Child Development: Exploring Theories and Case Study Analysis Report

This report delves into the multifaceted field of child development, presenting a comprehensive overview of key theoretical frameworks and their practical applications. The report begins by defining child development and its crucial stages, highlighting the significance of biological, psychological, and emotional changes from birth through adolescence. It then explores Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, examining the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem, and illustrating how these interconnected systems influence a child's growth. The report further investigates Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory, Piaget's cognitive theory, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, providing insights into the stages of development and the factors that shape a child's cognitive and social abilities. A case study is incorporated to analyze resilience within the context of these theories, offering a practical perspective on the impact of family dynamics and environmental influences on a child's well-being. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the importance of understanding child development to support healthy growth and address potential challenges.

CHILD
DEVELOPMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Urie Bronfenbrenner model ...................................................................................................1
five ecological system............................................................................................................2
Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory........................................................................3
Piaget's cognitive theory ........................................................................................................4
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory ............................................................................................5
Resilience as per the case study..............................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Child development defined as the continuous changes in biological, psychological and
also emotional changes that will develop inside human while they came in the age of
development. This show the development between birth and the conclusion of adolescent. There
are three main type of child development stage which is early childhood, middle childhood and
adolescent age (Bailey and et. al., 2018). The early childhood has a range of infancy to age of 5-
year-old. As per this, the development of child is crucial like learning to crawl and learning to
walk these all aspect is developing during early development age of child. This state that, at
every stage the development and formulation of personality of child is initiated, this initiation
cause many of physical, biological and emotional changes. So, as per the given study, this report
refers as the child development, which is facing issue and stress regards with family. As per the
additional theory and evidence this reports defined various aspect of growing pattern of a child.
Some deviation is caused due to stress or by abnormal situation in phase of child development
(Walker 2017).
MAIN BODY
Urie Bronfenbrenner model
The child development has many of vital concept in all which there is and American
psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner who was discussed on theories of child development. He
studied about various aspect of children in unfamiliar laboratory environment with one other
person (Boyette 2016). This concept is usually based on stranger, where the theory is ecological
invalid this is elaborated by Mary Ainsworth in 1970 on their experiment strange situation. As
per the given case study, Sarah do not interact with people and negotiating herself to make new
friend. She resists herself to go with stranger and make new relation with them. This indicate that
her behaviour is disturb because of their family issue, which make her do not trustful for the
strange people. In this context, Urie Bronfenbrenner claimed that the studies which is based on
unidirectional meaning that the experimental studies which is analysed to influence A and B. for
example stranger/ mother with a child. Whether, looking on the possible influence of child and
stranger/ mother or by interruption of influences.
Bronfenbrenner used to do these research in well maintained way as per this the
laboratory feature of this research are usually not characterized with environments that should
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needed by child for their development. As per this, Urie Bronfenbrenner recognise essential and
various vision that create a sense of a developing child's life is get interact with and affect child.
While on this there are various aspect which influence factor and the context or say that ecology
of development. He proposed ecological systems theory which is based on dynamic interaction
that the environments need to develop a child (Chisholm 2017). Urie Bronfenbrenner show the
environment is explicitly and implicitly considered as mechanism in child development.
Five ecological system
As per this there are five ecological systems is discussed, Urie Bronfenbrenner suggest
approaches that is environment of the child is an arrangement of structures, each contained
within the next phase of life. The five structure is named as micro system, mesosystem,
exosystem, macro system and chronosystem. These five system are interrelated; this influence
the various system on a child development which is depend on its relationship with others.
Microsystem: This is first stage of Urie Bronfenbrenner theory, which defined the direct contact
with child in their immediate environment include parents, sibling’s teachers and school peers. It
state that the relationship in a microsystem is bi-directional. In this the child may get influenced
by other people in their own environment and this tends to change the belief and thought of
child. As per this context, Sarah facing emotional imbalance in their thoughts and way of
thinking. She hurt by her dad who left his mother alone and this psychicism condition of Sarah
create many dimensional thinking to overcome but she fails. Moreover, there are various reaction
of child to individual in their microsystem can influenced how they treat to child in return and
this create another way of thinking (Coyne and et. al., 2016). If a child is being developed in
strong relationship with their parents, this is said to have a positive effect on the development of
child.
Mesosystem: This is well defined as interaction between microsystem and child and these
interactions caused positive response towards the child. There is also other interaction which is
based on child parent and teacher or between school and siblings. As per this, Sarah used to get
interacted in such a way which help to develop social feeling. This feeling help him to get
interacted with people. The isolation of herself for long create mental illness for Sarah. This
system is overall state about various interaction which is drive by child during their development
phase.
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Exosystem: This theory is developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner in 1970s. It deals with formal and
informal social structures. Which do not bother a child, but indirectly influence them as they
effect on of their microsystem. There is various example which is based on this the
neighbourhood, parent’s workplaces, parent's friends and the mass media. These are
environments in which the child is not totally involved. This is experienced by external forces,
but nonetheless which affects them anyway (Curley and et. al., 2016). As per the case study,
Sarah somehow faced mental problem due to their thought and overthinking. This system
indicate that she is indirectly affected by social norms and morals.
Macrosystem: This is defined as the components of Bronfenbrenner's ecology. In this it is state
that they focus on how cultural events and structures affect the child development. Such as socio-
economic status, overall wealth and poverty with the core of ethnicity. Moreover, this culture is
form to immersed which may influence their belief and aspect of thinking towards events that
help to inspire for life. As per this, Sarah must be grow through this system phase which is
essentially being develop in their thinking and this help to develop new learning about how to
communicate with other. This will develop interaction process which help him to create social
factor. This can also include the socio-economic status, ethnicity, geographic location and
various ideologies which formulate new law of culture and initiate the vision to see these.
Chronosystem: This is last and final ecological system of Bronfenbrenner's which is called as
chronosystem. This system state that considered the environment changes which is occur while a
lifetime, which influence the various development which may include major life transition and
historical assessment of events that help to generate skill and learning from that. These include
simple life such as starting school but also include non-normative life transition include parents
getting divorce and move to new house. As per the given case, Sarah facing these issue which
relatively feasible for this system. It may be occurring due to this like environmental changes and
can raise the way of matureness in Sarah. As that's why she did not responds an on much of the
topic and discussion.
As per this the child development theory focus on development on children which also
know the changes that occur during the growing (Drange and et. al., 2017). Such theories help on
different aspect of development including social, emotional and their cognitive growth. In this
few of the theories are discussed in base of case study.
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Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory
The Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory which state that it is eights stage
theory which is based on psychosocial growth which describe the continuous changes throughout
life, focusing on social interaction and various conflict which is arising while development at
every stage. This theory is stated about eight stage of human development defined the process
from infancy through death, during each stage people faced various issue regards with life and
these create impact on functioning and future growth of child. As per this, Sarah has to face
various type of conflict in their overthinking which may influence to take decision like away
from society. Partially, she was isolated himself from unusual people and keep distance from
social factor (Gruber and et. al., 2019). Whether, this theory helps to determine a people about
their challenges of each stage to for lifelong psychological virtue.
Piaget's cognitive theory
The Piaget's cognitive theory raise the concern with development of people through
various process. It also looks at these thought which is operational and have ability to influence
how we understand and interact with world. The major scene of this is about the theorist Jean
Piaget propose the most influential theories of this development. The cognitive theory seeks to
describe and elaborate about the various development process and mental conditions. It also
looks how these thought process alter the way we understand and get coordinated with people.
Piaget then proposed a theory of a cognitive development to such a way which is able the more
active for the step and sequence of children’s development phase. As per this Sarah must be
focus for their interaction process, she must try to get interact with other. This approach helps her
to develop social behaviours.
Sensorimotor stage: A time between birth and age during which is an infant knowledge of world
which is being limited or her sensory way of aspect and motor performance. This behaviour is
limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimulus.
Pre-operational stage: A period between 2 and 6 ages is about to learn language. During this
learning phase children's do not understand the logic, cannot mentally manipulate information
and are not able to view the other people site.
Concrete operational stage: A period between age 7 and 11 at this stage the children gain a
better understand of mental process which is required by child to learn more and more problem
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solving idea and skills (Kochanska and et. al., 2019). Children's start to think logically about the
concrete events which is difficult to understand abstract or reasonable questions.
Formal operational stage: This time is lap between 12 to more. When child is being able to
develop ability to think about the virtual and real concepts. Skill which is emerge such as logical
and deductive reasoning thoughts which is planned in such a systematic during this stage of child
development.
As per the overall stage, every stage has their own difficulties and learning perception.
Sarah is also gone through this stage and she learn many of skill which help her to grow in
future. As per the situation of Sarah, she is mentally disappointed and create own conflict in her
mind regarding people.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
There is another psychologist who proposed the Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and this
is developed by Lev Vygotsky. This theory gone very influential, especially in the field of
education and research in this. Usually this theory meant to suggest that parents, caregivers,
peers and the culture at large taking role and responsibility on higher pace of functions. In the
psychologist view this learning help to grow in social process (Köster and et. al., 2016). This
theory helps in the development of child that formulate the concept of zone of proximal
development. Which show the gap between various people with the help and what they can
pursue as own. It helps to increase their skill and scope of understanding. As per this, Sarah did
not spend more time with her family. Her mother and father get divorced in such a way which
create negative impact in their way of thinking. Th skill which is used to develop and formulate
at their beginning age, at this stage Sarah used to see separation of her mother and father.
A body of research which is based on attitude that indicate parent warmth together with
reasonable level of control. This combine to produce positive child outcome in phase of child
maturation. There is various aspect to see the changes that being varies in function of
sociocultural. According to the specialization that children's behaviours affect that of their
parent’s behaviours. If the parent is aggressive then child automatically go through the phase of
aggression. This all maturation of anger, feeling and emotion is based on parent behaviours
towards their son or daughter. By taking an example, in this the overall scenario are being
deceived in such a way where the number of children gain the attribute of their parent. As per the
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given case study. Sarah and her mother get separated from his father due to condition of divorce,
this create an impact or social pressure in the mind of Sarah.
As per the various research this is conclude that child gain number of style and attitude
from his parent and this help him to build their own level of confidence. In this, research is more
accurate and deeply analyse which show the importance of parent thinking on child outcomes
(Mughal and et. al., 2018). There is just a specific cognition which have driven for both with
regards to their impact on children. Socio-emotional development and on their cognitive
development. As per thus a case study is reviewed as per this module which is Bugental college
mate have studied on mother which is believes in their children's that show they have more
power than they do in situation where events are not going well. These mother are scared and
threaten by other which make him abusive and hostile.
This create new aspect which access to send very confusing message to their children. It
can pace a power this take its toll in mother ability to solve problem and therefore to operate
effectively in their role of parenting (Ramírez‐Esparza and et. al., 2017). As per the given case
study, parent cognition, beliefs, thoughts and feeling can expand the skill and knowledge. At
which the child rearing cognition influence parents which help him to see the positive and
negative attribute towards their children's. In this context, this is well defined that the total
mental issue is cognitive if Sarah focused on their living pattern and finding best route to
overcome from this. The approaches may be creating possible way to overcome Sarah from their
mental sickness. In as per term. Children's play a vital role for their own in many of cases they
developed their phase of maturation and total enhancement of performance by social factor.
Resilience as per the case study
As per this the resilience is defined as the brief process which help to manage the stress
and functioning goes well even when he or she faced with various challenges, trauma and
overthinking. Parents who show their ability to cope with such stresses of everyday life as well
day to day crises which show the matter of resilience. This concept is also seeking in help of
difficult time when parents with resilience. As per this, Sarah mother's must make connection
with Sarah in context with their life, trying to solve problem and make step towards their aspect
of learning. The proper connect built number of efficiency towards the work and their progress.
This help Sarah to maintain a daily routine and busy in their work or with her mother. This total
phenomenon helps to eradicate the thought and negative impact which is caused due the family
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issue which is driven by Sarah. The role of Sarah's mother must go through to teach the
importance of basic self-care. This may develop more time to eat properly, appropriate exercise,
and get proper sleeping.
Sarah's mother must sure that child has time to have proper fun and participate in
activities which make him happy and emotionally good. As a parent she always provides
motivation and inspiration to her daughter is such way which is being develop a self-motivation
to seek the goals and objective which she developed while their growing age. Tough times are
often determined when children learn the most about their themselves. Usually as a parent they
must take care to look at how whatever their child facing in school, college and overall future.
As per the view point of mother, if her child doing wrong or unusual thing which create bad
impact in her future (Poole and et. al., 2020). So as mother she must take care of that and try to
develop positive sense of matter which formulate good environment. Mother should take proper
care when child is in their developing phase, in many circumstance the often change usually fill
the children with stress. So, parent must take vision on this.
CONCLUSION
As per the above case study, it is concluded that in a child development age. There is
various factor which affect their proper growing, and interrupted the developing assessment. At
that age, the proper nourishment and care is being essential to developing child. In the adopted
case study, mother must play necessary step to eradicate the hidden thinking which create
negative impact in their thought regards with socio-economic, physical and emotional
perspective.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bailey and et. al., 2018. Risky business: Correlation and causation in longitudinal studies of skill
development. American Psychologist, 73(1), p.81.
Boyette, A.H., 2016. Children's play and culture learning in an egalitarian foraging
society. Child Development, 87(3), pp.759-769.
Chisholm, J.S., 2017. Navajo infancy: An ethological study of child development. Routledge.
Coyne and et. al., 2016. Pretty as a princess: Longitudinal effects of engagement with Disney
princesses on gender stereotypes, body esteem, and prosocial behavior in children. Child
development, 87(6), pp.1909-1925.
Curley and et. al., 2016. Child development accounts (CDAs): an asset-building strategy to
empower girls in Uganda. International social work, 59(1), pp.18-31.
Drange and et. al., 2017. Child care center staff composition and early child development (No.
870). Discussion Papers.
Gruber and et. al., 2019. Group membership influences more social identification than social
learning or overimitation in children. Child Development, 90(3), pp.728-745.
Kochanska and et. al., 2019. Early relational experience: A foundation for the unfolding
dynamics of parent–child socialization. Child development perspectives, 13(1), pp.41-
47.
Köster and et. al., 2016. Cultural influences on toddlers’ prosocial behavior: How maternal task
assignment relates to helping others. Child development, 87(6), pp.1727-1738.
Mughal and et. al., 2018. Trajectories of maternal stress and anxiety from pregnancy to three
years and child development at 3 years of age: Findings from the All Our Families
(AOF) pregnancy cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, pp.318-326.
Poole and et. al., 2020. Positive Shyness in the Brain: Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha
Asymmetry and Delta–Beta Correlation in Children. Child development, 91(5), pp.
e1030-e1045.
Ramírez‐Esparza and et. al., 2017. The impact of early social interactions on later language
development in Spanish–English bilingual infants. Child development, 88(4), pp.1216-
1234.
Walker, J. 2017, Social Work and Human Development, 5th Edition, Sage, London.
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