A Detailed Analysis of China's International Relations and Diplomacy

This essay explores China's international relations, highlighting its transformation from an agricultural society to a global superpower with a proactive foreign policy. It emphasizes China's commitment to peaceful development, mutual benefit, and non-interference, guided by the five principles of peaceful coexistence. The essay discusses China's relations with key countries, including the United States, the European Union, Russia, Japan, Pakistan, North Korea, Africa, and India, noting the complexities and strategic importance of these relationships. China's active participation in the United Nations, its peacekeeping efforts, and its economic partnerships are also examined, showcasing China's evolving role in international affairs and its pursuit of a stable and cooperative global environment.

Running Head: CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES 0
International Relation of China

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China emerged as world’s most primitive civilisation, it is popularly known as the
People’s Republic of China. China is world’s most overcrowded country, the population of
China is almost around 1.404 billion and the total area cover by China is approx. 9,600,000
square kilometres, it is the third largest country in terms of area. China has maximum number
of neighbouring countries. China is a unitary one party independent state in East Asia. The
jurisdiction of China is governed by the Communist Party of China, it covers over 5 Self-
governing regions, 22 provinces, 4 direct controlled municipalities and special administrative
regions. After introduction of Economic Reform in 1978 the economy of China becomes the
world’s fastest growing economy with the constant growth of 6%. In 2016, China is world’s
second largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity and nominal GDP. China is also
a world’s leading exporter and second largest importer of goods. China has become a
permanent member of United Nation Security council in 1971. It has also become a member
of various informal and formal global organisations which include WTO, BRICS, APEC,
SCO, BCIM, G20, and ASEAN plus mechanism. China is characterised as a potential
superpower. This essay is designed to state the international relations or terms of China with
its neighbouring countries and with other countries of the world and also to know some
important steps taken by China to established good relationships with other countries.
China constantly holding a title of cooperation, development and peace, China always
follows its independent foreign policy of peace and always tries to develop friendly relation
with other countries. The five basic principles follow by China to maintain peaceful
consensus are mutual non-aggression, non-interference, mutual respect for territorial integrity
and sovereignty, non- interference in others internal affairs and mutual benefits. For present
and as well as for coming years the central mission, vision and basic goal of China’s
diplomacy is to safeguard the important period of strategic opportunities for countries
development, struggle for stable and peaceful international environment, mutual and equal

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use of scarce resources, positive acknowledgment from the international community and to
facilitate the program of building a well off society in an all-around way.
Since 20th century China has transformed itself from backwards and inaccessible
agricultural society to a modern economic superpower which pursues global interest and
responsibilities. To cope with the changing domestic and international conditions, China has
formed a practical, flexible and active foreign policy. As the economy of China is expanding
continuously, the conditions have demand to expand its market, investment and political
smack. By encouraging cultural, educational, sports, tourism, and other exchange programme
China is strongly projecting and presenting a soft power and peaceful image. China has
maintained mutual beneficial relations in various fields at different levels with major
countries of the world.
To maintain the international relationship with various countries the Government of
China has developed an independent foreign policy. The basic objectives of the foreign
policy are defending national independence and sovereignty and creating international
environment, upgrading efforts, preserving world peace and encouraging mutual
development. China is the registered member of the United Nation and one member among
the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. China plays a very
important role in international matters which were brought to United Nations. China offers
help and support to United States in solving sensitive and complex problems related to
various areas like non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament within the prescribed
framework. China is taking part actively in the international activities. China provides it full
help to United Nations by providing finance and time unconditionally. In 2006, China
financed 2.053% of the total United Nations budget. China is at number 9 among all member
countries who donate money to United Nations. China has increased its participation in
peacekeeping activities of United Nations. In 1988 China has placed a formal application to

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join the special group who are working for peacekeeping operations. The peacekeeping task
force of China ranked 12 among all other member’s countries, and stand first among 5 eternal
members of Security Council.
In recent years the Political leaders of China are frequently travelling to all part of the world
to meet the great leaders of the other countries. The main aim of these meeting is to build a
good and friendly relationship with the other countries which will help them in trade and may
provide other facilities. China has made various efforts to bring down the tension among
various part of Asia. The relationship of China and its neighbour countries has become stable
during last two decades. In 1990, China has sent its 5 armed forces to the United Nation
Supervision Organisation, it was a first time when the army of China personally takes part in
the operations related to peacekeeping. And by the end of 2006, 6500 Chinese policemen,
army men and civil official had participated in the United Nations, 16th peacekeeping
operations take place in Kosovo, Haiti, Sudan, Afghanistan and Liberia. Peacekeepers from
China are highly in demand they are recommended by United Nations and the government
and by the host country people, to bring discipline, courageous and committed (Gamer and
Toops 2017).
China-United States relations, commonly known as Sino-American relation, the
relationship between these two countries is quite complex but strong. China is the leading
developing country in the world, while the United States is the largest developed country.
The United State and China have a particularly extensive economic partnership a great
amount of trade take place between these two countries, much due to their positive political
relation. The Sino-American relationship growing continuously, both countries find more
common stakes in their international affairs. The US and China have cooperative and
coordinated position in fields like Iranian nuclear issue, Korean nuclear issues, non-
proliferation of nuclear weapons and anti-terrorism. Both countries together reached

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consensus on maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. Peace between the two
countries will bless both the parties whereas crash will inflict both. China and the United
States must expand communication and understanding to enhance harmony and confidence.
Friendly relationship between the countries will not only provide benefits to people but also
promote world peace.
The strategic partnership takes place in 2003 between China and European Union and
becomes a source of good relations between both the countries, which has imitated a
profound trust and regular exchange of high level visits. With the increasing partnership and
responsibilities the China and European Union relation become more and more practical and
mature. There is a hasty expansion have been seen between China and European Union. By
far now the European Union is the leading trading partner of China, and China is the second
largest trading partner of the European Union. The European Union is making continuous
speculation in China to get more profit and growth. The widespread partnership between
China and the European Union is on solid track both are supporting each other (Gamer and
Toops 2017).
China-Russia relation also known as Sino-Russian relation, it states the international
relation between the People Republic of China and Russian Federation. China and Russia
have become rivals after the Sino-Soviet Split in 1961, the political relations between both
countries improved dramatically after termination of Soviet Union and establishment of
Russian Federation in 1991. In 1991 the boundaries of China and Russia have been defined
and in 2001, both the countries have signed a Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly
Cooperation. China and Russia have made full efforts on cooperation mechanism between
both governments to expand the mutual collaboration in all fields and for achieving
prominent achievements. The relation between two countries maintains a good motion. The
countries have worked together to maintain their international affairs. Both countries have

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tied their hand to increase their business, their economic and trade cooperation between two
countries has shown a quick and sound growth. With help of high level joint political trust
and benefits, common political drives, strategic coordination both China and Russia share a
desire and determination of the two people to become good neighbours and partners (Gamer
and Toops 2017).
Sino-Nippon Relations refers to the relationship between China and Japan, both are
neighbouring countries, the boundaries are separated by the East China Sea. Japan has the
strong impact of its architecture, culture, law, philosophy, language and religion on China.
According to Government of China the relation between China and Japan has disturbed at the
time when Japan refuses to acknowledge its war time past to satisfy China. On other hand,
According to Government of Japan the enlargement of People Liberation Army and its
forceful actions has damage the mutual relation. After World War 2 the relation of both
countries remains in tension. This situation is breaking out as a big conflict in Asia. Sino-
Japanese relation gets warm constantly after Shinzo Abe become Prime Minister of Japan in
2006. The Economies of China-Japan are the world’s second and third largest economies by
GDP. In 2008, China-Japan trade grew to $266.4 billion, A rise of 12.25% has been recorded.
Both China and Japan are close business partners but beyond trade the relationship between
two is not good. Still both the countries are trying to bring down the conflicts by improving
their relationships. Both countries have started to cooperate in numerous areas like global
trade and Asia economic.
The relationship between China and Pakistan started in 1950 when Pakistan becomes
the first country to end its official political relations with Taiwan and join hands with the
People Republic of China. From then until now both countries are giving equal importance to
each other. China and Pakistan both maintain extremely close and supportive special relation
and both countries maintain regular exchange of high level visits which are resulting in

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various agreements. The People Republic of China has provided technical, economic and
military assistance to Pakistan.
China and North Korea enjoy a very close diplomatic relationship in past but, over
past few years the relationship between these two countries is decline. The decline in the
relationship is due to growing concern in China over issues like impoundment of Chinese
fishing boats and more importantly the nuclear weapons program run by North Korea. The
relations between two countries are not good and due to the continuous attacks threats given
by North Korea.
Sino-African Relations refers to social, cultural, economic, military, political and
historical connection between Arica and China. The relationship between China and Africa
has a long lasting past and they have built a strong foundation in their relationship, as both
the countries have suffered a similar kind of experience in their past, they have built a
profound friendship through mutual support. The founding of the new China in 1949 and
independence of African countries have opened a new lesson of China-Africa friendship. The
international affairs between two countries become stronger by past half century. China has
provided assistance to African country with strong support and power. Friendship,
genuineness, fairness, mutual assistance, mutuality and common prosperity are the main
principles of cooperation and exchange between the two countries (Gamer and Toops 2017).
The China-India relation also named as Sino-Indian relation. India and China
boundaries are separated by the Himalayas. The trade relation between India and China are
very good but both the countries are facing various problems like border issues and a huge
competition between these two economies. The India and China are world two fast growing
economies. In 2012 China feels that the ties between both countries could be the most
important two-sided partnership of the century and for that the representatives of both

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countries have decided to increase two-pronged trade of US $100 billion by 2015. The
amount of two-sided trade of both countries is increased in 2017. After years of competition
and border war, the relation between India and China got improved in the 21st century. Both
the countries have doubled their economic trade in past few years and China becomes India’s
leading trading partner in 2010. Both countries have designed a joint naval exercise.
The military exchanges between countries are the main indicators of Political relation.
China’s army negotiation in 2006 was very productive. In 2006 China has exchanged its
army personnel with over 300 countries, and played the role of host for over 40 defence
ministers or chiefs of staff from other countries. China has participated in more than 40
multilateral or bilateral discussions or talks and provides public-spirited aid to Philippines
Lebanon, and Indonesia.
The high level army exchange visits facilitate China by building understanding, trust,
and cooperation and by encouraging consensus. As a result of Army exchange programme
the relationship between China and Russia has been improved and also the relationship
between China and United States are growing gradually. All round and multilevel army
exchange and collaboration are proceeding between China and other foreign countries.
Joint army exercises, security and defence discussions and negotiations between
China and other countries have been enhanced. In September and November 2006, marine
forces from United States and China have conducted two phase combined naval rescue
exercises with each phase on the territorial waters China and the United States respectively.
The combined exercise is a new way of building military cooperation. In September,
Tajikistan and China have planned a combine anti-terrorism exercise with the code name
Cooperation-2006. The dual sided explored fighting and forceful strategies in anti-terrorism,
prepared coordination between the two militaries, and built the platform to further anti-

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terrorism assistance. The exercise was also a pilot for the joint military exercises among SCO
member countries to be held in 2007. In November Pakistan and China launched an anti-
terrorism exercise in Pakistan with the code name Friendship 2006. This exercise has
reinforced the friendly relation between the two countries and their armed forces and also has
promoted collaboration between the two countries in security affairs, in particular anti-
terrorism (Gamer and Toops 2017).
China given importance and value to the development of friendly relation with its
neighbouring countries as well as other countries also China wants to maintain stability in its
relationship with other countries. For that China has designed its Foreign policy which will
help the country in attaining its goal of developing international relation. China has taken
many steps to maintain good relationship with other countries in some cases it gets success
but in some it fails to maintain the relationship with other or neighbouring countries. The
counties like Pakistan, Africa become a very good friend on other hand United States, India,
North Korea are maintaining only trade relation with China. To build a good relationship and
to maintain the stability in the relationship with other countries China needs to analyse its
policies again and the leaders of the country need to develop their interaction with other
countries more often. This will help China in fulfilling its goal of maintaining the
relationship with other countries, and with the help of maintaining relationship the economy
of the country will grow, the ways of trade and chance of getting more foreign exchange and
revenue will increase. And most importantly the friendly international relationship between
the countries and China will lead to a peaceful environment across countries.

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References
Gamer, Robert E., and Stanley Toops., Understanding Contemporary China. 5th eds. US:
Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2017. Print.