Circumcision: Cultural, Medical, and Ethical Considerations Report

This report provides a detailed overview of circumcision, beginning with a definition and exploring its historical roots in ancient Egyptian traditions and its spread across various cultures and religions, including Judaism and Islam. The literature review examines the medical aspects, including both potential benefits such as reduced risk of some sexually transmitted diseases and penile cancer, and negative effects like inflammation and potential complications from surgery. The methodology section outlines the use of qualitative and quantitative investigations, including data collection methods (primary and secondary) and sampling techniques. The results section presents findings from a questionnaire, analyzing responses regarding awareness of circumcision, perceived benefits, preferred age for the procedure, and potential health complexities. The analysis of results delves deeper into the historical context, reasons for circumcision, its positive and negative effects, and why it is still practiced in various countries. The conclusion summarizes the findings, emphasizing the importance of understanding the health implications and cultural factors surrounding circumcision, and recommendations for future research are provided. The report highlights the need for a balanced perspective on the practice, considering both its historical and contemporary significance, and its impact on public health.

Circumcision

Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review.............................................................................................................................4
What is Circumcision?................................................................................................................4
History of Circumcision..............................................................................................................4
Why Circumcision?.....................................................................................................................4
Negative effect of Circumcision?................................................................................................5
Positive effect of Circumcision...................................................................................................5
Why Do Countries Still Practice Circumcision?.........................................................................5
Methodology....................................................................................................................................5
Types of investigation.................................................................................................................5
Data collection methods..............................................................................................................6
Sampling method........................................................................................................................6
Results .............................................................................................................................................6
Analysis of results............................................................................................................................8
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................13
References......................................................................................................................................14
.......................................................................................................................................................14

Abstract
Circumcision can be described as surgical removal of foreskin of glans penis. It is done
as a medical treatment in order to solve specific health problem. However, in several countries,
circumcision take place due to some of religious and cultural values which is not appropriate for
health condition of an individual. However, it consist the history of circumcision which was
observed in Egyptian culture and further transferred to other religions or cultural believes.
Moreover, this attempt is really terrible for men which has minor benefits which can be
maintained by other easy means but it has severe effects on health status of an individuals.

Introduction
This topic is talking about circumcision on women and men, it’s side defects and benefit
in different countries. Currently man religious, traditional or cultural people and doctors are
experiencing the effect or the benefit of circumcision, in Jews and Islam mostly common both
religions talk only about the benefit of it, specially in men. Some countries even not legal to do
circumcision for men (Seleim and Elbarbary, 2016). From Europe, such as Italy, Netherlands,
Norway, Romania, Sweden and Switzerland around 20% of men do circumcision and in the
United Kingdom only 15% do circumcision.
When we look at women traditional or cultural, most of African countries still do
circumcision for traditional reasons, which affects women’s sexual performance in a bad way.
Literature Review
What is Circumcision?
Circumcision is cutting or removing the foreskin from the genitals or penis of a male
human, and removing part of clitoris or some external female genital from female of human. In
this case, it’s called FGM Female Genital Mutilation (Xia and et. al., 2016).
History of Circumcision
The history is not known but some ancient Egyptian traditions have indicated the practice
of circumcision. With history of human migration and religious believes, circumcision practice
transcended among other cultures. In the Middle East, circumcision of male is widely practiced
through out the nations (Mpofu and et. al., 2017). As ancient Egyptians and the Semites, Jews
and Muslims carried the practice with them as they travelled. Australian Aborigines and
Polynesians, Aztec, Mayan civilization also inherited the practice mainly through traveling. The
oldest circumcision history being Egypt and the Pharaoh Ankh Mahor at Saqqara , 2400-2300
BCE. It was practiced for hygienic reasons, spiritual, intellectual development. In Thora, here w
bible, as well genesis and other Abrahamic religious mainly Jews and Muslims as well follow the
circumcision for complete removal of foreskin.
Why Circumcision?
Many cultures around the world practice circumcision because its thousands years
tradition. Many reasons are indicated to avoid sexually transmitted diseases, sacrifices, or

preventative measure of any other cancerous diseases. As for Aboriginal Australians and
Polynesians, it started a blood sacrifice and test of bravery and become a start of manhood.
Middle East and Egyptians practice circumcision for hygiene and the requirement of their
biblical order. Aztecs and Native Americans tribes used it for similar purpose and blood sacrifice
and bravery of endurance.
Negative effect of Circumcision?
Circumcision can cause inflammation of of male or female genitalia. Circumcising or
FGM Female Genital Mutilation is not recommended in fact it’s abolished in most cultures
around the world due to it’s mental and physical disfiguration of female (Skinner, 2019). Some
studies proved that men sexuality have different grades of satisfaction, so as females.
Positive effect of Circumcision
Circumcision is believed to be for hygiene reasons. With some scientific prove but not
assured, male circumcision is one way of avoiding some sexually transmitted diseases.
Some cultures believe that circumcision can protect from contracting HIV. But it doesn’t have
scientific information that has been a proven fact (Eroglu and et. al., 2016).
Why Do Countries Still Practice Circumcision?
As per indicated, for many reasons or believes that could lower the risk of transmitted
diseases. In addition to variation of reasons as to why still circumcision is practiced around the
world, in most recent years, it was indicated that it decreases the risk of penile cancer and
cervical cancer in sexual partners.
Methodology
Types of investigation
There are two types of investigation that is qualitative and quantitative.
In Quantitative investigation is explaining phenomena by assembling numerical data that
are analysed using methods which is supported on mathematical and statistical methods. If there
are no Numbers used, then its not quantitative research (Britton, 2016). Contrary kind of this
research are survey, comparative, experimental etc.
In qualitative investigation, it desire to answer and questions about why and how people
act up in a mode that they do. It gives in extent message about human action. It regard the words
or language.

In this research, it will focus on qualitative investigation for examine interviews, data,
observations etc.
Data collection methods
There are two types of this methods are primary and secondary.
Primary data collection- It is the procedure to collection of data instantly from original
origin as opposing to collect content from research that some others have done. Data can be
acquire by observation, by face to face interviews, mail and telephone (Brady, 2016).
Secondary data collection- whenever data are gathered by some other people for a
intention other than the researchers current project has already undergone the statistical analysis.
It is readily available from the other sources (Somov and et. al., 2017). In this project, it will
concentrate on both primary and secondary data collection.
Sampling method
This is mention for the selecting sample associate from people. It is divide into two parts
probable and non- probable.
By this investigation will used random sampling method. This is describe as a part of the
proficiency of sampling in which all sample has an equivalent quantity of being selected. It
means impartial content of the total people (Ogunsiji, 2016). For some reasons, sample does not
correspond the population and the fluctuation is called a sampling fault. This enquiry of
sampling method consist sample size of 40 respondents.
Results
Questionnaire
Q1. Do you know about the basic understanding of circumcision? Yes No
Q2. According to your opinion, is circumcision beneficial for individuals? Agree Disagree
Q3. What is the specific age as per your views prefer for attempting circumcision? New born 5 years to 15 years

 15 years and above
Q4. Is circumcision develop health complexities for an individual? Yes No
Q5. Any suggestions for future research.

Analysis of results
Primary based analysis
Theme 1: The basic understanding of circumcision
Q1. Do you know about the basic understanding of circumcision? Frequency
 Yes 32
 No 8
Interpretation: Considering above graph, it has been analysed that 32 respondents are
aware about the concept of circumcision whereas rest of 8 individuals do not know about the
same.
32
8
Yes
No

Theme 2: The circumcision is beneficial or not for individuals.
Q2. According to your opinion, is circumcision beneficial for individuals? Frequency Agree 22 Disagree 18
Interpretation: It has been determined that 22 participants agree regarding achievement
of benefits of circumcision. In contrary, remaining 18 people disagree with thoughts of gaining
benefits from circumcision.
22
18
Agree
Disagree

Theme 3: The specific age prefer for attempting circumcision.
Q3. What is the specific age as per your views prefer for attempting
circumcision?
Frequency
 New born 15
 5 years to 15 years 10
 15 years and above 15
Interpretation: From the above pie graph, it has been evaluated that 15 respondents said
that circumcision can attempt with new born after 2 or 7 days of birth. However, 10 individuals
provide views about 5 years to 15 years of age whereas rest of 15 go with age of 15 years and
above for circumcision.
15
10
15
New born
5 years to 15 years
15 years and above

Theme 4: Circumcision develop health complexities for an individual
Q4. Is circumcision develop health complexities for an individual? Frequency
 Yes 25
 No 15
Interpretation: Considering above graphical representation, it has been identified that 25
participants said that attempt of circumcision
Secondary based analysis
Theme 1: Circumcision and its history
Considering the gathered information about circumcision, it has been evaluated that it is
harmful attempt for both males and females. It is necessary for people to understand the fact of
extreme negative effects of this activity and avoid such horrible activities by faith of different
religions. However, it is observed circumcision was primarily observed in Egyptian tradition
which was transferred to other cultures. It was also practice by Jews, Muslims and Semites.
It has been the oldest planned operation known to man and done for religious and
medical reasons (Sharara-Chami and et. al., 2017). The history of this has such a strong
determination with Jewish religion that is easy to think the recitation got it get-go in the Torah,
but it consider that Jews were uncovered to the customized by the ancient Egyptians, who
experienced it for thousands of years earlier the birth of Christ. Both the Mayans and the Aztecs
25
15
Yes
No

circumcised their male children and pattern has go on for time old by the endemic people of
some other countries. Ancient historian Herodotus acknowledgement in their own writings that
circumcision was experiential by Colchians, and past people who lived in what is now
contemporary day Georgia.
Theme 2: Reason for circumcision and its positive & negative effects
It has been analysed that circumcision exist in world due to some of religious and cultural
believes in various regions. It has minor benefits such as avoid sexually transmitted disease and
other tract infections whereas it has severe negative effects on health of an individual. A
circumcised man face extreme pain, excess bleeding and complicated infections (Earp and et. al.,
2018). It consist negative effects like problems with surgery that may occur are skin or
bloodstream infections, gangrene, scarring, surgical accidents, bleeding etc. This process is
causes pain. Even so the doctor can use some aesthetic around the region to block some of the
pain. They may have to pay for the surgery for self because many insurance companies do not
cover the price.
On the other hand, positive effects includes that it prevent infections under foreskin and
persistent tight prepuce. Both of these issues are are and usually due to pulling back the foreskin
too often or too hard (Siev and et. al., 2016). Lowers the risk of cancer of the penis.
Nevertheless, goof hygiene offers equal protection against this very rare in cancer. It Protects
against UTI during the first year of life.
Theme 3: Reason behind that the countries still practice circumcision
It has been identified that, circumcision is not consider as an illegal attempt in several
countries due to which people still practice this activity. It is required for government at global
level to put efforts for eliminating this threat from society because it is not much beneficial but
extremely harmful for men. This form of circumcision is assumed tom lawful in different
nations, provided both (Ammaturo, 2016). Parents provide their consent or it is carried out
competently. It is outlined by authorities that the boys wishes and involvement should also be
interpreted into account. But doctors can waste to execute a non curative circumcision it it goes
against their conscience.
As well as this is because the circumcision is often done for religious and cultural or
traditional reasons which consider as being part of rituals or rite of passage to adulthood in
different countries. A broad variation between the different region and the nation on the practice.

Conclusion
The above study has been concluded that circumcision can be described as a process of
surgically removing foreskin of glans penis in men. It consist the religious and cultural believes
of people due to which their attempt the selected activity which is extreme harmful. Meanwhile,
it consist various positive and negative effects of circumcision on health condition of men in all
over the world. However, many of countries are observed where this activity is not consider as
an illegal attempt. Moreover, it includes the traditional values of specific region which encourage
people to attempt this horrible act.
Recommendations
Considering the above information, it has been recommended that government should put
efforts towards this terrible attempt of circumcision to eliminate it. It is necessary for legal
authorities to take strict actions for removing this threats form the society for improving health of
people. However, it is suggested that health care professional should conduct health promotion
campaigns to encourage citizens to avoid such activities.

References
Books and journals
Seleim, H.M. and Elbarbary, M.M., 2016. Major penile injuries as a result of cautery during
newborn circumcision. Journal of pediatric surgery, 51(9), pp.1532-1537.
Mpofu, S. and et. al., 2017. The relation of female circumcision to sexual behavior in Kenya and
Nigeria. Women & health, 57(7), pp.757-774.
Skinner, E.P., 2019. Female circumcision in Africa: the dialectics of equality. In Dialectics And
Gender (pp. 195-210). Routledge.
Britton, D., 2016. Muslim Conversion and Circumcision as Theater. In Religion and Drama in
Early Modern England (pp. 85-100). Routledge.
Brady, M.T., 2016. Newborn male circumcision with parental consent, as stated in the AAP
circumcision policy statement, is both legal and ethical. The Journal of Law, Medicine
& Ethics, 44(2), pp.256-262.
Ogunsiji, O., 2016. Australian midwives' perspectives on managing obstetric care of women
living with female genital circumcision/mutilation. Health care for women
international, 37(10), pp.1156-1169.
Sharara-Chami, R. and et. al., 2017. Combination analgesia for neonatal circumcision: a
randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 140(6), p.e20171935.
Earp, B. and et. al., 2018. Factors associated with early deaths following neonatal circumcision.
Ammaturo, F.R., 2016. Intersexuality and the ‘Right to Bodily Integrity’ Critical Reflections on
Female Genital Cutting, Circumcision, and Intersex ‘Normalizing Surgeries’ in
Europe. Social & Legal Studies, 25(5), pp.591-610.
Xia, J.D. and et. al., 2016. Somatosensory evoked potentials assess the efficacy of circumcision
for premature ejaculation. International journal of impotence research, 28(4), p.127.
Eroglu, E. and et. al., 2016. Evaluation of coagulation tests before newborn circumcision: is it
necessary?. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis, 27(2), pp.160-162.
Somov, P. and et. al., 2017. Bleeding after circumcision is more likely in children with lichen
sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). Journal of pediatric urology, 13(2), pp.208-e1.
Siev, M. and et. al., 2016. Indications for adult circumcision: a contemporary analysis. The
Canadian journal of urology, 23(2), pp.8204-8208.