This case study provides an overview of the main health issues facing Australia today, focusing on chronic conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, asthma, and depression. It highlights the prevalence of these conditions among the Australian population and identifies biomedical, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic risk factors. The study examines how these conditions disproportionately affect older people, those in lower socioeconomic regions, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, emphasizing the historical and social determinants of health contributing to these disparities. Furthermore, it discusses various policies and frameworks implemented to address these issues, including the Enhanced Primary Care (EPC) program, the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan, the National Strategic Framework for Chronic Conditions, and the Australian National Diabetes Strategy. The analysis compares Australia's mortality rates from chronic conditions with those of the United Kingdom, concluding that Australia is making progress in managing these conditions through comprehensive strategies and a focus on social determinants of health.