in ensuring that the patients are provided with appropriate treatment and
they can deal with their particular needs and requirements. Also, In South Africa there is
a lack of availability of advanced medical equipments for the treatment of CHD as
compared to UK where such advanced medical equipments are available (Valtorta and
et.al., 2016).

(iii)- There are various global strategies which are proposed by the organizations like
WHO which are helpful in ensuring that the prevalence of CHD can be managed. The
Strengths and Limitations of these strategies are explained in the following manner-
Strengths-
 These strategies are helpful in ensuring that the risk factors of CVD and their
determinants can be identified. This helps in ensuring that the government can raise the
awareness level of its citizens so that they are able to take these risk factors into account
and thus can make sure that they are able to deal with the impact created by this disease.
Therefore in this way this can help in ensuring that the proper treatment which is required
to be provided to the patients can be given which will help them in fighting this disease in
a better manner.
 The use of these strategies can be made so as to make sure that the cost effective methods
for providing the best treatment to the patients can be developed which will help in
ensuring that the costs can be determined and the appropriate methods for reducing these
costs can be used effectively and efficiently. In this way the best way of identifying and
reducing the excessive costs can be applied which will be helpful for the patients in
ensuring that they are provided with the best possible treatment and thus this will lead
towards ensuring that they are able to deal with the impact of this disease.
Weaknesses-
 These strategies are not useful to be applied everywhere in the world. In most of the
developing countries there are various problems related with healthcare and thus in this
way this creates an impact on the application of these strategies there and affects their
implementation.
 These strategies are not helpful in taking into account the changes in the healthcare and
the advanced level of medical treatment which is available for the patients. Therefore, in
this way it can be said that this particularly creates a problem as the advanced level of
medical treatment is quite essential to be used in providing the best treatment and care to
the people who are facing this disease (Weitao, 2020).
Task C
Scenario- I am a student studying in a university. I have an interest in Healthcare and
therefore I keenly follow all the news and updates related to Healthcare. Therefore, I want to
reflect on the issues of health equity/inequality, healthcare accessibility and effectiveness of
interventions. This will help me in reflecting back on my learning. As a responsible citizen of my
country I wish to focus on reflecting back on my experience in learning about healthcare subjects
which are quite helpful in ensuring that the development of overall knowledge can be done in a
proper manner. This will be helpful in leading towards better application of the knowledge in a
right way.

Reflection is a method through which the past experiences of a person can be taken into
account and thus this can be helpful in ensuring that the person is able to ensure that the recount
of these experiences can be made properly (Veronesi and et.al., 2016). The use of different
models can be made for this particular purpose. Gibbs model is one of them. The application of
this model can made in the following manner-
Description- This refers to the description of the situation (Wang and et.al., 2018). While
studying healthcare subjects I have found out that a person can develop his/her learning as in
these subjects there are various practical aspects which are required to be studied through which
the analysis of the situation can be carried out in a better way. I can state that the study of these
subjects require a person to develop critical understanding skills through which he/she is able to
make sure that the situational analysis can be carried out in a proper manner and thus the
different types of conclusions and recommendation from this analysis can be derived which can
be quite useful. As a responsible citizen, I wish to make sure that the study of healthcare subjects
helps me in gaining knowledge which will help me in taking appropriate decisions in the future
for the benefit of the citizens.
Feelings- This refers to the feelings which were there during the experience (Wirtz and
von Känel, 2017). Through the study of healthcare subjects I have developed positive feelings.
This is due to the fact that in the study of these subjects one is required to make sure that the
analysis of the situation is done in the right way and therefore the necessary actions can be taken
accordingly. As a responsible citizen it is quite essential that I develop positive feelings towards
studying these subjects which will help me in my duties in the future.
Evaluation- This refers to the evaluation of the situation. As a student studying
healthcare subjects I have faced many situations where the application of the practical way of
thinking had to be done in ensuring that the better way of dealing with the situation can be
developed and used. As a responsible citizen, it is quite necessary for me to regularly evaluate
myself so that I am able to find out my own problems and issues. This will be quite helpful for
me in ensuring that I can take the right rectifying actions effectively and efficiently in a proper
manner.
Conclusions- This refers to the conclusions which can be drawn on the situation. These
are helpful as through them an Analysis and Interpretation of the situation can be carried out
properly. As a student studying healthcare subjects, I have developed many conclusions and
therefore the use of the information related with these conclusions can be used properly in
ensuring that the better way of dealing with the situations can be developed. As a responsible
citizen, it is important for me to conclude on my different sort of findings which will help me in
ensuring that I am able to attain my particular goals and objectives in the future.
Action- This refers to the actions which can be taken according to the situation (Zhu and
et.al., 2016). As a student studying healthcare subjects, I have made sure that the actions can be

developed according to the situation which will be helpful for me in the future when I get
employment in the healthcare field as I can make sure that I am able to deal in a better way with
the situations effectively and efficiently. As a responsible citizen, it is important for me to
develop an action plan so that I am able to bring improvement in myself and contribute to the
best of my skills and abilities so that I can help in the attainment of the various types of goals and
objectives in the future in the right manner and help in adding value towards the society.
Link between concepts and definitions of health with the various stages in the
progression of this chronic disease-
Coronary Heart Disease i.e. CHD is a chronic disease which is faced by many people all
around the world. There are various stages of this particular disease. It is important that
the people are well aware about basic healthcare terminology and can thus identify the
symptoms of this disease quickly. This is very important because by identifying the
symptoms of this disease quickly the appropriate course of treatment can be determined
which will be helpful in recovering faster from this disease.
There is a particular link between the important definitions of health and the various stages of
progression of this disease. This is so because by being well aware about this type of link the
people can make sure that they are able to take appropriate actions at the initial stage of this
particular disease which will be helpful in ensuring that the proper treatment can be given in a
highly effective manner (Khamis, Ammari and Mikhail, 2016). Therefore, in this way the best
possible treatment can be provided to the people who will be thus required by them so that they
are able to recover faster from this disease.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that Coronary Heart Disease refers to a
disease in which the functioning of the heart is affected. Therefore, it can be said that the
healthcare systems in the countries are required to be developed so that the impact of this
particular disease can be found out in the right manner and this will help a lot in ensuring that the
proper treatment to the people can be given so that they are able to deal with the impact created
by this disease. Also, this disease affects a lot of people across many countries in the world and
there is a requirement for ensuring that the Governments of the developing countries are able to
develop their healthcare system in such a manner so that they are able to ensure that the best
possible medical treatment can be provide to the people in the right manner so that they can deal
with this disease.

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