CHTM38 Report: Critical Evaluation of Research Methods in Two Articles

This report critically evaluates the research methodologies employed in two journal articles: one focusing on gender perspectives in the hospitality industry and the other on the future of African air transport, specifically learning from Ethiopian Airlines. The analysis of the hospitality article examines the use of semi-structured interviews and the application of Risman's 'Gender as a Social Structure' model to understand barriers to women's advancement. The evaluation of the air transport article discusses the use of vector error correction and vector auto regression models to determine the causal relationship between air transport demand and economic development in Sub-Saharan African countries. The report identifies the strengths and limitations of each study's methodology, providing a comprehensive assessment of their approaches to data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

CHTM38 Research Methods For
The Services Sector

Contents
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3
Article 1:......................................................................................................................................3
Segovia-Peréz, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., and Munoz-Mazón, A.
(2018)...........................................................................................................................................3
Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: female executives’ perceptions....3
International Journal of Hospitality Management.......................................................................3
Article 2: Meichsner, N., O’Connell, J.F., and Warnock-Smith, D. (2018). The future for
African air transport: learning from Ethiopian Airlines. Journal of Transport Geography 71,
182-197........................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
PART 2..........................................................................................................................................11
The title for your research..........................................................................................................12
About the topic..........................................................................................................................12
Research background.................................................................................................................12
Research rationale......................................................................................................................12
Literature review........................................................................................................................13
Research questions, aim and objectives.....................................................................................15
RESEARCH METHODS..............................................................................................................16
5. Data collection and analysis......................................................................................................17
6. Time scale..................................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20

PART 1
INTRODUCTION
This article addresses the need for a more comprehensive approach to analysing and evaluating
the glass ceiling in the hospitality industry. This research contributes to a better understanding of
the invisible barriers to women's advancement in the hospitality industry. "Gender as a Social
Structure in the Hospitality Industry," a new theoretical approach is presented that is based on
Risman's "Gender as a Social Structure" model. The results show that the hospitality industry is a
traditional industry with predominantly male values that have a direct impact on women's roles.
Improving women's participation in decision-making positions necessitates the collaboration of
government, business, and educational institutions.
Article 1:
Segovia-Peréz, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., and Munoz-Mazón, A. (2018).
Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: female executives’ perceptions.
International Journal of Hospitality Management
Identification and critical evaluation of the methodology and methods used in the article
Methods
The results of the second phase of the project Glass Ceiling in the Tourism Sector are presented
in this article. The findings of Phase 1 revealed that the proportion of positions filled by men
increased with the level of the position and the degree of responsibility, correlating with previous
research. In chain hotels with fewer than 200 rooms, the percentages of men and women in hotel
management positions were nearly equal (47.5 percent women), whereas in hotels with more
than 200 rooms, the percentage of women in management positions fell to 10%. These findings
prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that job stereotyping exists. Women tended to work in very
specific areas of the business, such as communications, marketing, human resources, and
housekeeping. These findings fueled Phase 2, which was centred on research topic.
Thirty semi-structured face-to-face interviews with female executives in leading rank in the
hospitality sector were conducted. Top managers levels (hotel manager and hotel chain manager)
and lower positions in the organization chart (for example, top managers in reception or other
government agencies) were also taken into account. Due to the difficulty of finding informants,

the first female executive was chosen from the Spanish Confederation of Hotels and Tourist
Accommodation (CEHAT), and subsequent interviewees were recruited using the'snowball'
technique. Because 'birds of a feather flock together,' this sampling technique may result in a
homogeneous and misleading sample, but given the individual differences of our survey
respondents (individual factors, position, organisation, etc. The individuals aged from 32 to 50
years old, with the majority of them married or getting married (60 percent ). Also nine people
were single, two were divorced, and half (53%) had young kids. The women we interviewed held
various levels of executive leadership roles: twenty-one started to work at the highest
management (manager or owner) and six at the level 2 (communications, marketing, or human
resources manager or strategic manager). The sample size was selected using the knowledge
intensity strategy. The majority of interviews were conducted at the interviewee's office; the
average duration was one and a half hours, and interviews were recorded with the subjects'
permission. The setting may have encouraged many of the women to adopt a more official tone
at first in order to show publicly appropriate relevant data about an ideal top management image
(false front), and the majority of them initially stated that they had never reported experiencing
job discrimination. These preliminary findings did not correspond to past works or to the
project's Phase 1 findings. A script, which was proposed to unify the interview criteria, was used
exclusively to guide the interviews, but it was decided in all cases to give the interviewees
enough freedom to develop their own speeches. Furthermore, because the scholars were using
Risman's model, the following topics were enclosed in during interviews: I the interviewee's
professional trajectory (curriculum vitae, career history, departments in which they had ended up
working, perceptions, desires, and factors that had made it popular); (ii) the interviewee's
personal trajectory (marital status, balances of future career development, child rearing,
hardships, aids, and the like); (iii) the interviewee's (barriers, causes, possible solutions, etc.).
The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The following steps were taken in the analysis:
familiarisation, data reduction, pattern identification, re-construction and generalisation, and
theory development. The researchers were inspired by Risman's model when collecting data, and
when analysing the transcripts, they paid special attention to the levels specified in the model.
The data analysis proceeded in two major steps in accordance with the initial decision to use
Risman's model. We began with directed analysis based on the model, followed by conventional
content analysis (inductive analysis) to capture additional relevant information. This process

assisted us in identifying relevant variables in each layer, as well as the intersections between
them, which resulted in the design of a model specific to the hospitality industry. The analysis
was performed manually, without the use of any software or statistical techniques, resulting in a
better understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.
Conclusion and recommendations
The researcher has developed a new framework "Gender as a Social Structure in the Hospitality
Industry" by combining directed and inductive analysis. This framework addresses the growing
complexity of theorising about gender construction in organisations. The intersectionality of

Risman's different levels, as well as the peculiarities of the hospitality industry and its
socioeconomic context. It provides a balanced overview of the factors that limit or promote
women's advancement to management positions from a gender standpoint. Based on the
findings, the framework 'Gender as a Social Structure in the Hospitality Industry' categorises
factors for the hospitality business on the three different levels of Risma's model (individual,
interactional and institutional). It also understands the forms of oppression of these levels and
identifies the factors that are shared by them due to their fine distinctions. The structure was
formulated with special varied significantly at each level, resulting in a comprehensive approach
to women's leadership learning in the hospitality industry. Women's career choices are also
influenced by personality barriers. It is argued that women seek certain jobs in order to more
easily adjust their domestic responsibilities. The findings indicate that women's internalised
gender expectations within their families are closely connected to these identity barriers. Around
half of the women interviewed had children, and all of them were aware of the impact
motherhood had on the specialist potentials of women in the hospitality industry.
Gender expected behaviour associated with leadership style was also observed in the interview
process. Gender gap in leadership style are a contentious issue but since they lead to
stereotyping. The scope of our research does not allow for a detailed examination of the
interaction between gender and the characteristics of successful leaders. There is no need to
reinforce gender stereotypes, but it should be noted that female management has been outlined as
emphasising interpersonal relations, partnership, collaboration, and compassion and
understanding more than men, whereas male authority is characterized by greater aggression,
task orientation, efficiency, and certainty. According to the women we interviewed, it is a
problem in the interactional arena because the positive social attributes associated with women
(empathy, communication, beauty) do not fit with the leadership style expected by hospitality
companies. Some interviewees believed that in order to advance in their careers, they needed to
adopt an aggressive leadership style.

Article 2: Meichsner, N., O’Connell, J.F., and Warnock-Smith, D. (2018). The future for
African air transport: learning from Ethiopian Airlines. Journal of Transport Geography
71, 182-197.
Introduction
Air transport could be a critical tool for advancing economic development. However, it is unclear
whether air travel promotes economic development or the other way around. Both perspectives
are theoretically and empirically supported. Air transport is important in some countries and
regions for initiating development, such as attracting fdi or providing access to lifelines. In other
words, industrial development drives air travel demand. Identifying the causality relationship for
counties based on income level may help to inform practical policy. For the period 1981–2018,
this study examines the causal relationship between air transport demand and economic
development in six Sub-Saharan African countries.
Identification and critical evaluation of the methodology and methods used
Long-run and short-run causalities are identified using vector error correction and vector auto
regression models. The findings reveal a variety of situation causal relationships. In the long
haul, causality relationship from industrial prosperity to air transport demand in South Africa,
Ethiopia, and Tanzania; in Ethiopia, causality runs in the reverse direction, with elevated demand
for air transport promoting industrial prosperity; and in Senegal and Angola, the partnership is
too weak to infer causal directions. Discrepancy in per capita income, low-cost telos' share of
aviation markets, the presence of major parents’ house airlines, and comparative geographical
upside as a natural hub are all plausible reasons for this diversity. Evidence from empirical case
studies reveals mixed patterns of interrelationships between air transport demand and economic
development, implying either unidirectional or bidirectional causality. An econometric study in
eight South Asian countries reveals unidirectional Granger causality from GDP to air passenger
traffic and air freight volumes. Their results, however, are presented as a whole rather than by
country. Van De Vijver et al. (2014) investigate the link between trade and air passenger travel in
Asia-Pacific countries. Instead of comparing conditions in each country, they present their
findings using causality scenarios between pairs of countries. Other studies at the country level
make no explicit comparisons with other countries. This study fills that gap by simultaneously
investigating the causal relationships between air transport demand and economic development
in six Sub-Saharan African countries. Reduced transportation costs, increased income, relocation

of industries (or public services), and changes in adjacent transportation markets are all factors
that increase transportation demand. When traffic increases, the demand for transportation shifts
to the right. This will result in increased capacity in transportation facilities, resulting in
economies of scale. As a result, transportation improvements such as expanded or new airports,
increased flights, new routes, low-cost carrier expansion, new roads, and intelligent
transportation systems may reduce the generalised cost per trip (from GC0 to GC1) while
increasing the number of trips. CBA can be used to determine the justification and timing of a
capacity increase. The research employed ancillary time series analyses to investigate the deep
connection (integration) and Co integration among both air transport consumption and economic
progress in six Sub-Saharan African countries from 1981 to 2018 (Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa). These countries were chosen at random, but with
geographic location, per capita income, and growth in air transport services in mind. Ethiopia
and Kenya constitute East Africa, South Africa represents Southern Africa, Angola signifies
Central Africa, and Nigeria and Senegal reflect West Africa, according to the International Air
Transport Association (IATA). The sample countries also represent a range of income level in
the country, which would include low income (Senegal and Ethiopia), lower medium class
(Angola, Kenya, and Nigeria), and upper medium income (South Africa). The economic growth
approach, on the other hand, contends that there are externalities to transportation improvements
that cannot be captured by a microeconomic approach. This strategy focuses on lowering overall
costs and increasing outputs related to transportation service development. Cost and time savings
from improved transportation facilities, as well as increased levels of economic output, will
activate causes relating transportation improvements and the economics. Number of motor
vehicles is a driving factor that necessitates transportation service enhancements. The
achievement of invested money in transportation infrastructure takes into account both actual and
potential traffic. Improved transportation may save users expenses and gain industrial
productivity. Existing legacy correlation and cross-sectional logistic regression provide only a
limited amount of evidence for causality. Time series methods involving constructs such as
stationarity and Granger causality, on the other hand, have emerged to allow for the investigation
of cause - effect relationships between individual variables. In this study, a variety of these
techniques are used. As a result, factors that are expected to create and influence air transport
demand are identified and incorporated into the model. The variables, along with their units of

measurement and data sources. To smooth out large standard deviations across samples, these
are transformed into natural logarithms. Natural logarithm model parameters can also be
interpreted as elasticities.
Conclusion and recommendations
This research looks at the links between financial activity and airfreight demand in six Sub-
Saharan African countries. The empirical findings in this region identify three habits in the long-
run causal relationships between these two factors. First, there is a one-way causal relationship
between the financial development and air travel. 3 According to Dennis, Frankfurt is Europe's
most helpful hub in terms of location. Mass transit Geography is in high demand in countries
such as South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. These are middle-income countries with regionally
competitive air transport services. Significant direct outlay in industries other than aircraft may
help bolster job creation, which may increase air traffic demands in such circumstances. The
second pattern is a one-way causal relationship between air transport demand and economic
development, as seen in Ethiopia. Although Ethiopia is a low-income country, its geographical
location as a natural hub gives it a comparative advantage, and it has the region's largest airline
group. As a result, increased air transport growth may improve its economic development, so
economic development strategies should place a strong emphasis on air transport, which will
facilitate other industries such as tourism. Senegal and Angola represent the final template,
where the correlation between economic development and air transport demand is too weak to
determine a causal direction. Other states with relatively economic and air service trends to those
studied may exhibit similar causal directions. Different versions in study evidence across the
region imply that the context and geometric dimensions of a country have an effectP on the
causal relationships.

REFERENCES
Alberto A. Gaggero & David Bartolini, 2012. "The Determinants of Airline Alliances," Journal
of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 46(3), pages 399-414, September
Brueckner, Jan K., 2001. "The economics of international codesharing: an analysis of airline
alliances," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 19(10), pages 1475-
1498, December.
Njoya, Eric Tchouamou, 2016. "Africa’s single aviation market: The progress so far," Journal of
Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 4-11.
https://e-tarjome.com/storage/panel/fileuploads/2019-04-15/1555323673_E10910-e-tarjome.pdf
Spanish Ministry of Education, 2017. Educational Level Statistics. (Retrieved from:
https://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/portada.
html;jsessionid=CF90A666475FB04266B378B95B9ED6AD). Stacey, J., 2015. Retrieved from.
Supporting Quality Jobs in Tourism. OECD Tourism Papers, 2015/02. OECD, Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en. (Retrieved from). Steele, C.M., 1997. A threat in the
air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. Am. Psychol. 52 (6), 613–629.>

PART 2

The title for your research
To determine the ways for incorporating gender equality along with its impact on market
image of UK hospitality industry
About the topic
Gender equality is regarded as the measures which are used by the organisation in their
premises so that to give equal opportunities to all the employee irrespective of their gender. In
terms of gender equality this is the measure which are specifically used within the organisation
so that equal value can be given to all the employees. Women in society are always suppressed
due to which they do not get much opportunities in order to show their skills and capabilities
within the organisation. These are the reasons that female employees are not highlighted in may
organisation in which gender discrimination is faced. This is analysed that in current time gender
equality is one of the greatest measure which is used within the business so that to provide equal
opportunities to all the employee irrespective of their gender and to manage business
belongingness (Bertay, Dordevic and Sever, 2020). Similarly gender equality is one of the major
concept which is used within the organisation so that to render efficiency within the business and
to develop market image as well. The current research will develop understanding in terms of
gender equality within the organisation so that value can be given to employees and their efforts
can be used in order to attain business objectives.
Research background
The research is based on gender equality which is one of the emerging topic which is
recognised within the business in order to develop differential business insights and to provide
efficiency in business functions. The research is going to provide the challenges that could be
faced by the organisation due to not having gender equality. This is observed that this is essential
within an organisation that to keep significant measures of gender equality so that values can be
given to employees and employee involvement can be encouraged within the organisation to
optimal manner.
Research rationale
The major The major reason behind executing the current research is related with
developing understanding on the topic of gender equality. The current research is associated with
dual perspective such as personal and professional perspective. In terms of personal perspective

the current research will provide development opportunities to researcher in order to develop
various skills such as communication skills, presentation skills, research skills and many others.
Using these skills researcher will be able to use the same in managing their career and other
obligations. On the other hand, in terms of professional perspective the current research will
provide edge to the researcher in which he or she can complete their future researches in more
appropriate manner. This will provide assistance to researcher that they can execute their future
researches in desired manner so that prominence can be attained.
Literature review
What is the concept of gender equality in context with hospitality industry of UK?
Gender equality is when people of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and
opportunities. Under gender equality, men and women or any other gender are not being
differentiated on the basis of their gender and similar resources are given to them. Using these
resources employees can use their skills in managing business functions and roles. This is
analysed that in UK hospitality gender equality is much likely not existed. The hospitality
industry is not very much focused over developing gender equality measures due to having
functions related with one to one exposure. In UK the ration of men women within workplace is
55 to 45, women are temporarily employed than men which means that gender equality is needed
to be existed within the industry (Koissy-Kpein, 2020). When an organisation is following
measures of gender equality which means that equal rights and responsibilities are given so that
needs and interest of individual can be created. In the term of hospitality industry, the industry is
related with interacting with customer in direct manner so that gender equality is one of the
measure which is needed to be managed within the industry so that to manage the working in
appropriate manner. Gender equality is based on the concept of empowering everyone
irrespective of their gender so that gaps within the gender can be mitigated and at the same time
economic benefits can also be provided.
What are the ways that can be used by Marriott for incorporating gender equality at
workplace?

According to Riboli (2020), within an organisation incorporating gender equality is one
of the major trend which is required to be followed so that market image can be developed and at
the same time employee engagement can be developed. With the help of gender equality,
equatable opportunities are given to every single people working at the workplace so that overall
value can be given to them and at the same time all the genders can be promoted. There are
various ways that can be used by Marriott in order to incorporate gender equality at their
workplace and some of the them are elaborated as under:
Removing gender pay gaps: Gender pay gap is one of the major issue which is existed in the
organisation and associated with imbalance in salaries and perks on the basis of gender. These
are the practices which impacts the organisation in negative manner and can be disadvantageous
for the organisation in long run. In order to incorporate gender equality at workplace reducing
gender pay gaps is one of the primal step which is required to be used. Appraisals are required to
be given on the basis of performance and capabilities rather than on the basis of gender.
Using of skill based assessment: Assessments are defined as the examination of performance of
individual on the basis of their performed workings. This is analysed that for Marriott using of
skill based assessment is one of the prominent step that can be taken by the organisation for the
objective of incorporating gender equality measures in the organisation.
What is the impact of gender equality on market image of Marriott?
According to Spierings (2018), with the help of gender equality value can be given to
male and female employees in equal manner. These are regarded as one of the prominent
practices which helps the business to grow and develop their market image as well. Gender
equality is cohesive in nature which helps the staff to work with more productivity and would be
helpful in attaining organisational objectives in easy manner. Gender equality is helpful for the
economy to manage positive outcomes so that capabilities of each and every individual can be
developed. When organisation is associated with adoption of the practices of gender equality
which means that anti-social behaviour can be avoided within the organisation so that market
image can be build up and at the same time well-being can be created within the workplace.
What are the challenges faced by Marriott due to gender inequality at workplace?

According to White (2022), there are various challenges which can be faced by Marriott
due to existence of gender inequality at workplace and prominent in this is related with
tarnishing of market image. This is being analysed that when an organisation is not following
guidelines of gender equality their market image may see its minimised stage which is highly
disadvantageous for the organisation in long run. On the other hand, due to gender inequality
employee engagement can be also be minimised as employees do not feel valued and hence they
will not contribute in attaining business objectives with their fuller efficiency.
Research questions, aim and objectives
Research Aim
To determine the ways for incorporating gender equality along with its impact on market
image of UK hospitality industry. A study on Marriott
Research Objectives
 To increase knowledge regarding the concept of gender equality in context with
hospitality industry of UK
 To analyse the ways that can be used by Marriott for incorporating gender equality at
workplace\
 To determine the impact of gender equality on market image of Marriott
 To investigate the challenges faced by Marriott due to gender inequality at workplace
Research questions
 What is the concept of gender equality in context with hospitality industry of UK?
 What are the ways that can be used by Marriott for incorporating gender equality at
workplace?
 What is the impact of gender equality on market image of Marriott?
 What are the challenges faced by Marriott due to gender inequality at workplace?

RESEARCH METHODS
Research methodology systematically design the report in order to ensure the validity and
reliability of the information. This section is used by the researcher to attain aim and objectives
in appropriate manner. Research methodology can be defined as a process to identify, analyse
and interpret information in accurate manner (Gephart, 2018). Methodology is a step by step plan
which uses various philosophies, approaches, strategies and many more to gathered information
as per the selected topic. Researcher use this section to gain answer for their two main questions
which are how data can be gathered and how it can be analysed (Lyon, Pauwels and Mannay,
2020).
Research philosophy: It can be defined as a set of principle which is applied by the
researchers to obtain and analyse valid information. Positivism and interpretivism are the two
type of research philosophies. In current investigation, researcher will be using positivism
philosophy to analyse and used Quantitative information. The major benefit of using positivism
philosophy is that it provides freedom to the investigator to collect valuable information in more
generalised and objective manner. The data which is collected will be based on the existing
trends and patterns. Researcher can be reliable on the information which is obtained by this
philosophy (Dang, 2018).
Research approach: Research approach refers to a plan and procedure that uses various
method to test the hypothesis and theories based on the study. There are two types of research
approaches that is deductive and inductive approach. Deductive approach evaluate the theories
based on numerical data, on the other hand inductive approach test theories on non-numerical
information. In present investigation, investigator will be using deductive approach to test the
theories and hypothesis. The major advantage of this approach is that it will test existing theories
based on quantitative information. It also possesses an ability to generalize research finding to
certain extent (Marmaya, Zakaria and Desa, 2019).
Research strategy: It is the process or a plan that provide direction to the investigator about
the way through which data can be gathered based on thoughts and idea. There is various type of
research strategies some of them are survey, systematic literature review, experimental research,
case study, action research and many more. In existing report survey research strategy will be
used to gather quantitative data from the wider population. It has a statistical power to gather
valid and reliable information from the participants (Dang and Vartiainen, 2019).

Research choice: There are two type of research choices which are quantitative and
qualitative. Quantitative research identifies and analyse numerical information. On the other
hand, qualitative research collects and evaluate non numerical information. Further data which is
gathered in quantitative method can be expressed in numbers and figures and qualitative data can
be expressed in words and statement. In present investigation, researcher will be selecting
quantitative research method because it will help in analysing information in easier manner.
collecting numerical information is also easy. This method will also help in achieving aim and
objective in accurate manner. quantitative method also requires less time and cost (Fisher and
Mandel, 2021).
Time horizon: It is the time framework which is used to know the point of time for
collecting information. Time horizon is divided into two parts that are cross sectional and
longitudinal. As per the current research study, investigator will be choosing cross sectional time
framework to gathered data. The main advantage of using this time framework is it helps in
gathering data in shorter time period. It will also gather data in low cost and the data which is
gathered will be more reliable and valid because information will be based on current scenario
(Borkovec and Tyurin, 2020).
5. Data collection and analysis
Data collection: Data collection is the process of identifying and collecting information for
the chosen topic. There are two types of validate technique which is used to gathers data which is
primary and secondary sources. Primary source is used when fresh data is to be obtained and
secondary source collects second hand data. In the current report primary data will be gathered
from the respondent. The advantage of using this source is that first-hand information will be
collected directly from the respondent. Data which is gathered will be obtained as per the current
scenario. Research instrument that will be used to collect data is Questionnaire (Chapel and
Wang, 2019).
Data analysis: Data analysis is the technique which is used to inspect, evaluate and mould
the information as per the requirement. Data analysis help the researcher to gain useful data for
the topic in order to attain aim and objective. Frequency distribution and thematic are the two
kind of data analysis method. As per the current requirement frequency distribution method will
be used to measure the quantitative data. The main benefit of the using this method is it will help
in analysing data in quicker and also require less cost to inspect the information. The numerical

data that is analysed on basis on this method will also assist in making decision in less time and
also support decision making process (Miles, Huberman and Saldaña, 2018).
Sampling: Sampling is the statistical method which is used to select the sample from wider
population. Sampling aids the researcher to gain information from the right participants as per
the topic. There are two types of sampling technique which are probability sampling and non-
probability sampling. Probability sampling is the method were each and every participants gets
equal chance of being selected and non-probability sampling method take out participants on
bias manner. In present investigation probability sampling method will be used and in that
random sampling technique will be applied to select applicants on equal and fair manner. The
sample size will be 30 employees for Marriott hotel (Bangaru, Li and Durand, 2020).
6. Time scale
It is project management tool which is used to show various activities which is undertaken in
a report. It contains list of all the task along with the time taken for completing the activity. It
helps the team to plan for the wok according to the deadline and also helpful in allocating
resources in effective way.

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Chapel, J.M. and Wang, G., 2019. Understanding cost data collection tools to improve economic
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Koissy-Kpein, S.A., 2020. Achieving gender equality in education in Sub-Saharan Africa:
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Sustainable Human Development (pp. 143-164). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
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invisible. The Sage handbook of visual research methods. pp.297-308.
Marmaya, N.H., Zakaria, Z. and Desa, M.N.M., 2019. Gen Y consumers’ intention to purchase
halal food in Malaysia: a PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Islamic Marketing.
Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M. and Saldaña, J., 2018. Qualitative data analysis: A methods
sourcebook. Sage publications.
Riboli, D., 2020. Shamanism and gender (in) equality in South and South-East Asia: The
Chepang of Nepal and the Semang-Negrito of Peninsular Malaysia. In The Shamaness in
Asia (pp. 86-100). Routledge.
Spierings, N., 2018. Popular opposition to economic gender equality and homosexual lifestyles.
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White, J., 2022. Finding the right mix: re-evaluating the road to gender-equality in countering
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