Effect of Coronary Heart Disease in Australia: A Comprehensive Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Australia, examining its incidence and prevalence based on the latest statistics from 2017-2018, highlighting that approximately 580,500 Australians are diagnosed with CHD. It identifies key risk factors, including age, sex, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. The report details various health promotion initiatives, such as strengthening sustainable financing, restricting tobacco use, encouraging physical activity, and educating the public, while also referencing the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and its relevance. Additionally, it explores NMBA codes and standards for primary health care and outlines nursing interventions aimed at preventing and managing CHD. The report concludes with references to relevant research articles and a pamphlet used for the assignment.

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 1
Effect of Coronary Heart Diseae in Australia
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 2
Incidence and prevalence of Cornonary artery disease
According to the reports of the National Health Survey, shared by Australian Bureau of
Statistics in 2017-2018, an estimated 580,500 Australian who are aged 18 or over have been
diagnosed with Coronary heart disease at point in their life. The prevalence of cardiovascular
disease among the Australians are quite high, heart disease has caused a considerable amount
of deaths in Australia (Nedkoff et al, 2019). It is more common among males (5.5%) than
females (5.1%). According to the reports, around 52 Australians die everyday due to heart
disease, and it is responsible for the death of around 18600 Australians in 2017. In 2013-
2014, there were around 150,000 hospitalizations were recorded in which Coronary heart
disease was the primary diagnosis. Of these, about 35% were for heart attack and 33% for
angina or chest pain (Sanchis-Gomar et al, 2016).
Target audience
Cardiovascular disease is more common in older age group peoples, it was found that the risk
of heart disease is more prevalent among people within the age group 65-80, than the people
lying within 45-55 years. People who are 25 years of age or over are found to suffer from
acute coronary heart disease (Sarink et al, 2018). Moreover, CHD is more common in males,
than females, rates were as high at 1.7 times in males as compared to females.

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 3
Risk factors
The risk factors associated with Coronary Heart Disease are:
Age – older people tends to have more risk of CHD than the younger ones, due to increasing
damage and narrowing of arteries with age.
Sex – Men are more likely to suffer from Coronary heart disease than the women, however
the risk for women increases during menopause
Family History – Family history is also found to be associated with higher risk of Coronary
Heart Disease
Smoking – People who smoke regularly have an increased risk of heart disease. Secondhand
smoking is also not safe (Hackshaw et al, 2018).
High blood pressure – Having an uncontrolled blood pressure can lead to hardening and
thickening of the arteries, narrowing the channels through which blood flows.
High blood cholesterol levels – High level of cholesterol in blood can increase the risk of
plaque formation leading to atherosclerosis. High cholesterol can result from high level of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)(Wadhera et al,
2016)
Diabetes – Type 2 diabetes can lead to coronary heart disease
Health promotion initiatives
Strengthening sustainable financing and systems for supporting health promotion and
prevention
Restricting use of tobacco

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 4
Encouraging people to take part in physical activities like exercise, yoga and walking, which
will ensure better health of the heart
Educating the common mass about the health risk and complexities associated with heart
disease through campaigns, workshops and conferences (Saidi et al, 2019)
Expanding the accessibility or affordability of aboriginal heart health and cardiac
rehabilitation programs to the rural areas
Increasing State government funding and support for heart research through the new
“Cardiovascular Health Research Network” of the Heart Foundation group
Realtion with the Ottowa Charter for Health Promotion strategies
The Ottowa Charter health promotion program was released in 1986. It focused on health
promotion activities like building healthy public policy, strengthening community action and
creating a supportive environment, which fosters well-being of people.
Building a healthy public policy, which will address the health issues among the people as
their priority and merge different complementary approaches for promoting health condition.
The Australian government should fund for events, which aims to educate the common
people about the health risk of developing coronary heart disease
Reorientation of health services helps to lower the incidence rates of coronary heart disease
by providing sufficient knowledge about the risk factors of cardiovascular disease through
health promotion strategies (Thompson, Watson & Tilford, 2018)
Strengthening the community action is also important as it enhances the involvement of the
whole community, who work together to raise awareness against coronary heart disease
Creating supportive environment which will promote the well-being of an individual by
opting for a healthy lifestyle, reducing exposure to risk factors for heart disorders

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 5
Other Health Promotion strategies
Developing personal skills and gathering knowledge about the risk factors of lung cancer
significantly lowers the chance of getting affected by coronary heart disease along with
promoting physical activity reduces the risk of obesity and helps to maintain a healthy and fit
body. Apart from these, building an ‘active’ public policy across all sectors and all levels of
the community for creating or removing barriers to participating in physical activities.
Furthermore, Providing education and sharing of information through campaigns for
promotion of public awareness.
NMBA codes and standards for Primary Health Care
Promoting health and wellbeing of the individuals through proper evidence based practice
Engaging in professional relationship and collaboration with other health
practitioners(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for
practice, 2020)
Understanding comprehensive assessment and developing a treatment plan, along with
providing adequate safety and enhanced quality of health care to patients
Evaluating outcomes to improve the quality practice
Nursing interventions for coronary heart disease
Nurses play an important role in the prevention of coronary heart disease by thorough risk
assessment of the disease. They help the patients by providing them a good healthy lifestyle
and encourage them to remain fit by physical exercise (Anderson et al,2016), provide them
with necessary medications like aspirin or beta blocker. They also administer oxygen therapy
as prescribed. They also educate the patients and their families about the risk factors of

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 6
coronary heart disease and their subsequent management to prevent heart attack or stroke in
the future.

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 7
REFERENCE
Anderson, L., Oldridge, N., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A. D., Rees, K., Martin, N., & Taylor,
R. S. (2016). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease:
Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology, 67(1), 1-12.
Cardiovascular Disease Statistics In Australia. Bestcardiovasculardisease.blogspot.com.
(2020). Retrieved 19 March 2020, from
https://bestcardiovasculardisease.blogspot.com/2018/04/cardiovascular-disease-
statistics-in.html.
Hackshaw, A., Morris, J. K., Boniface, S., Tang, J. L., & Milenković, D. (2018). Low
cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of
141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. Bmj, 360, j5855.
Nedkoff, L., Goldacre, R., Greenland, M., Goldacre, M. J., Lopez, D., Hall, N., ... & Wright,
F. L. (2019). Comparative trends in coronary heart disease subgroup hospitalisation
rates in England and Australia. Heart, 105(17), 1343-1350.
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards.
Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (2020). Retrieved 13 March 2020, from
https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/
Professional-standards.aspx.
Saidi, O., O’Flaherty, M., Zoghlami, N., Malouche, D., Capewell, S., Critchley, J. A., ... &
Guzman Castillo, M. (2019). Comparing Strategies to Prevent Stroke and Ischemic
Heart Disease in the Tunisian Population: Markov Modeling Approach Using a

EFFECT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA 8
Comprehensive Sensitivity Analysis Algorithm. Computational and mathematical
methods in medicine, 2019.
Sanchis-Gomar, F., Perez-Quilis, C., Leischik, R., & Lucia, A. (2016). Epidemiology of
coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome. Annals of translational
medicine, 4(13).
Sarink, D., Nedkoff, L., Briffa, T., Shaw, J. E., Magliano, D. J., Stevenson, C., ... & Norman,
P. (2018). Trends in age-and sex-specific prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular
disease in Western Australia. European journal of preventive cardiology, 25(12),
1280-1290.
Thompson, S. R., Watson, M. C., & Tilford, S. (2018). The Ottawa Charter 30 years on: still
an important standard for health promotion. International Journal of Health
Promotion and Education, 56(2), 73-84.
Wadhera, R. K., Steen, D. L., Khan, I., Giugliano, R. P., & Foody, J. M. (2016). A review of
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies, and its impact on
cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Journal of clinical lipidology, 10(3),
472-489.

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Appendix
We have used this pamphlet for the assignment.