Analysis of Sustainable Tourism Development: Chumbe Island, Zanzibar

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of sustainable tourism development on Chumbe Island, a forest reserve in East Africa. It explores the public-private partnership between the government and private entities, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages. The report delves into tourism development planning, evaluating interactive planning systems and methods for measuring tourism impact, including pro-poor tourism and economic impact models. It examines factors affecting sustainable tourism, steps involved in sustainable development, problems in development planning, and ethical issues of enclave tourism. Furthermore, the report addresses issues associated with tourism in developing countries and emerging destinations, offering insights into the future development of tourism. The analysis covers stakeholders, revenue generation, economic development, environmental conservation, and the importance of a balanced approach to tourism to ensure long-term sustainability. The report emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and planning to manage tourism effectively, focusing on the balance between usage and environmental limits.

Sustainable Tourism

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Research on Travel and tourism at Chumbe Island...............................................................1
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector partnership.....................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Analysis of tourism development planning...........................................................................3
2.2 Evaluation of interactive planning system.............................................................................4
2.3 Methods of measuring tourism impact..................................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Sustainable Tourism..............................................................................................................5
3.2 Factors affecting development of sustainable tourism..........................................................6
3.3 Steps involved in sustainable development of tourism..........................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Problems in development planning and resolution................................................................9
4.2 Supply and demand..............................................................................................................10
4.3 Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism........................................................................11
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................12
5.1 Issues associated with tourism in developing countries and emerging destinations...........12
5.2 Future development of tourism at both countries................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Chumbe Island is a forest reserve which is situated in East Africa. It is the public sector
partner of revolutionary government of Zanzibar. This partnership helps Chumbe Island in
educating local public about ecosystem and invites them to support the sanctuary. These benefit
the local people by providing them with employment opportunity. Chumbe Island helps Zanzibar
government in generating large revenue. It is a new destination for travellers which completely
support ecosystem. These help in increasing the number of tourist at Zanzibar. With the
development of Chumbe Island, all tourism related activities were also developed such as social
culture, economic development and environmental conditions (Richards and Van der Ark, 2013).
These factors play vital role in development of Zanzibar.
TASK 1
1.1 Research on Travel and tourism at Chumbe Island
Many people are depended directly and indirectly on growth of Chumbe Island.
Following are the stakeholders who participate in the development of island:
Tourist – These are the important stakeholders for Chumbe Island and Zanzibar government
because it is the main source of revenue generation. These are directly related with the
development of tourism. Tourist wants better services in return of their money.
Government –Government is another stakeholder for Chumbe Island because it helps large
number of people in providing employment. Government generates revenue by inviting more
visitors at Chumbe Island. Government set their policies according to locations of tourist so that
they can attract more tourists. Government responsibility is to take care of these Islands and
maintain them (Muhanna, 2006). For creating awareness among local people to save
environment, government can start social educational programmes.
Tourist organisations – These organisations include hotels, restaurants, travel companies, etc.
These types of organisation directly depend on the tourist. If large number of tourist comes to
visit then it will directly help these organisations in generating revenue. Tourism helps such
organisations in attracting more customers.
Planning of this development helps in growth of economy. These also cover many areas
which could affect the planning (Hall, 2011). They are as follows:
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Improve employment opportunity – This development of Chumbe Island attracting more
tourists and it directly improved employment opportunity for local people.
Generation of revenue – Development of Chumbe Island helps the government bodies in
generating long term revenue by making more people aware.
Economic development – Zanzibar can improve its economic condition by developing this plan.
It could be long term source of income for authorities and it will help Zanzibar in identifying
itself at global level as the developing country (Dredge and Jenkins, 2007).
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector partnership
Public and private partnership is basically the association between government and private
firms for the purpose of maintaining sustainable tourism at the particular country. The main aim
behind this type of partnership is to provide good quality of services to the tourist. Participation
of government helps in enhancing culture of the country. Government appreciates these cultural
activities in attracting more people from different locations. Public private partnership helps each
other in effectively utilizing resource in order to enhance effectiveness (Boukas and Ziakas,
2013). There are some advantages and disadvantages of this partnership, which are as follows:
Advantages
 Public and private partnership helps in exploring resources within them which can help in
providing better services to the tourist.
 These help the government in arranging fund for investment.
 It also assists in achieving greater efficiency in service quality for tourist.
 It provide base for the future planning for the tourism sector.
 This can be used as a way of increasing capabilities of private sector through joint
venture with local firms such as cleaning services, and facilities management.
 It creates opportunity for small size business to establish itself with the help of
government authorities (Liu, Tzeng and Lee, 2012).
 It facilitates promotion of particular location on the global level.
Disadvantages
 It will increase the responsibility of the government which can cost to the country.
 This can affect conflict between private and public firms and resulted to lack of
coordination.
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 It will lead to management issues between both authorities and will directly affect
tourism for the particular location.
 This partnership can result into long process of decision making.
 There are chances of misuse of the resources (Murzyn-Kupisz, 2013).
 This could increase burden on private authorities from the government side.
TASK 2
2.1 Analysis of tourism development planning
A tourism development master plan means developing a systematic and well organized
structure which can help in tourism management and promotion. The plan covers all the factors
of tourism like environmental, economic, social, national, international, regional, local etc. In
context of Chumbe Island case there are various factors which affect the tourism planning.
Tourism planning is necessary to ascertain that level of tourism which can help in achieving
environmental preservation objectives. The environmental and natural resources are maintained
and well organized for the development process. The objective of CICP is also to preserve the
forest environment and to create a reef sanctuary (Ghimire and Pimbert, 2013). It wants to
maintain the largest biodiversity around coral reel and forest conservation. The factors are as
follows. International: To develop tourism plan for international tourism in the Chumbe Island
case, the elements which should be kept in mind are tourist attraction and activities, the
accommodation to be provided to the tourists as per their comfort, transportation facilities
to be provided to them and some other infrastructural and institutional factors. Philippine
tourism competitive analysis is useful for international tourism development plan. National: To develop tourism plan in UK for the CICP, the first thing which should be
kept in mind is the effect of plan on the country (Simon, 2005). The venue of forest is for
public leisure and welfare and there is trade balance also. The Plan should contain
diversified opportunities for tourists. For developing the plan research is to be conducted
and then final implementation is to be done. Regional: For the success of tourism plan, the community for which it is prepared should
be kept in mind. Company in this case of Chumbe Island is considering the economic
development of the country and the region of Tanzania. Site planning is also necessary so
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that the balance can be maintained between the ecosystems. The CICP made a
partnership with the government to create a wild life sanctuary and to educate people
about the conservation (Mclntosh, 2014).
 Local: At the local level, the development plan help in better employment opportunities
and assist in promoting the regional and natural forestry, increase the awareness of local
public of public and growth in income.
2.2 Evaluation of interactive planning system
The planning system must be interactive so that the ultimate objective of the organization
to achieve the tourism development sustainability can be attained. The elements which are
required to be kept in mind is to agree with the terms and conditions of sustainable development
clearly, the continuous development and iterative planning and the last but most important the
involvement of stakeholders in the development process.
Tourism planning is done to choose an option from various options which is the best
among all. Tourism development has both negative and positive factors which affect the tourism
environment. Tourism has economic, social, environmental impact on its development which can
be understood by responsible tourism and interactive planning (Salazar, 2012).
Interactive planning is basically the development plan which is shared with the people
who has knowledge about the plan like the researchers, government etc. This interactive
planning has negative impact also as the people give their different opinions about the plan
which creates confusion and makes the plan complicated (Hall, 2008).
The development plan prepared by the company for Coral reef preservation and saving
the ecosystem should be continuous in nature. The plan is to be prepared repeatedly and iteration
between the planning processes can be made. However, sometimes the plan is copied with the
previous plan which should not be done, continuous development leads to upgradation with the
current tourism structure (Murphy, 2013).
In the given case, the major stakeholder is Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar which
is involved in the tourism development plan. However, the involvement sometimes has a
negative impact on the company.
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2.3 Methods of measuring tourism impact
There are various methods to measure the impact of tourism which are pro poor tourism,
Cambridge economic impact model. The pro poor tourism is the concept and approach to
measure the poverty between the communities who are marginalized. It is the method with the
help of which the tourism industry as well as tourists transfer their support and facilities to the
poor. It is the technique for tourism development and management which directly indirectly
benefits the poor people to irradiate their poverty (Sharpley and Stone, 2014). The company
applies many strategies to make tourism pro poor by enhancing the economic and non economic
benefits, constructing planning and policies to promote pro poor tourism.
The Cambridge economic impact Model is made for measuring tourism impact on the
industry. This model is made for the tourism industry in Thanet which is continuing the business
as per the figures obtained by the analysis of different sectors. The current research on tourism
by the visit of Kent has reflected total economic impact of tourism in Thanet which was 245
million pounds in the year 2013 which shows a rise of 6.5% in 2011.The economic impacts can
be assessed in the terms of expenditure, sales, income, value added and employment (Nunkoo
and Gursoy, 2012).
The other impacts are Baseline analysis, social impact analysis, environmental impact
analysis, market demand analysis and intelligence etc. The Baseline analysis says that the
tourism planning should be based on zero level i.e. the tourists demands, their daily expenditure
capacity etc. The social impact analysis measures social impacts by way of surveys and
analyzing secondary data (Jamal and Camargo, 2014). Market demand analysis measure the
tourism impact by preparing market intelligence reports regarding tourism trends, forecasts and
analyzing demand etc.
TASK 3
3.1 Sustainable Tourism
The tourism industry cannot be wholly sustainable but it can try to become more
sustainable. Different countries of the world has their own tourism sector and industry, In the
given case study Chum Be Island is situated in coast of East Africa, that is a successful
sustainable marine park and forest reserve. Presenting here some figures showing sustainable
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growth in the international tourism. It has grown by 4.7% in 2014 to 1138 billion and this is
supposed to reach 1.5 billion by 2020. The travel and tourism represents approximately 9.5% of
total GDP in 2014 (Buckley, 2012).
The environmental impacts on sustainable growth of this industry are very high. All over
the world the animals, livestock and forestry are affected by human intervention. The other
causes are over fishing, over harvesting and the degrading of ecosystems are some factors
Contributing to the decline of marine area ecosystems.
The tourism can be sustainable by focusing and adapting the changing environment.
There must be balance between the usage and limits so that the tourism can be managed by
continuous planning and monitoring (Fletcher, 2013). The company must notify the
environmental and social concerns through policies and practices and being innovative too.
Presenting here the definitions which define the concept of sustainable tourism by WTO and
WTTC.
 Sustainable tourism means the tourism which takes into consideration the social,
economic and environmental impacts, both current and future, and also takes into account
the needs of tourists, the industry in which it is working, and the society in which it
exists.
 Sustainable tourism creates and maintains the balance between various aspects like
environmental, economic and social etc. for preserving the ecosystem and biodiversity. It
minimizes its impact on the environment so that it can contribute in generating the
income, employment and preservation of ecosystem (Peeters, 2013). It is a mode of
raising awareness among people and encourages people to have positive attitude towards
biodiversity.
3.2 Factors affecting development of sustainable tourism
There are many factors which can affect the sustainable development of tourism industry.
Presenting here some major factors including those adopted by CICP.
The pressure that has been put by the government regulations are increased, affects the
development in tourism. The government has imposed many restrictions on the tourism industry
which includes the licensing procedures which has become mandatory. The increased awareness
of cost cutting by way of various resources which are used for consumption (Timothy, 2011). To
improve the quality of environment is necessary for competition with other industry, as
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researched by the professionals and operators. The factors which can affect the environment
negatively, should be removed. The society also has an awareness to increase the influence on
tourism.
Tourism has an impact on the micro economy environment can be identified for the
hiking (1874) and mount climbing (1912) in Croatia. The ecosystems like Karts ecosystems,
Wetland habitats, woodland ecosystems, pastures and plow land. In the given case many
technologies have been used to reduce the impact of human intervention on the ecosystem. Since
tourism is rapidly expanding the employment opportunities are also increasing. As an example to
this, we can take hospitality sector around 11.3 million jobs in the whole world in 1995 and
about 20.1 million jobs in 2005 (Cuccia and Rizzo, 2011). This is the contribution tourism has
given to the public. The tourism industry has contributed to transportation sector as well.
Increasing tourism means increase in transportation because tourism and travelling goes together.
The government makes money by increase in transportation. The developers also seek approval
from the government to get the roads and other infrastructure repaired (Mason, 2008). Tourism
contributes towards world welfare, encourage the communities, economic balances etc.
3.3 Steps involved in sustainable development of tourism
There are majorly 10 steps that are involved in development of sustainable tourism which
can be used by tour operators, local, regional and central government, tourist organization,
development bodies, park managers, societies and consultants and other people who are
interested in sustainable development. Those steps are helpful in recognizing tourism and
heritage issues, developing regional heritage and tourism strategic plans, development of audits
and projects. The steps to sustainable development help in better and faster communication and
higher quality of tourism products and minimal impact on ecosystems (Wood and Jayawardena,
2003). Presenting here the chart showing various stages of development.
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Illustration 1: Steps involved in sustainable development
(Source: Department of the Environment and Heritage) What do we want to do? In this step the objective of development will be identified for
the short period and long period of time. The process of development is for a particular
area or region or for a particular place. Who is, could be or needs to be involved? In this step the stakeholders, government,
industry, tourists, society, operators etc. will be identified. After identifying the
stakeholders the development plan will be discussed with them and they will be involved
in the plan (Scheyvens, 2002). What is known? In this step the research and information which is relevant to the plan
development will be identified. The information obtained will be used to identify the
existing and future markets for tourism. The heritage and tourism assets are also
determined in accordance with their values and themes.
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 What makes this region, place or product special? In this step the things for which the
region is famous for, will be identified. In this case of Chum Be Island, it is famous for
wild life forestry, fishing and harvesting. The method of identifying those special values
and their communication (Timothy, 2014).
 What are the issues? This step is involved in identifying and assessing new issues and
revelations. and the remaining steps are also same as above like after identifying the next
step is to analyse the issues and then the principles and objectives to guide an action, then
what ideas and options are generated by the people, how to do the development plan and
lastly the statement of directions while doing the sustainable plan development
(Marschall, 2012).
TASK 4
4.1 Problems in development planning and resolution
Development affects a country in both ways, growth in economy and loss of traditional
environments. The main problems identify in the given situation and their solutions are as
follows:
Problems Cultural loss – As given in situation, that place is using by local communities for the
purpose of celebrating festivals and if government start construction for enclave at that
places then it will cultural loss for the country. These festivals might popular among
tourist so if that place acquire by government for development of apartments then tourism
also get affected by such activity (Spencer, 2012). Increasing unemployment – These development might be reason for increasing
unemployment in that particular area because that place is already used by local
fisherman for the purpose of catch/storing, repairing and building boats.
 Environmental issue – Development of 400 luxury apartment require large space and it
might be reason for cutting of trees, wastage of natural resources, etc. it will impact on
the environment of the location (Mcnulty and Koff, 2014).
Solutions
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 Providing employment – Government can resolve this issue by providing employment to
the affected people. There are many fisherman which get unemployed, so government
should provide them sources for employment. By providing accommodation facility – If government want to develop such enclaves
then they should provide accommodation facilities to the affected peoples. Government
should provide them basic facilities near by that place so that they can continue their
business (Moutinho and et.al., 2011).
 By finding middle way – In order to solve this problem, government should find a middle
way. These could be done through minimise the number of apartments which government
planning for and partly leave space for fisherman, so that they can also live at t\same
place (Pastras and Bramwell, 2013).
4.2 Supply and demand
In this context, supply and demand related to tourist and services i.e. demand of tourist
and supply of services. There are many thing depend on the arrival of tourist such as income to
the government, generation of employment and global identification so, it is important to balance
between supply and demand. Hence in order to meet demand of tourist, tourism authority can
adopt some strategies (Cabezas, 2009). There are some basic demands from tourist side and
supply of services which government should arrange such as:
 Tourist desired to luxury accommodation facilities according to their payment so
government can fulfil these demand by providing luxury apartments for accommodation
on desired locations. Decision of making luxury apartment can help in attracting more
tourist
 Many time tourist plan to visit on urgent basis so they also want visa on arrival facilities.
In order to meet demand of tourist, government should change its rules relating to visa
facilities (Figini and Vici, 2012).
 Tourist demands for more availability of transportation resources so that they can easily
travel from one place to another. In order to fulfil this demand, government should start
more travel agencies and make them available for every destinations.
 For providing better experience to the visitors, government should preserver and maintain
all historical places in best manner. They also want to take care of such places by
repairing it time to time, so that damages could prevent (Liu, Tzeng and Lee, 2012).
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