Exploring Public Health Interventions for Childhood Obesity in England

Desklib provides past papers and solved assignments for students. This report analyzes public health issues and interventions related to childhood obesity in England.

Public Health Issues
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................4
LO1 Explore the factors that contribute to current public health issues in own nation...............4
P1 Describe the current public health issues relevant to own nation......................................4
P2 Explain using examples how population data is used to highlight health determinants
contributing to current public health issues.............................................................................4
LO2 Explain the different levels of public health intervention...................................................5
P3 Describe the different types of intervention used to address public health issues.............5
P4 Explain how different types of health intervention lead to measurable health
improvements on a local and national level............................................................................6
LO3 Review national strategies aimed at reduction or prevention of disease.............................7
P5 Describe the current public health issues relevant to own nation......................................7
Measures.....................................................................................................................................7
P6 Explain using examples how population data is used to highlight health determinants
contributing to current public health issues.............................................................................8
LO4: Explore the role of healthcare professionals in preventing and controlling the spread of
disease..........................................................................................................................................9
P7 Compare the roles of different healthcare professionals involved in the prevention and
control of the spread of disease...............................................................................................9
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................11
Reflection...................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
Reference List................................................................................................................................15
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INTRODUCTION
Child obesity is one of the major issue in the current days. In England, children aged from 2-15
were obese in the year 2016 with an estimation of 16%. This was overweight further in 12% in
the country, which signifies that 28% of the children are suffering from the same reason. BMI is
referred as Body Mass Index that defines the overweight or obese disease.
This report signifies the problems in regarding childhood obesity in England. All the learning
outcomes related with current public health issues, how the population is getting affected with
this causes, different types if interventions according to the current public health issues (Ells et
al., 2015). Following to that, the report needs measurable health improvement on a local and
international level. According to that, strategies aimed for reducing the disease is needed to be
identified with the developing health strategies. In the last part, it is needed to be compared the
role of different healthcare professionals that are involved and spreading in the nature and as per
this the healthcare professionals promote infection control.
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Task 1
LO1 Explore the factors that contribute to current public health issues in own nation
P1 Describe the current public health issues relevant to own nation
In UK, it is the major issue related with the Public Health Strategies and it is being considered in
their origin. Monitoring the population regarding the health issues keeps in track about the
people health through the statics. The population tracking changes by alerting the people to
maintain potential problems with regular checkups on at doctors for asthma or dentist to check
the conditions of the patient (van Jaarsveld and Gulliford, 2015). Thus, NHS provides a free
checkup to the midlife MOT to make them sure, that they will be serving a proper health
checkup to make them feel good and trustable rather than the other checkups. Developing
diseases very early needs a proper guidelines to reduce risk. With the help of introducing new
programmes that identifies people at the time of the risky conditions and engaging them along
with the preventative advantages. As an instance, the programmer of Government and NHS get a
proper testing to the people for HIV and serve them treatment.
P2 Explain using examples how population data is used to highlight health determinants
contributing to current public health issues
The explanation about how the population is used to highlight the determinants from
contributing to current public health issues. Policy makers have created some of the policies at
local, state and federal level, which is affecting every individual and population health. However,
if the using of tobacco sales gets in control the number of people will survive a healthy life in the
future (Green et al., 2016). Over extended period while simultaneously helping the changes in
the individuals’ behavior, some of the policies are getting affected through the entire population.
Social factors the social and the physical factors are the social determinants of health conditions
in the environment in which all the people are born, live, learn, play, work and grow. Some of
the social determinants that includes the following;
1. Producing some of the resources to meet daily need like education and job opportunities,
living wages and food
2. Discrimination, attitude and social norms
3. The presence of crime, violence and social disorder
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4. Social interactions and social support
5. Emerging technologies such as internet or cell phones to expose to mass media
Along with all this, it has other health services, biology and genetics that helps to maintain a
proper healthy life.
LO2 Explain the different levels of public health intervention
P3 Describe the different types of intervention used to address public health issues
In England, public health issues are citing as a great threat to the human society, which is
necessary to be intervened with strategic implications. Interventions can be categorized in
various forms: primary, secondary, tertiary and primordial interventions. Following primary
intervention childhood obesity is prevented from occurring and thereby reduces its incidence. By
implementing secondary preventive measures, screening or early diagnosis is done for
mitigation, treatment and postpones of the effects of diseases and thereby minimizes fatality rate
or morbidity or reduces disability associated with those diseases (Simmonds et al., 2016). It is
very clear that preventive activities for childhood obesity are necessary to be overseer in multiple
dimensions and at all levels of UK government. The necessity is to incorporate various
approaches, which involve broad range of stakeholders. Tertiary prevention is critical as in this
final stage of health intervention, prompt treatment and rehabilitation. Primordial prevention is
pursued by taking strategic actions for reducing hazards due to certain factors leading to risk of
disease.
Efforts in childhood obesity prevention in England are required to be tightly integrated with
other efforts for controlling the non-communicable disease risk factors. Various policies for
obesity prevention are necessary to be included along with improving equity. The interventions
tailored for reducing obesity in childhood are to be suited with the local contexts. As a
preventive intervention, vaccines are administered to children with obesity. Many of those are
amongst the most cost effective interventions as after a single dose or series of doses of vaccine
children suffering from obesity acquire protection over a long term against the agent (Baidal et
al., 2016). Nutritional interventions hold much importance as it is necessary to consume low fat
content foods. Trials should be made for prevention of high calorie or protein content diets.
Intervention should be applied at community level, which involves food fortification such as
iron, vitamin D and iodine.
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P4 Explain how different types of health intervention lead to measurable health
improvements on a local and national level
Strategic health intervention results in measurable health improvements both at national and
local level. The health care committee observes the necessity for pursuing health assessment
activities regarding a community’s socio-economic and demographic characteristics, health risks
and health status. It has been followed that country driven assessment steers efforts for
accelerating activities in rapid scaling up of effective interventions for controlling childhood
obesity and its maximum impact. Clinic based intervention for childhood obesity and overweight
has continued to fail to address the burden of this health condition amongst children (Mueller et
al., 2015). Systematic review on a priory basis examined obesity interventions in older children
have reflected that combination of interventions having a behavioral component is most
effective. Health interventions lead to creation of awareness for avoiding obesity in childhood.
Following the issues faced by others, people in the society are becoming extremely health
conscious and preferably avoid consuming junk or fast foods from outside.
It has become significantly recognizable that status of weight in early childhood holds much
importance in making predictions about the health as well as weight status and all co-morbidities
associated with it later in life. At the local or national level, health interventions result in health
improvement, which reflects in the daily physical activities of the individual (Llewellyn et al.,
2016). Being health conscious people are getting more aware to do physical exercise on a daily
basis. Physical activities has increased amongst the young generation in England with the focus
of staying lean, healthy and fit. Physical fitness activities, avoidance of fat-content foods and
medical checkup on a regular basis has created awareness for staying healthy and fit. These
initiatives are effective enough in reducing childhood obesity.
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LO3 Review national strategies aimed at reduction or prevention of disease
P5 Describe the current public health issues relevant to own nation
Obesity has been seen to be a serious health problem for children who are living in UK. The
problem has risen as children usually starts gaining weight before going to schools. According to
estimations, in England, more than one in five children are seen to be suffering from obesity at
age 4-5.
The BDA supports and welcomes the government’s current childhood obesity strategy, published
in August 2016. The strategy includes actions to reduce sugar intake, such as a sugar levy on soft
drinks, guidance on reformulation of high sugar foods for industry and calorie reduction
programmes. These are all welcomed and supported by the BDA (Kalantari et al., 2015).
NHS spends approximately 6.1 billion pounds per year due to obesity. Besides, in accordance
with estimations, approximately 27 billion Pounds is spent to the wider economy due to obesity.
As per the estimations of the Obesity Health Alliance, excess and obesity would result to 7.6
million cases of diseases by the end of 2035. Therefore, it has become highly crucial to resort to
effective strategies for the reduction of obesity and its burden on health and the wider economy.
The government’s current childhood obesity strategy, which was published in August 2016 is
supported and welcomed by the BDA (Booth et al., 2015). Reduction of sugar intake, which are
sugar levy on soft drinks, guidance on reformulation of high sugar foods for industry and calorie
reduction programmes are included in the strategy. BDA welcomes and supports all these.
However, the association is of the belief that for the reduction of the unacceptably high
prevalence of childhood obesity in the UK, additional actions are needed. It has become highly
clear and accepted that in order to reverse childhood obesity, a single solution would not be
effective. In order to reduce obesity, an assortment of measures is highly needed. Actions have
been proposed by the Public Health England,[vi] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child
Health[vii] and the Commons Health Select Committee[viii] after getting underpinned by
evidence, with the help of which, obesity in children can be reduced. Many of these strategies
seemed to be not included in the obesity strategy of childhood (bda.uk.com 2017).
Measures
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The measures, which have been strongly supported by BDA, are as follows:
1. Promoting and supporting breastfeeding for all babies. Improved provision for
mothers for breastfeeding in the community should be included.
2. Providing and improving education for informing and promoting introduction of
solids to babies’ diets appropriately.
3. Improving access to multi-component interventions which are evidence based
and, which starts with expectant mothers, preschool children and babies and their
respective families as per the recommendations of NICE (bda.uk.com 2017).
4. Controlling promotion, marketing and advertising of unhealthy food and drink
such as highly processed foods.
5. Continuation of collaboration with the food industry for driving reformulation for
the reduction of sugar and calories in drink and food, which would be devoid of
saturated fat, salt levels and increasing fat.
6. Providing guidance regarding portion sizes for children
7. Improvement of labelling on prepackaged, restaurant foods and takeaway for
leading to the achievement of energy balance (bda.uk.com 2017).
P6 Explain using examples how population data is used to highlight health determinants
contributing to current public health issues
BDA is the statutory body taking up measures for the reduction of obesity in England. It is also
believed by the BDA that for the reduction of the incidence of obesity, other measures would be
beneficial after being combined with the above-mentioned interventions. These are follows:
1. Improvement of training for healthcare professionals for the identification of infants and
preschool children who are exposed to the risk of obesity
2. Providing greater powers for the health services and local authorities for tackling the
environment and this would lead to obesity.
3. It is recommended to have a whole system, which would include interventions across the
life cycle, such as interventions of women of child bearing and those who are seen to be
trying to conceive (Hudda et al., 2018).
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LO4: Explore the role of healthcare professionals in preventing and controlling the spread
of disease
P7 Compare the roles of different healthcare professionals involved in the prevention and
control of the spread of disease
Prevention along with control of healthcare, which is associated infections, can be considered as
the responsibility of the workers of healthcare. Moreover, this can be considered as one of the
key issues regarding the quality of medical equipments and safety for the patients. Teams of
healthcare facilities management is generally suffering due to this issue. All the healthcare
employees can be considered as responsible for the protection along with controlling the
infections, which are associated in healthcare (Freund et al., 2015). There are generally two
number of specialist employees and this part of the assessment is compared the responsibilities
of both the staffs.
Consultant Microbiologists
Consult Microbiologists can be considered as the doctors and they are dealing with the
management, prevention, diagnosis and treatment for the infectious diseases and infections. They
offer expert advice on the management and prevention of infections, which is included infections
that is associated in healthcare. Those are MRSA, wound infections and clostridium. With the
other members, work is done by them very easily regarding the protection of infection along with
managing the team (Perry et al., 2015). This is included nurse specialists that manage the nurse,
surveillance, and laboratory scientists along with antimicrobial pharmacists. Expert advices are
providing by them for the prevention of the resistance, which cannot be considered as biotic
resistance. This can be considered as very effective on the protection of spreading of the
infection along with on the most effective prescribing regarding the treatment for infections,
which cannot be considered as biotic.
Infection protection along with control the nurses
Infection protection along with the managing of nurse offer education and advice toward the
healthcare employees in case of manage and protection of healthcare that is associated with the
infection (Renedo et al., 2015). Moreover, this can be taken place in the community or the setting
of hospital. Working with the other members of the team, who are controlling the infection can
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be able to support and update audit of guidelines along with policies. This is undertaking the
surveillance of the healthcare, which is associated the infections. Moreover, this help with the
management of the outbreaks.
P8 Explain the ways that healthcare professionals promote infection control
This can be found that there are many strategies, which can be used by the professionals of
healthcare to prevent and manage the infection.
Hand Hygiene:
Based on the CDC, it can be the simplest approach for protecting the spreading of infections
along with the requirements, which cannot be corporate into the organizational culture (Renedo
et al., 2015). Surgical team need to be washing their arms along with forearms before the process
and put on the strile gloves.
Environmental hygiene:
This is one of the most common sources for transmission of infections can be considered as the
environmental surfaces. These types of microbial can be considered as cable to survive on the
environmental surfaces for moths at a time (FitzGerald and Hurst, 2017). Therefore, this is
significant that environment should be kept disinfected and clean. Patients and their family
members’ can be considered as the main advocates for the medical safety.
Few others ways are vaccinations, clothing and screening patients, antibiotic stewardship,
surveillance, care coordination, following the evidence and comprehensive program, which is
based on unit.
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Task 2
Reflection
I believe that NHS provides a free checkup to the midlife MOT to make them sure, that they will
be serving a proper health checkup to make them feel good and trustable rather than the other
checkups. Developing diseases very early needs a proper guidelines to reduce risk. With the help
of introducing new program that identifies people at the time of the risky conditions and
engaging them along with the preventative advantages. As an instance, the programmer of
Government and NHS get a proper testing to the people for HIV and serve them treatment.
On the other hand, I think that efforts in childhood obesity prevention in England are required to
be tightly integrated with other efforts for controlling the non-communicable disease risk factors.
Various policies for obesity prevention are necessary to be included along with improving
equity. The interventions tailored for reducing obesity in childhood are to be suited with the local
contexts. As a preventive intervention, vaccines are administered to children with obesity. Many
of those are amongst the most cost effective interventions as after a single dose or series of doses
of vaccine children suffering from obesity acquire protection over a long term against the agent
(Baidal et al., 2016). I think that Nutritional interventions hold much importance as it is
necessary to consume low fat content foods. Trials should be made for prevention of high calorie
or protein content diets. Intervention should be applied at community level, which involves food
fortification such as iron, vitamin D and iodine.
It has become significantly recognizable for me that status of weight in early childhood holds
much importance in making predictions about the health as well as weight status and all co-
morbidities associated with it later in life. At the local or national level, health interventions
result in health improvement, which reflects in the daily physical activities of the individual
(Llewellyn et al., 2016). I believe that being health conscious people are getting more aware to
do physical exercise on a daily basis. Physical activities has increased amongst the young
generation in England with the focus of staying lean, healthy and fit. Physical fitness activities,
avoidance of fat-content foods and medical checkup on a regular basis has created awareness for
staying healthy and fit. These initiatives are effective enough in reducing childhood obesity.
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