Chronic Conditions: Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Care Models

This homework assignment explores various aspects of living with chronic conditions. It examines the role of self-efficacy and locus of control in patient behavior, highlighting the impact of social support on mental health and the shift towards home and community-based care for individuals with learning disabilities. The assignment also delves into the components of the ICIDH, the importance of patient safety within the chronic care model, and social factors influencing novice driver behavior. Furthermore, it addresses strategies for preventing road accidents and the use of health messaging in managing conditions like asthma. The assignment also emphasizes the significance of family and community involvement in patient care and the aims of chronic disease self-management education programs, including a focus on federal funding for patient self-management initiatives. References are provided to support the information presented.

Running head: LIVING WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS
LIVING WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS
Name of the Student
Name of the university
Author’s note

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Self efficacy and locus of control in patients suffering from heart diseases can determine
the patient's approach towards health care professionals for routine checkups or it may
also self motivate the patient to adhere to the medications (Bonsaksen et al., 2012).
Stronger perception of internal health lessens stress and depressions due to cardiovascular
diseases.
2. Social support may be referred to as physical, emotional and spiritual support that is
important for psychological ailments such as depression. It is important to have few
closer relatives or friends, as one might feel lonely at some point of time due to the lack
of social support. Feeling of loneliness can make one more vulnerable to depression and
anxiety (Falvo, 2013).
3. Time has come that the disability care model had stepped beyond hospitals and
institutions and have proposed to extend the delivery of care to home and community.
There are certain financial and systemic reasons behind this. People with learning
disabilities require prolonged treatment, which involves lot of money, if treated in a
hospital setting (Grol et al., 2013). Furthermore home based treatment under the
supervision of skilled doctors and family have been found to show better outcomes.
4. Social inclusion is important for the betterment of the community. When talking about
learning disabilities, societies play an important role in managing people with mental
illness. Community workshops and special classes can be organized to support then
disabled persons. Previously the disabled people were being removed from the
community and were institutionalized. People with learning disabilities also get chance to
attend equal educations (Deverka et al., 2012).
5. There are for pillars of TAC towards the zero campaign (Corben et al., 2010). They are-

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 Safer roads
 safer cars
 safer people
 safer speeds
Some of the features of safer roads are-
 Roundabouts, for slowing down vehicles.
 Flexible barriers, for preventing the cars from wire rope barrier.
 Tactile surfaces or grooved patterns to provide audible warning that the vehicle is going
off.
 Sealed shoulders, for easy gripping of the tyres.
6. A) The components of ICIDH are (Halbertsma et al., 2000)-
 Body functions are the physiological functions of the body
 Body structures are the anatomical parts of the body.
 Activity is the implementation of a task by a person.
B) It has helped to provide a scientific basis for studying and understanding health. It has
facilitated in the establishment of a common language for defining health
7. Among the six elements of the chronic care model, Patient safety in health system is one
of the most important elements. Patient safety is necessary as chronic conditions can often lead
to life and death situations. It is necessary to implement useful changes in an organization to
manage the chronic illnesses (Wagner 1998).
8. The social factors influencing the novice behavior of the drivers are (Bates et al., 2014)-

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 The socio-economic status
 The Passengers similar in age with the drivers increase the risks of road accidents.
 Alcohols and drugs
 Use of mobile phones and ear phones
 Social groups
 Fatigue
Strategies for preventing road accidents by the young drivers-
 Providing a sustainable road development
 Proper parental support and guidance
 Preventing the youths from rash driving
 Proper driver licensing program
9. Health messaging, proper medications and proper management plans can help people to take
prior precautions and avoid the factors that can exacerbate the symptoms of asthma. It can also
help in the self management of asthma, by providing with them with appropriate information (Lv
et al., 2012).
10. Musculoskeletal injury can bring about psychosocial and physical burden in people.
Involvement of the family members and spouses in the care plan can bring about better outcomes
in the patient. Social support at the workplace by the co workers and the supervisors can also
help the patient feel emotionally supported (Falvo, 2013).

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11. Participation of people and contribution to the health care systems has been considered to be
crucial to the health care systems. With the changing needs of health care, the role of the
community has to be dynamic (Deverka et al., 2012).
Community participation should be able to increase the democracy, combat exclusion, empower
people, development of integrated and holistic care approaches, ensuring of the sustainability and
the ownership of the programs.
12. The aims of the chronic disease self-management education programs are-
To impart knowledge to the patients regarding the skills and the techniques for improving the
doctor-client interaction for self care. Another aim was to reduce the cost in health care. A
federal budget of $515 million over 5 years has been allocated for the activation of the patient's
self management program (Nolte & Osborne, 2013).

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References
Bates, L. J., Davey, J., Watson, B., King, M. J., & Armstrong, K. (2014). Factors contributing to
crashes among young drivers. Sultan Qaboos university medical journal, 14(3), e297.
Bonsaksen, T., Lerdal, A., & Fagermoen, M. S. (2012). Factors associated with self‐efficacy in
persons with chronic illness. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(4), 333-339.
Corben, B. F., Logan, D. B., Fanciulli, L., Farley, R., & Cameron, I. (2010). Strengthening road
safety strategy development ‘Towards Zero’2008–2020–Western Australia’s experience
scientific research on road safety management SWOV workshop 16 and 17 November
2009. Safety Science, 48(9), 1085-1097.
Deverka, P. A., Lavallee, D. C., Desai, P. J., Esmail, L. C., Ramsey, S. D., Veenstra, D. L., &
Tunis, S. R. (2012). Stakeholder participation in comparative effectiveness research:
defining a framework for effective engagement.
Falvo, D. (2013). Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., & Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013). Improving patient care: the
implementation of change in health care. John Wiley & Sons.
Halbertsma, J., F. Heerkens, Y., M. Hirs, W., de Kleijn-de Vrankrijker, M. W., Ravensberg, C.
D. V., & Ten Napel, H. (2000). Towards a new ICIDH. Disability and
Rehabilitation, 22(3), 144-156.

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Leveille, S. G., Wagner, E. H., Davis, C., Grothaus, L., Wallace, J., LoGerfo, M., & Kent, D.
(1998). Preventing disability and managing chronic illness in frail older adults: A
randomized trial of a community‐based partnership with primary care. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society, 46(10), 1191-1198.
Lv, Y., Zhao, H., Liang, Z., Dong, H., Liu, L., Zhang, D., & Cai, S. (2012). A mobile phone
short message service improves perceived control of asthma: a randomized controlled
trial. Telemedicine and e-Health, 18(6), 420-426.
Nolte, S., & Osborne, R. H. (2013). A systematic review of outcomes of chronic disease self-
management interventions. Quality of life research, 22(7), 1805-1816.