Literature Review: China's Family Planning Policy & Women Careers

This literature review investigates the impact of China's family planning policies, including the one-child, two-child, and three-child policies, on women's careers. It examines the historical context, motivations, and consequences of these policies, particularly their effects on women's career advancement, employment opportunities, and overall gender equality in the Chinese labor market. The review analyzes various studies and perspectives on the effectiveness of these policies in addressing demographic challenges and their unintended social and economic impacts on women. It further explores women's experiences and perceptions of these policies, considering factors such as access to education, healthcare, and childcare support. The review concludes by recommending strategies to support and promote women's career advancement in China, considering the evolving family planning landscape and the need for gender-inclusive policies.

Literature review

Table of Contents
Topic: The impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on women careers in China........................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Aim and objective...................................................................................................................2
Rationale for selection............................................................................................................2
Literature review questions....................................................................................................3
Main Body of literature review........................................................................................................3
To review about the various Chinas family planning policy, comprise of the one child policy,
two child policy and new three child policy...........................................................................3
To evaluate about the impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on women careers in China
especially of the new three child policy...............................................................................12
To investigate women's experience and perception of the family planning policy..............16
To recommend some effective ways and strategies that would support and explore the better
women’s career advancement in China................................................................................19
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................26

Topic: The impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on women careers in
China
INTRODUCTION
It has been seen that the government of the China has announced that it will allow the
couples to have up to three children, after census data showed a steep decline in birth rates
(China allows three children in major policy shift, 2022). Thus, the new Chinas family plnnaing
has scrapped its decades-old one-child policy in 2016, replacing it with a two-child limit which
has failed to lead to a sustained upsurge in births. During the times of 1970 and early 80 the
China tend to have and adopted the One child policy that is an official program lead by the
central government with the main aim and purpose of the limiting the great majority of the
family units and slow down the population growth rate through having one child policy but this
tend to lead and reduce the growth rate of China in an enormous way (Xie, 2019). Thus, China
has announced the new family planning policy where couples are allowed to have up to three
children. Further, it has been also seen and evaluated that the Chinese government has enacted a
policy called “The Universal Two-child Policy” that is also known as the “Two-child Policy” the
main focus and emphasis of which is on to alleviate the situation. Further, this two child policy is
also tends to be focused and based in determine that the Chinese labor market is facing the issue
of the shortage and lack of employees in the future based on the one child policy. Thus, at that
time the coming up and launching the two-child policy is vital and essential by Chinese
government thus, this policy tend to get popularizes within the whole country. Along with this,
based on the negative consequences of the one child policy that leads to shortage of young
generation and individuals in China the two child policy tend to get effectively relates to every
Chinese citizen and also affects society, economy, labor market, and other aspects. Beside this, it
has been seen that the two-child policy has a positive effect on labor market shortage, but also
causes some social problems, so the effectiveness of the two-child policy needs some other
policies to support (Zhang and et. al., 2022). Therefore, a new family planning policy and
strategy based on the three child policy is seen to be coming up and formulated by Chinese
government. Thus, it tends to become vital and important to have a discussion about the
effectiveness and necessity of the family planning policy within China. The current study is
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focused at review and discuss the impact of China's family planning policy on women's careers
along with investigate women's experience and perception of the family planning policy.
Aim and objective
Research aim
The main aim of current investigation is “To review and discuss the impact of China's
family planning policy on women's careers”.
Objectives set for literature review
 To review about the various Chinas family planning policy, comprise of the one child
policy, two child policy and new three child policy.
 To evaluate about the impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on women careers in
China especially of the new three child policy.
 To investigate women's experience and perception of the family planning policy
 To recommend some effective ways and strategies that would support and explore the
better women’s career advancement in China.
Rationale for selection
The selection and choice of current topic based on the review about the Chinas family
planning policy is tend to be suitable and rationale as it tends to have significant impact and
influence on the society, economy, labor market, and other aspects along with it also influence
the market needs to match the growth of GDP. Besides this, selection of current topic is also
important and significant as it supports the analysis of the impact of Chinas Family Planning
Policy on women careers in China especially of the new three child policy and also presents the
women's experience and perception of the family planning policy. Along with this the selection
and making use of the current literature review is also tends to be effective and rationale from the
personal view of the researcher also as it tend to meet the academic as well as the personal
interest level (Yu and Cui, 2019). Apart from this, undertaking of current literature review on the
topic of the Chinas family planning policy, comprise of the one child policy, two child policy
and new three child policy would lead to and ensure higher understanding and knowledge level
along with leading better understanding about the impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on
women careers in China especially of the new three child policy that would support better future
opportunity and growth level.
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Literature review questions
 what is meant by the various Chinas family planning policy, comprise of the one child
policy, two child policy and new three child policy/
 What possible impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on women careers in China
especially of the new three child policy?
 What can be understood by women's experience and perception of the family planning
policy?
 Which possible recommendation of effective ways and strategies can be made that would
support and explore the better women’s career advancement in China?
Main Body of literature review
Literature review comprise of the piece of the academic set of the writing that aim and focus
on the demonstrating of in-depth knowledge as well as the higher understanding of the past set of
the academic literature based and related with a specific and chosen topic placed in context.
Further, the literature review tends to comprises and includes of leading and determining and
having of a critical evaluation of the pre-existing form of the research material to get a better
underdoing and glimpse of the selected topic (Liu, Jia and Wang, 2022). Thus, literature review
tends to forms out an important part of academic writing that tend to set a base and vital
framework for effective knowledge creation and generation based on a selected research topic.
The current literature review is tend to be based on the topic of the review and discuss the impact
of China's family planning policy on women's careers. To meet and achieve the set objective and
developing better underdoing about the selected topic, use of various online article, journals and
past report and research work has been made a discussion and analysis of which has been
provided below:
To review about the various Chinas family planning policy, comprise of the one child policy,
two child policy and new three child policy
With respect to the view point of the Che, L., Du, H. and Chan, K.W., 2020, it has been analysed
and seen that the concept of the family planning is related and associated with the controlling the
number of the children that a couple could have along with fixing other criteria such as the
interval required between birth of each child. Thus, the family planning strategy tend to have a
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direct and efficient impact on the overall growth rate and population level of the country. Apart
from this, the family planting policy is also vital and crucial to determine about the level of
employment and presence of number of workers and other market and social impacts together
with society, economy, labor market, and other aspects (Chen, Ayoun and Eyoun, 2018). It has
been analsysed and reviewed that the having and developing effective family planning strategy
and policy by the government tend to supports and leads to bolster of the economy and tend to
contribute in the more suitable way of development by the way of making and taking better steps
towards the empowerment of women through leading them to complete btheore education along
with supporting join the paid labour force. Further, it has been also seen that effective family
planning policy tend to supports better career development for women by the way of making
them more productive in their jobs through supporting better health and equal opportunities for
the women to earn higher incomes and increase savings and investments through supporting
pursuing of their education and bringing higher financial security (Li and et. al., 2018). To
ensure and maintain proper family planning along with leading a suitable policy that supports
betterment and empowerment of women and improved career development and improved health
in women various family planning policy are implicated by the government of China. A
discussion and analysis about the Chinas family planning policy, comprise of the one child
policy, two child policy and new three child policy has been provided and discussed below:
One child policy- It tend to comprises and includes of the vital programme launched by the
government of China with the main purpose and aim of the limiting the most of chinses families
with one child each that was tend to get implemented at the national wide level. The official
programme of the one child policy tends to get started and launched during the year of late 1970
and implicated around the early 1980s by the central government of the china (Su and et. al.,
2018). Further, the man purpose of the launching and coming up with the one child policy tends
to includes and comprise of the limiting the great majority of the family and population of the
china in the country to one child only. Further, it has been seen that the government of the China
stated and began the promoting of the implication of the one child policy through leading and
exerting control on the birth of child along with support stricter family planning policy that
allows only one child for each family unit. Along with this, it has been also seen and reviewed
that the implication of the one child policy was tend to be associated and based on the country’s
new pragmatic based of the leadership that is tend to be get headed by Deng Xiaoping that was
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beginning to give serious consideration to curbing what had become a rapid population growth
rate. Further, it has been also analysed and reviewed that the voluntary program was announced
in late 1978 that encouraged families to have no more than two children, one child being
preferable. Further, it has been seen that the issue of rising level of population is being constantly
faced by the government of the China. Therefore, in 1979 the demand grew for making the limit
one child per family while it tend to take and become a stricter requirement was then applied
unevenly across the country among the provinces, and by 1980 the central government sought to
standardize the one-child policy nationwide (Xie, 2019).
Figure 1: Total fertility rate, 2021.
On the basis of the above diagram it has been seen that the implication of the one child
policy led to a large fall in the total fertility rate from an estimated 5·9 births per woman in 1970,
to 2·9 births per woman by 1979 (Zhang, Fan and Yip, 2015). Despite this downward trajectory
in fertility, fears of overpopulation persisted, and so the one-child policy was introduced.
Following the introduction of the policy, the total fertility rate continued to fall but less
precipitously. Data from numerous sources showed that by the late 1990s the total fertility rate
had fallen to between 1·5 and 1·7, and it has remained at this level since. The key result and the
outcome of this one child policy comprise of the having a general reduction with the fertility as
well as the birth rate within China after 1980 that tend to resulted as the decline and dripping in
the overall fertility rate of below two children per women at the time of mid-1990. It has been
analysed and seen that the one child policy might be taken as an effective way in first instance to
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reduce the level of issue of growing population but in long term it tend to cause of many issues
such as the country’s overall sex ratio became skewed toward males and there is roughly
between 3 and 4 percent more males than females that is hazardous for society. Further, families
being restricted to having one child only leads to and creates the issues of higher number of
abortion of the female foetuses that tend to also increase the circumstances and issues of the
increase in female children who are placed to orphanage or either abandoned (Zhang and et. al.,
2022). Along with this, the another and most vital consequences and negative impact of the one
child policy tat us seen in the economy of China tend to comprise of the growing proportion of
the elderly people that is the outcome and result of having the concurrent and regular drop within
the children born and giving rise to the longevity since the 1980. Thus, a major concern and
issues related with the shortage of young individuals that is creating issue in employability level
and lack of workers along with rise expenditure on retirement benefit along with reduction in the
productivity level of the economy of China has been also faced. A vital impact of the one child
policy is being seen on the women of China as they tend to had a fewer birth due to one child
policy that is having a positive impact on their nutritional intakes and also supports better health
and stamina level in women (Yu and Cui, 2019). Further, one child policy also tend to have a
positive impact on the rights and education level of women as it supported equal educational
expectation from both boy as well as the girl children that leads to and supported an increase in
the participation of women and lead to higher career opportunity also. Further, the one child
policy tend to leads to the decline in the fertility rate thus leads to shift in Chinese economy
towards the market based employment that is offering and leading the increased female
employment and better education and career opportunity for them.
Two Child policy- This brings and reflected the change and modification within the one
child policy of Chinese government through coming up with a new programme that is implicated
by government of China to allow and limit the two children per family (Liu, Jia and Wang,
2022). Along with this, it has been seen and analysed that the once after a policy change is made
within the one chine policy of the Chinese government in late 2013, most Chinese provinces
further relaxed the policy in 2014 by the way of allowing and limiting the families to have two
children if one of the parents is an only child. Thus, two child policy overcome the one child
policy and start allowing the having of two children in each family unit of China. Further, it has
been seen and find out that the during the time of October, 2015, the one child policy of the
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China government was tend to be replaced by the new universal set of programme comprises and
based on the two child policy. The effectives of the new policy tend to be more inevitable
speculative based on the review that is impact on the increase will be relatively small that was
tend to be peaking to 1.45 billion in 2029. The main reason and key benefit associated and
implicated with the adoption of the new two child policy tend to comprise of the fact that it
would supports and brings a larger number of reduction in the increasing cases of the abortion
that are mainly consist of unapproved pregnancies and abortion. Further, it has been also
believed that the new two child policy would also be beneficial in leading and supporting the
virtual for of elimination of the problem of the unregistered children along with also tend to
support and brings a normal sex ration within China (Zhang, H. and et. al., 2022). Thus, the
implication of the two child policy would bring an overall improvement within the health
outcomes along with mitigating the effects of the shrinking workforce that was created by the
one child policy. Along with this, it has been also seen and evaluated that the concept of the one
child policy tends to created the issue of aged workforce and leads the shortage of young people
in China that is negatively affecting the overall productivity and growth of the China economy.
A reflection of the elderly dependency ratio created by both the one child policy and improved
by two child policy has been provided below with the help of the below chart (Stockman,
Bonney and Sheng, 2016).
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Figure 2:Elderly dependency ratio, 2021.
The above graph is presenting and reflecting that the elderly dependency ratio will increase
sharply under either policy scenario that tend to be defined as the number of people aged older
than 65 years divided by number of working-age people aged 18–64 years, it is desirable that this
figure remains low in any population. Only after 2030 will the demographic benefits of the two-
child policy become evident in producing a considerably lower elderly dependency ratio than the
one-child policy. Further, the universal two-child policy transition will result in greater
consumption and job opportunities associated with childbearing and child-rearing, which will
contribute to economic growth. The 2000 census data show that in areas with a 1·5-child policy,
the sex ratio at birth was as high as 125 compared with 109 in areas with a two-child policy,
which suggests that the 1·5-child policy has specifically exacerbated China’s high sex ratio at
birth (Hesketh, Zhou and Wang, 2015). This policy was interpreted by many Chinese people as
implying that one boy was sufficient to ensure family welfare, but one girl was not, and thus that
female children had lesser value, reinforcing the culture of preference for sons and increasing
China’s sex ratio at birth.5,80,81 Evidence of this effect emerged from an experimental
programme in four rural areas (with a total population of 8 million) in four provinces. In these
areas, a two-child policy operated from the mid-1980s. The result was substantially lower sex
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ratios than those in the surrounding rural areas where the 1·5-child policy had been implemented.
Furthermore, slightly more than one-quarter of the excess sex ratio at birth in the 1·5-child policy
areas is due to the structural effects of not allowing couples whose first child is a boy to have a
second birth. The effect of Two child policy on the women is tend to positive within China is it
brings out a reduction in the issue of the unauthorised abortion that tend to negatively affect the
health of women. Further, two child policy also supports better sex ratio that tend to creates a
senses of equality in society of China that would leads to equal and fair education as well as the
better career opportunity for the women (Cheng and et. al., 2015).
Three child policy- The new amendment to the Population and Family Planning Law
(2002), adopted in August 2021 which comprises of the allowing of the Chinese couples to have
three children in family unit that was passed and approved by the attending committee of the
national people congress. It has been seen that the coming up with the three child policy tend to
support and present the apparent step of the government of China to relocated and allow the
Chinese couple to have more children the main reason and focus of which is based on fact of
mounting costs that amended law has also passed and supported at economic measures. Along
with this, the main reason and factor for this major shift in the family planning policy of China
comprises of the supporting and encouraging the declining birth rate of China (Kwok, Cheng and
Wong, 2015).
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Figure 3: Birth-rate in China, 2021
The above chart is presenting and reflecting that a constant decline within the birth-rate
of China is being seen after the implication of the one child family planning policy that has lead
to and created many challenges in form of shortage of workforce. Thus, at that time government
of China come up with the two child policy but still after that much positive effect on the
declining birth rate was not seen till 2021. Thus, the government of China come up with the three
child policy to mitigate and overcome these possible challenge and support a more equitable and
healthy workplace for the women (Ta, N. and et. al., 2017).
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Figure 4: China population by gender, 2021
Further, it has been also seen and reviewed that the skimming of the sex ration and
imbalance in number of the male and female is taken as the hangover of the country's strict one-
child policy, which was introduced in 1979 to slow population growth. Thus, in 2016 they come
up with two child policy to reduce the number of unauthorised abortion but that to was not much
effective in having and leading younger workforce. Thus, Finally, during the 2020-2021 many
efforts are made to have a change the family planning policy of china. Further, it has been seen
that the China’s 2020 census data, released earlier this month, shows the country’s rate of
population growth falling rapidly despite the 2016 relaxation. Thus, during 2021 permit is given
to the couples of the China to have third child after which the once in the decade the population
ensues of the China reflected and showed a grew at the slowest pace (Gu, Guan and Liu, 2017).
Further, the implication of the three child policy is also providing a solution for the issue of
ageing workforce. It has been seen and analysed that the three child policy tend to have a vital
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impact on the career of the women as it has been seen that having three child lead to more family
expenditure thus, it supports and encourage women to have jobs thus leads to better career
development and effective job planning for women in China (Luo and Sun, 2015).
To evaluate about the impact of Chinas Family Planning Policy on women careers in China
especially of the new three child policy
With respect to the information provided by the Wang, F., Zhao, L. and Zhao, Z., 2017, it has
been seen and analysed that the China tend to experience a rapid social, political as well as
economic changes over the years based on the changing nature of the labour market along with
shift in social welfare system based on continuous modification in its family planning policy.
Further, it has been also seen that the far reaching and continuously changing the sector reform
along with the family planning policy are leading an impact on overall managerial career of the
women for instance the one child policy gives a larger freedom for women that supports better
career opportunity. Further, it has been also reviewed that having of the continuous change and
shift in the family planning policy of China created many issues and implication in form of
imbalance of sex ratio along with the issue of aging workforce. Therefore, the latest and new
amendment in the population and family planning law was adopted and made in the August 2021
that is based on removing and overcoming the measures that are aim at reducing the fertility
through along three children each family unit (Cheung and Xu, 2015). It has been also seen and
observed that taking of such measures and effective family planning rend to alleviate the
financial as well as the warlike depression that is being experienced by the couples during the
birth of a child and also supports having a better work and family life balance for the women.
Along with this, the change in the economic and technical aspect of the child bring by
continuous shift in the economic tend to lead to the introduction of modern human resource
management (HRM) techniques may create more opportunities for women to be recruited.
Further, the shift in family planning strategy also tend to promoted in government organizations
through competence examinations rather than relying on the quota system or employing the
gender preference of organizations (Zhang, Fan and Yip, 2015).
It has been seen that the Chinese tend to understand the implication and negative impact
bring by the one child policy is form of the aging population thus the government tend to allow
the families to have two children. The impact of the one child family planning policy on the
career of the Chinese women tend to comprises and includes of the fact that it create a sense
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within the urban families that the women should also have the equal education rights and there
need to be some job and cater opportunity for both males and females. Thus, on child policy has
supported the higher investment of families on the education and schooling of their only child
without having any discrimination based on their gender (Zhang, H. and et. al., 2022). Therefore,
an analsysed and review can be made out that the one child policy tend to have a positive impact
on the woman career as it supported and brings the higher and leads to increase in the
participation and enhancement of the women in higher education that is significant and vital for
their career. Along with this, it has been also seen that the introduction of the one child policy in
1978 tend to open up the better educational opportunities for girls and larger families tend to
uncut and prioritised the equal facilitates for there one child irrespective of their gender
(Stockman, Bonney and Sheng, 2016).
Figure 5: Women going to university, 2018.
The above chart is clearly presenting that after adoption and implication of the one child
policy the family of China become more conscious and aware about the education of their girl
child also and give an equal preference to their education and developing career opportunity.
Further, it has been also seen and analysed that the implication of one child policy has also put a
check on the gender subjectivity by the way of moving away from the idea of innate sexual
identity characteristics that divide human beings, like other species, into male and female
(Hesketh, Zhou and Wang, 2015). But at the same time, the one child ploidy has also give rise to
the issue of unauthorised abortion for having son as there one child that is creating threats for the
survival of the women and also creating compliance in the overall sex ratio China. Further, it has
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been also seen that the China is still a patriarchal society with a strong preference for its sons
thus, one child policy creates many social issues in the society and give rise of cases of higher
abortion. But in some senses and particular in urban area one child policy also tend to bring the
gender equality through supporting equal preference to the education and career opportunity for
both males and females (Cheng and et. al., 2015).
As many issues and challenge are being leads out by the one child policy including of
shortage of workers and higher case of abortion and decline in fertility level, the government of
China come up with the new policy of two child family planning during the years of 2016. The
implication and adoption of the two child policy comes up with a solution for the demographic
chances along with overcoming the skewed sex ratio along with eliminating decreasing number
of labor force. Further, the new family planning policy based on the two child is creating a
significant effect on the decision making of women about their reproduction, family planning
and other factors that are contributing their judgement and decision among that influence their
career opportunity and job development (Kwok, Cheng and Wong, 2015). It has been analsysed
and observed that the two-child policy tend to puts and leads to the better women’s position in
society by the way of centring of attention. Because of the shortage of the labour, the women
tend to become and the essential as well as the vital part of the labor market in the PRC and tend
to have a higher contribution in order lead and bring out the secure the country’s economic
growth. Further, it has been also seen and find out that because of the one-child policy, young
employees are limited thus, the composer and organisation in China are force to make recruiting
foreign labor which are also not sufficient to cover the needed workforce and also tend to be
more expensive in nature. Therefore, the adoption of the two child policy become vital to have
more labor force along with creating and leading out a good work structures and incentives for
women also with both one and two children to remain at work to ensure and have sufficient
workforce. But still after the implication of the two child policy the Women’s status as well as
the issue related with the gender subjectivities and active negotiation tend to prevail within the
companies of China that is leading and crating the issue of the discrimination that should be
actively counteracted (Ta, N. and et. al., 2017). Along with this, the adoption and implication of
the two child policy also tend to supports a better structure and improved facilitates for women in
form of the flexible working hours, possibilities to breastfeed, child care services, and good
health that are tend to aim at reducing the discrimination level as well as facilitating an equal
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scene of the women’s possibilities and status at workplace to remain and have higher career
opportunity by the way of leading and supporting a female- and family-friendly work
environments (Gu, Guan and Liu, 2017).
Further, with respect to the view point of the Zeng, Y. and Hesketh, T., 2016, it has been
observed that the both one child and two child policy are tending to lead a double-edged sword
and controversy whether it is supporting or hindering the women career as one child policy
giving rise of higher number of abortion of female child while two child policy tend to support a
more female friendly workplace but with the increased family pressure but still the problem of
shortage of labour is prevailing in economy of China. Two child policy tend to lead out and
present a central aspect of the women judgement regarding having of the second child that tend
to affect there decision making and career opportunity (Luo and Sun, 2015). But still a hesitation
is seen in women to have second child as it would limit their career opportunities and it would
also be being torn them between the family obligation and career opportunities. Issue in
promotion along with ambivalence in the traditional family role has bee also faced and
encountered. But the two children make the family more balance and reduce the chance of
abortion and favouring of two children that is also increasing financial pressure thus giving a
boost to the career of women (Cheung and Xu, 2015).
It has been seen that both one and two child policy of the family planning tend to lead to
the unequal distribution between the task between men and women as importance is given to son
over girl that created higher abortion and causes the low fertility level in china. Thus, the issues
related and concerned with the gender equality, supporting better work life balance and leading
higher protection to women in the labor market tend to lead to amended in the family planning
policy of China in 2021 (Zhang, Fan and Yip, 2015). The implication of the three child policy in
2021 tend to support the extended maternity leaves along with other entailments and benefits for
the women has been supported to ensure the higher growth rate along with better opportunity and
career for women (China’s new three-child policy: What effects can we expect?, 2021). Further,
the three child policy lead by the government of China has also tend to focus and emphasis on
limiting the impact of child birth on the employment opportunities, salary as well as the carer of
the women. The main focus and emphasis of the Three child policy is on combating
discrimination against women at the point of recruitment along with leading and supporting the
ensuring of the equal pay for equal work. Therefore, the three child policy tend to overcome all
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the negative issues of earlier family planning programmes of China by the way of the preventing
unfair dismissal through having an effective following maternity leave to avoid prejudice against
women who become mother. Along with this, the three child family planning policy of the China
tend to have two main aspect comprises of fact the protection of the rights of pregnant women
within the labor market that boost and encourage their career opportunity through reducing and
removing all sort of discrimination (Zhang, H. and et. al., 2022). Further, the another vital aspect
of the three child policy of family planning of China ted to focus on the fact that state must
guarantee the rights and interest of women in workplace and their career should not be affected
by the birth of child. Further, the three child policy also includes effective step towards the
flexible working arrangements as well as managed working time and leaves to boost the career
of women in China through supporting better balance beaten family and work life. Further, it has
been seen that the one child policy lead to higher limited finical pressure thus three child policy
prohibitive the financial burden and to achieve that increasing the level of income also become
important (Stockman, Bonney and Sheng, 2016). Thus, the rising level of the financial burden is
also tending to support the better career development and improved job opportunity for the
women.
To investigate women's experience and perception of the family planning policy
According to the views of Harrison (2018) the investment made by Chinese government to
popularize facing more children after cancellation of the one child family planning policy in the
country is not working effectively because of years propaganda and sexist culture affecting
family planning decision in the country. The impact of changes in the family planning policy is
not conducted by considering female experience in the country because few women in China
hold any position of political or corporate power. The sexist culture and perception of the
company towards working women and men who would like to start their own family impacts
family planning policy in China. This leads to lack of incentives for women to start small
families or any family at all. This creates a negative female perception towards family planning
as the rising costs of raising a family along with the patriarchal burdens faced by mothers in
China discourage women to participate in building a family. This type of perception has led to
low birth rate in China and the government is taking efforts to lower one child daily planing in
the hopes of increasing birth rate and finding solution for ageing population. The negative impact
of one child family planning policy on women's perception towards parturition is evident
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because the policy was formed in the 70's without considering opinion of women. The one child
family planning policy was a radical social experiment carried out by the Chinese government
with the authority of micelles scientists based on mechanical system where actions would be
taken and adjusted to attain a pre-determined target (Propaganda and sexism prove powerful
contraceptives for Chinese women, 2020). Under this system women's bodies were expected to
work like a machine so that a specific input delivers a specific output. The propaganda promoted
by the Chinese government to implement one child family policy led to creation of social system
where women believed having limited family size is the key to achieving happiness, wealth and
achieving social mobility in the exist system. Now women experience sexism at the workplace
along with discrimination against pregnant women and mothers. These factors have created
negative perception of women towards having a larger family size and many women are not
giving desired response to the change in family planning policy. Women are not accepting larger
family size and many women prefer the previous one child family policy of China due to years
of propaganda and the discriminatory social climate. There was no consideration of women's role
in family planning along with demographic changes which can occur in the long-term due to
such policy.
According to Feng (2021), the implementation of the one child family planning policy
has been removed by the Chinese government but is still a source of pain for many parents and
mothers in the country. As per the one child family planing policy many families who did not
comply with the policy and built larger families had to pay a social maintenance fee as penalty.
This regulation in the old Chinese family planning policy was one of the influencing factors in
promoting abortions in families in case of unwanted pregnancies. Many mothers had to get series
of abortions in order to avoid paying the social maintenance penalty which created various health
problems. In addition to this many horrific stories of policymakers pressuring parents for
abortion and practising forced abortions which were unsafe for mothers lead to decreased
popularity of one child family planning policy in China. Injecting poison into the skill of the
baby to kill it, artificially inducing labour and killing new born babies to enforce the one child
policy are some of the horrific anecdotes related to implementation of one child family planning
policy in China. One particular city in China, Linyi faced widespread terror from policymakers
and government officials in regards to family planning and compliance with the one child policy
(China's Former 1-Child Policy Continues To Haunt Families, 2021). There was fear of getting
17

harassed by government officials because of non-compliance with the one child family planning
policy. The one-child policy has created dangerous demographic shift in China where there are
more males than females and is the root of changing role of women in family planning. All these
instances led to high level of resistant against the government by citizens including mothers
during the initial implementation of the one child policy in China. This policy still affects the
parents who have suffered trauma by the hands of Chinese policymakers. Many women in the
country recall atrocious experiences because of non-complying with the one child policy
regulation in the country. Finally the one child family planning policy also permeates the
Chinese society in other ways as many families preferred having boys in comparisons to girls
which led to sex based abortions in the country. The thinking of women towards gender based
births changed because of the one child policy and the harvestmen faced by citizens also
affecting women's perception of family planing in the country.
As per the views of Yip (2021), the cause of low birth rate in China cannot only be
attributed to the restrictive family planning policy in the country. The concept of having and
raising kids early in life is being rejected by many women in China. This change in the role of
women in family planning and their refusal to have many kids at such an early age can be
attributed to the severe gender imbalance to the company. As per the latest data, there are 34.9
million more males than females in the country (China: The men who are single and the women
who don't want kids, 2021). This reality along with presence of changing attitudes of young
demographic towards childbirth is impacting women's experience of family planning in China.
The drastic differences between male and female populations in China are a result of the one
child policy implemented by the government in 1979. Historically the culture of China has been
patriarchal which favours birth of males over females. The introduction of One child policy in
1979 promoted many abortions in order to have the singular child of the family a male. The
number of male births per year kept increasing at a steady rate and led to the creation of drastic
imbalance between male and female populations of the country which can be seen today. Many
men in China are looking to settle down and the gender imbalance has created a huge problem in
finding a wife to build a family. The significant gender imbalance has changed the role and
experience of women in family planning. The scarcity to find a life partner in China has given
women some power in deciding family planning in the country in comparison to previous time
periods. The financial independence and ethnological advancement in the field of childbirth have
18

also played a important role in changing women's experience, role in family planning but equal
value can also be given to the gender imbalance created by the one child policy. The impact of
one child policy of the 70's can still be seen today in context of family planning decisions in
Chinese households as women are not looking forward to take the responsibility of parenting.
Women in the current age are becoming more acceptance of the one child policy in China
because of the high costs associated with raising a child and childbirth restricts freedom of
women to some extent. Many women feel that parenting and childbirth will not only increase
responsibility because parenting is challenging but will also limit their life choices as a women in
the patriarchal society of China.
To recommend some effective ways and strategies that would support and explore the better
women’s career advancement in China.
Career advancement is considered as the upward trajectory of individual’s professional
journey. Such as, it involves the progress from an entry level position to management as well as
transitioning from one work to others. Additionally, it has been also identified that involving into
career planning may aids women in proactively way an manage its career, and navigate hinders
towards development. So, it has been recommended that some effective ways and strategies that
would support and explore the better women’s career advancement in China are discussed
below:
 This has been recommended that they have to implement the gender equality as its prior
concern into women career development. As within China, around 61.7 % of women are
questioned few gender based questions at the time of its job applications, along with 8.7
% are being asked related to parenting as well as marriages during interviews.
 The other suggestion is that, they would have to concentrates upon their work life
balance, along with 20% that desires towards taking care of its family after work.
Additionally, women are boosting the value their person career developments along with
17.1 % are seeking towards totally integrated career development system. So, not
surprisingly, the career anticipations of women advancement have entered a much mature
phase.
 It has been suggested that taking appropriate measures and effective family planning
policies that tend to alleviate the financial as well as the warlike depression that is being
experienced by the couples during the birth of a child and also supports having a better
19

work and family life balance for the women. Along with this, the change in the economic
and technical aspect of the child bring by continuous shift in the economic tend to lead to
the introduction of modern human resource management (HRM) techniques may create
more opportunities for women to be recruited. Further, the shift in family planning
strategy also tend to promoted in government organizations through competence
examinations rather than relying on the quota system or employing the gender preference
of organizations.
 In addition to this, the modern working women are currently monitoring its career
advancement option with distinct conceptions as well as dimensions. So, it has been
recommended that it is essential to promote the "Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion"
(DEI) within work areas, much potential required to be consider through society as whole
that incorporates individuals and corporations. Therefore, it have been also suggested to
obviates the subconscious gender bias as well as support female staff career planning and
growth. The insurance industry model also assists women in identifying a flexible
balance among the work and its personal life.
 This is suggested that for supporting and exploring the better women’s career
advancement in China, it is essential to develop positive economic as well as social
atmosphere. There are an enhancing number of women who opt to initiate its own
ventures into pursuits of personal growth. Also, it has been identified that women’s key
motivation are self attainment as well as better working flexibility, both with 77%
favourability into study. While, above 31% of women entrepreneurs interviews still
represents the family responsibilities as the huge challenge in initiating its own ventures.
 It has been suggested to adopt the Chinese govt's one-child family planning policy was a
bold research project put out under the authority of micelles scientists and built on a
mechanical device in which acts were performed and changed to achieve a pre-
determined aim. Images of women were expected to work like machines in this system,
with a precise input delivering a specific output. The Chinese government's propaganda
to execute a one-child family policy resulted in the formation of a social system in which
women felt that having a small family size was the route to happiness, money, and social
advancement.
20

 It has been recommended that firms or corporations would also have to implement the
diversified workforce as well as place women into leadership positions. As this has not to
accept women who are moms lose their aspiration. Of course, needs change, yet that
doesn't mean they never again need to prevail at their specific employment or develop
into a position of authority. Organizations are better ready to hold shrewd ladies who
have initiative potential on the off chance that they give greater adaptability. Firmness
comes in many structures and closes ladies out. For instance, on the off chance that a lady
can't leave the workplace at 3:00 pm for school pickup in the wake of marking on right
on time at 7:00 am, it makes it hard for her to effectively proceed as both a mother and a
money manager. The equivalent goes for days off. Assuming a worker is wiped out, they
are allowed a day off. Stretching out this to kids makes it more practical for ladies to
track down the harmony between mother and labourer. Organizations can't punish
individuals for having a daily existence outside of work and need to offer ladies the
chance to select in without any problem.
 Also, it has been suggested that organizations need to carry out conventional sponsorship
programs. It's so significant, yet all at once regularly neglected. These projects provide
ladies with the sort of stage and construction they need to work with somebody at a more
elevated level. For men at the leader level who need to assist ladies with progressing,
however aren't don't know about how to get everything rolling, it's basically as basic as
this: begin remembering individuals for your organizations. It doesn't really need to be a
major, formal advance like going out and tracking down a particular lady to support. As a
lady, it's truly hard attempting to get to these power networks that are altogether male.
Simply start by welcoming ladies to partake more.
 It has been suggested that it is vital to review the developing and effective family
planning strategy and policy by the government tend to supports and leads to bolster of
the economy and tend to contribute in the more suitable way of development by the way
of making and taking better steps towards the empowerment of women through leading
them to complete theorem education along with supporting join the paid labour force.
Further, it has been also seen that effective family planning policy tend to supports better
career development for women by the way of making them more productive in their jobs
through supporting better health and equal opportunities for the women to earn higher
21

incomes and increase savings and investments through supporting pursuing of their
education and bringing higher financial security
Conclusion
From the above mentioned report it has been concluded that the China Is the nation that
announced that it will allow the couples to have three children and the China’s family planning
has scrapped their decades old one child policy in 2016. Apart from this this report or DC search
focus on the impact of China’s family planning policy on women Khalid in China. Apart from
this report also focus on the readers China’s family that follow planning policy and comprise the
one child policy or to tell police or any kind of futile policy and also explain about the different
kind of impact of China’s family planning policy on the women’s especially of the nutritional
policies and how they adapt these policies and react accordingly. Apart from this it has been seen
that the government policies or the common authority of the China country adapt to different
kind of a strategy so that they can promote different kind of Implications of one child policy data
associated and rely on the nation’s new pragmatic that is completely reliant on the leadership
which is tend to be get headed by deng xiaoping. Apart from this it also has been analysed that
the problems and implications which is associated with the child policy lead fall into the total
fertility rate from an Estimated around 59 but according to the woman in 1970. It has been
determined that while the one-child policy may appear to be an effective way to resolve the
problem of population increase in the short term, it will eventually lead to a slew of issues, such
as the country's overall sex ratio becoming skewed toward males, with roughly 3 to 4% more
males than females, which is dangerous for society. Furthermore, limiting couples to one child
only leads to and generates concerns with a higher percentage of female pregnancies being
aborted, which tends to exacerbate the conditions and problems of female children getting placed
in orphanages or deserted. It has also been observed that the Chinese government recognises the
implications and harmful effect of the one-child policy in terms of the ageing population, and
hence allows couples to just have two children. The effect of only one family planning policy on
Chinese women's careers tends to involve the fact that it creates a perception within urban
families that women ought to have equitable learning privileges and also that there ought to be
some work and catering opportunities for both males and females. As a result, child policy has
encouraged families to spend more on their only child's schooling without discrimination on
grounds on their socioeconomic status. Apart from this, it also has been seen that, Because of
22

years of brainwashing and sexist society influencing family planning decisions in China, the
Chinese govt's investment to popularise facing more children following the termination of the
nation's one-child family planning programme is not working well. Because few women in
China hold positions of political or corporate influence, the impact of changes in family planning
policy is not assessed by taking into account female experience in the country. In China, family
planning policy is influenced by the company's sexist culture and perception of working women
and men who want to start a family. As a result, women are less likely to start small families, if
they have children at all. The harmful influence of the one-child family masterplan on women's
attitudes regarding parturition is clear, as the policy was developed in the 1970s without taking
women's views into account. The Chinese govt's one-child family planning policy was a bold
research project put out under the authority of micelles scientists and built on a mechanical
device in which acts were performed and changed to achieve a pre-determined aim. Images of
women were expected to work like machines in this system, with a precise input delivering a
specific output. The Chinese government's propaganda to execute a one-child family policy
resulted in the formation of a social system in which women felt that having a small family size
was the route to happiness, money, and social advancement.
Furthermore, this has been recommended that they have to implement the gender equality as
its prior concern into women career development. As within China, around 61.7 % of women are
questioned few gender based questions at the time of its job applications, along with 8.7 % are
being asked related to parenting as well as marriages during interviews. They would have to
concentrates upon their work life balance, along with 20% that desires towards taking care of its
family after work. Additionally, women are boosting the value their person career developments
along with 17.1 % are seeking towards totally integrated career development system. So, not
surprisingly, the career anticipations of women advancement have entered a much mature phase.
It has been suggested that taking appropriate measures and effective family planning policies that
tend to alleviate the financial as well as the warlike depression that is being experienced by the
couples during the birth of a child and also supports having a better work and family life balance
for the women. Along with this, the change in the economic and technical aspect of the child
bring by continuous shift in the economic tend to lead to the introduction of modern human
resource management (HRM) techniques may create more opportunities for women to be
recruited. Further, the shift in family planning strategy also tend to promoted in government
23

organizations through competence examinations rather than relying on the quota system or
employing the gender preference of organizations. In addition to this, the modern working
women are currently monitoring its career advancement option with distinct conceptions as well
as dimensions. So, it has been recommended that it is essential to promote the "Diversity, Equity,
and Inclusion" (DEI) within work areas, much potential required to be consider through society
as whole that incorporates individuals and corporations. Therefore, it have been also suggested to
obviates the subconscious gender bias as well as support female staff career planning and
growth. The insurance industry model also assists women in identifying a flexible balance
among the work and its personal life.
However, for supporting and exploring the better women’s career advancement in China, it is
essential to develop positive economic as well as social atmosphere. There are an enhancing
number of women who opt to initiate its own ventures into pursuits of personal growth. Also, it
has been identified that women’s key motivation are self attainment as well as better working
flexibility, both with 77% favourability into study. While, above 31% of women entrepreneurs
interviews still represents the family responsibilities as the huge challenge in initiating its own
ventures. It has been suggested to adopt the Chinese govt's one-child family planning policy was
a bold research project put out under the authority of micelles scientists and built on a
mechanical device in which acts were performed and changed to achieve a pre-determined aim.
Images of women were expected to work like machines in this system, with a precise input
delivering a specific output. The Chinese government's propaganda to execute a one-child family
policy resulted in the formation of a social system in which women felt that having a small
family size was the route to happiness, money, and social advancement. it is vital to review the
developing and effective family planning strategy and policy by the government tend to supports
and leads to bolster of the economy and tend to contribute in the more suitable way of
development by the way of making and taking better steps towards the empowerment of women
through leading them to complete theorem education along with supporting join the paid labour
force. Further, it has been also seen that effective family planning policy tend to supports better
career development for women by the way of making them more productive in their jobs through
supporting better health and equal opportunities for the women to earn higher incomes and
increase savings and investments through supporting pursuing of their education and bringing
higher financial security.
24

Firms or corporations would also have to implement the diversified workforce as well as
place women into leadership positions. As this has not to accept women who are moms lose their
aspiration. Of course, needs change, yet that doesn't mean they never again need to prevail at
their specific employment or develop into a position of authority. Organizations are better ready
to hold shrewd ladies who have initiative potential on the off chance that they give greater
adaptability. Firmness comes in many structures and closes ladies out. For instance, on the off
chance that a lady can't leave the workplace at 3:00 pm for school pickup in the wake of marking
on right on time at 7:00 am, it makes it hard for her to effectively proceed as both a mother and a
money manager. The equivalent goes for days off. Assuming a worker is wiped out, they are
allowed a day off. Stretching out this to kids makes it more practical for ladies to track down the
harmony between mother and labourer. Organizations can't punish individuals for having a daily
existence outside of work and need to offer ladies the chance to select in without any problem.
Also, it has been suggested that organizations need to carry out conventional sponsorship
programs. It's so significant, yet all at once regularly neglected. These projects provide ladies
with the sort of stage and construction they need to work with somebody at a more elevated
level. For men at the leader level who need to assist ladies with progressing, however aren't don't
know about how to get everything rolling, it's basically as basic as this: begin remembering
individuals for your organizations. It doesn't really need to be a major, formal advance like going
out and tracking down a particular lady to support. As a lady, it's truly hard attempting to get to
these power networks that are altogether male. Simply start by welcoming ladies to partake
more.
25

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