Finance Report: Analysis of City Brasserie Hotel Finances

This finance report provides a detailed analysis of the financial operations of City Brasserie Hotel. The report begins by exploring various sources of finance available to the hotel, including loans, retained earnings, private investors, trade credit, and loans from friends and relatives. It then delves into ...Read More

FINANCE IN THE
HOSPITALITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Sources of finance............................................................................................................1
1.2 New methods of generating incomes...............................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Elements of cost and ways in which gross profit percentage can be increased by changing
sales price...............................................................................................................................3
2.2 Stock and cash control as well as security of cash on the premises and business hours..4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Source and structure of trial balance................................................................................4
3.2 Evaluation of business accounts.......................................................................................5
3.3 Purpose of financial budget and process that can be used for budget control..................6
3.4 Variance analysis and justification of reason...................................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
AC 4.1 Calculation of ratios to determine business performance..........................................8
AC 4.2 Recommendation for improve financial management strategies...............................9
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................10
AC 5.1 Type of costs............................................................................................................10
AC 5.2 Calculation of contribution per customer and cost volume profit relationship.......11
AC 5.3 Recommendation for short term management decisions.........................................12
(1) Breakeven point..............................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Finance plays an important role in growth of an organization. In the report, sources of
finance are discussed in detail and along with this methods of generating income are also
described in detail. Apart from this, elements of cost and cash control as well as stock control
methods are also described. After that, importance of balance sheet and income statement is
described in detail and along with this; budget and purpose behind its preparation are discussed
briefly. At the end of the report, ratio analysis is done and it results are interpreted in the proper
manner. After that, cost volume relationship technique is applied and short term management
decision is taken in the report.
TASK 1
1.1 Sources of finance
Sources of finance that are available to City Brasserie hotel are as follows. Loan from bank- It is commonly used source of finance that are available to business.
Under this, firm takes a loan at specific interest rates from the financial institutions. In
return the company needs to mortgage its property as a security to the bank. Loan can be
taken at the fixed or floating interest rates. If loan is taken at the floating rate then it is
very risky for the firm. With the change in interest rate structure loan rate also changes
(Irwin and Scott, 2010). If this change happens in the negative direction then cost of the
firm may increase. Hence, City Brasserie must takes loan at the fixed interest rate. Retained earnings- City Brasserie can also use retained earnings in order to finance its
operations. It is a part of the profit that remains after deducting all expenses from the
revenue. By making use of retained earning firm can finance its business development
activities without paying any cost. Private investors- It is a different mode of finance and under this private investors makes
an investment in the firm and in return they get return from the firm on which they made
an investment (Brown, Bird and Schalatek, 2010). Private equity are covered under this
section in which there is a private equity firm which makes an investment in the any firm
and get shareholding in same. Till life time of investment private equity firm gets a share
in the invested amount. Hence, this source of finance is also suitable for the City
Brasserie hotel.
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 Trade credit- In this, source of finance business firms takes a loan from the business
friends with whom they are working. This is common with suppliers in which business
firms purchase raw material at a credit. Thus, the firm can use this source of finance in
order to finance its purchase related operations.
 Loan from friends and relatives- This is most preferred source of finance because in case
of this source of finance there is no cost of raising finance. This is easily available source
of finance but small amount can be raised from the friends and relatives which is also a
major limitation of this source of finance.
1.2 New methods of generating incomes
New methods through which City Brasserie hotel can generate revenue are as follows. Cookery classes- Currently, hospitality industry is growing at a rapid rate and more and
more people are going in hotel management course. This indicates that people are more
interested in developing their cooking skills. Hence, if I will commence cookery classes
and parsons that wants to learn cooking will join class. As a result, this will be a new
segment from which I will earn revenue. Jamie Oliver is running such kind of classes and
through these classes it is earning good amount of revenue. Hence, this business segment
requires due attention from the management side. Hence, if City Brasserie hotel is
providing a course and internship in food making then this makes help in increasing its
revenue at the rapid pace (Brown and Petersen, 2011). Moreover, this may become core
business segment for the City Brasserie hotel in future time period. Merchandising of cookbooks and kitchen items- Cookbook’s can be the method for
accelerating income level of the firm. In cookbook’s images of all food items is given
along with their price. Through cookbook’s consumer comes to know about the product
and its appearance. Appearance of the product attracts people to purchase the product. In
research it has been found that mostly people in restaurant when comes to eat new food
item are attracted by the color appearance of the product. Hence it can be said that
merchandising of cookbooks will help in increasing revenue of the firm (Sarasan and
et.al, 2011). In same way, if kitchen items are merchandise in systemic way then it will
put good impression on consumers and will help in increasing company’s profit. In order
to create customers for this product cook books will be sold to those who will visit the
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restaurant. Target customers by viewing images and recipes on the books will be
motivated to purchase the book. In this way, book will be sold to the people.
 Events catering- This is the most successful business segment in the catering industry.
Under this, firm will provide food service to the guests on the specific events on behalf of
client. Hence, event catering can be certainly help firm in increasing its revenue.
TASK 2 NEED TO BE A FORMAT LETTER
To
The Board of directors of City Brasserie hotel
Date: 29th January 2016
2.1 Elements of cost and ways in which gross profit percentage can be increased by changing
sales price
There are three elements of cost and these are as follows. Labor cost- It is a cost that exists due to use of labors at the workplace for production
process. Labor cost is flexible in nature and can be changed with change in level of
output. Firms keep labors on contract basis. Hence, firm is in position to use labors
according to its situation. Labor cost can be divided in to two parts one is direct labor
and second is indirect labor cost (Davis, et.al. 2010). Direct labor cost refers to the cost
that is related to the production process and indirect labor refers to the cost that of labors
which is directly not linked to the production process. Consumables- It refers to the cost of material that is used for supporting delivery of the
service to the customers. Consumables for the product are washing liquid and tissues
etc. It is not a part of the firm’s prime cost and with change in production units’ use of
raw material also gets changed. This cost is related to the service delivery and due to
this reason it is assumed as an important part of the costing. This is because firm cannot
bear cost of purchasing consumables. Hence, in the final price of the product cost of
consumables is also included.
 Overheads- It refers to the indirect expenses that are related to the business. These may
be transportation or other costs. These are the important part of the firm’s overall cost.
With change in production units overhead also get changed (Collier and et.al, 2012). So
the company must always try to reduce their cost by identifying cost reduction ideas.
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Gross profit percentage is directly linked to the sales price. There are two
options to increase gross profit percentage one is to increase sales price and second is to
generate economies of scale. In both cases, City Brasserie hotel gross profit percentage will
increase. In case of increase in sales price, cost will remain same and due to this reason gross
profit percentage will increase. Whereas in case of economies of scale cost will be reduced and
sales price will remain same. In this case also gross profit percentage will increase for the firm.
So, it can be said that City Brasserie hotel can select any of these available options.
2.2 Stock and cash control as well as security of cash on the premises and business hours
There are many techniques of cost control and City Brasserie hotel can select any of
these available techniques at its workplace. Economic order quantity- It refers to the quantity of raw material that a firm must
purchase in order to keep its holding cost low. By using this technique a target up to
which firm need to make purchase of raw material can be determined for a specific time
period. Thus, this technique helps in effective cost control by the firm. Re order lead time- It refers to the time between placing an order and receiving it.
Means that in this method minimum quantity is determined that must be kept for the
mentioned time period (Harvie and et.al, 2012). If stock level comes to that limit firm
immediately places an order for the raw material purchase. In this way it prevents the
problem of running out of raw material.
 Batch control- Batch control is a stock control technique under which various types of
products are prepared in batches. As per this concept, if firm is producing fixed quantity
in the specific interval every time then it can order raw material in earlier stage. When
stock will comes to end firm will always have a raw material. Hence, by using this
technique stock is controlled in effective manner. In this method, goods are produced in
batches and at the end of the current batch of production; the Company is required to
identify needs for the next batch of production. In this, firm determines the number of
goods that it will be purchased in the next batch. Hence, firm is autocratically in position
to predict its raw material needs in proper manner. CLARIFY WHAT BATCH
CONTOL IS?EXAMPLE WHEN YOU FRY CHIPS IN THE SAME OVEN LIKE
FISH BEFORE YOU FINISH THE CHIPS YOU HAVE TO HAVE THE FISH RADY.
4

For controlling cash management, techniques are used by the companies. City Brasserie
hotel can also use this technique and under this it will decentralize its payment system and will
centralize its payment receipt system. By doing this, firm can delay its cash payment and can
boost cash receipt from debtors of its business. In order to secure cash after working hours
companies can took many steps (Brown and Petersen, 2011). It means that, it will use locker
facility which will be password protected. This will help in ensuring prevention of access of
unauthorized person from the company cash.
TASK 3 NEED TO BE A REPORT FORMAT
To
The Board of directors of City Brasserie hotel
Date: 29th January 2016
3.1 Source and structure of trial balance
Trial balance of the City Brasserie hotel indicates the balance of each and every account
individually. This means that all incoming and outgoing of money related to the specific person
will be taken into specific account which is also known as ledger account. In this account,
aggregate value will come in existence. This value is transferred to the trial balance (de Ridder
and et.al, 2012). Hence, it can be said that ledger account is a source of trial balance. Following
is the structure of trial balance.
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In above page format of trial balance is given and by going through this format it can be
seen that some of the items are debited and some are credited. There is a simple structure of
trial balance and like income statement and balance sheet there is no a step-by-step procedure in
a trial balance (Lochard and Schneider, 2011). Items may be arranged in any manner but
amount of debit and credit must a done in a proper manner in order to tally balance at the end of
the trial balance.
3.2 Evaluation of business accounts
Usefulness of limited company income statement and balance sheet
There are lots of uses of income statement and balance sheet. Limited company income
statement is prepared in a specific format in which firm’s profit is evaluated at various stages.
First of all this statement provide information about operating income. After that, by deducting
interest and tax amount net profit is computed for the firm. Hence, by analyzing income
statement managers comes to know about the impact of various types of costs on the company
profit. On the basis of analysis of income statement, managers formulate a strategy for
improving their income statement in the upcoming year (Babai, Ali and Nikolopoulos, 2012). In
case of balance sheet, assets and liabilities are shown separately and their difference is treated
6
Illustration 1: Trial balance format
(Source: Lochard, and Schneider, 2011)

as shareholder equity in the balance sheet. By using this statement, ratio analyses are
conducted and company financial condition is measured by the managers and analysts. Thus, it
can be said that both statements helps the managers in evaluating business from different sides.
Use of straight line of depreciation for adjustment
By using straight line of depreciation method firm per year aggregate depreciation is
computed by the accountant. The depreciation amount is deducted from the assets side of the
balance sheet and same amount is deducted from the income statement (Curdia and Woodford,
2011). This is the way adjustment is made in the company accounts.
Importance of account notes
Account notes have a great importance for the firm and stakeholders that have very deep
interest in the firm. These notes are shown in the company’s annual report (Ormiston and
Fraser, 2013). Under these notes, the firm discloses detail of the aggregate values that are
shown in the income statement and balance sheet. In the balance sheet of City Brasserie hotel
there is a long-term loan amount. Notes will show the way in which accountant arrive at the
final value of the long-term loan that is shown at the balance sheet of the mentioned firm.
3.3 Purpose of financial budget and process that can be used for budget control
Budgets are the set of the projections of the cost and revenue that firm think to be
happening in the future. It also acts as a target for the mangers that they want to achieve at the
end of the specific time period. The purpose of preparing budget is to give a specific direction
to the City Brasserie hotel performance. The second main purpose of preparing a budget is to
make sure that expenses of the firm will remain in control and necessary steps will be taken in
order to control expenses on time. By controlling costs, firm tries to increase its profitability in
the business. Along with this, employee’s motivation is another main purpose behind preparing
a budget. Budget set a target for the employees and forms commitment amount employees for
the achievement of the goal (Manthorpe and Samsi, 2013). Hence, due to commitment, an
employee tries achieve their goals by making their best efforts at the workplace. For
controlling budget, the City Brasserie hotel can use following process. Determination of standards – in this stage of budget preparation, the managers
determine standards. Those who are working at the ground level are responsible for
achieving these standards. Hence, in this regard employees make their best efforts. Measurement of performance- This is the second stage in which performance of the
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firm is measured by doing specific calculation. For this, figures can be taken from the
income statement and balance sheet of the firm. Performance measurement can be taken
in currency or units depending on the requirements of the measurement. Comparison of actual performance with the standards- In this, actual performance is
compared with the standards in order to identify the variance in the performance.
Variance may be positive or negative (Dunk, 2011). It is positive then there is no
problem but if variance is negative then it is a matter of concern for the firm. Hence,
managers must immediately take steps to ensure that such kind of error will not be
repeated again.
 Comments by the top managers- This is the last stage in which manager comments on
the variance and proposes the ways that can be used to prevent errors that occurs in the
current evaluation stage.
3.4 Variance analysis and justification of reason
Table 1: Actual and budgeted figure
Budget figures Actual figures Variance
Sales 70000 65000 Adverse
Cost of Good Sales 15000 13500 Favorable
Gross profit 55000 51500 Adverse
Labor costs 15000 19000 Adverse
Direct expense cost 7000 6500 Favorable
Overhead cost 8000 8500 Adverse
Net profit 25000 17500 Adverse
The main reason behind variance is that firm book low amount of sales in the current
financial year. The main reason behind low sale may be poor economic condition of the people
and downturn in the economy. Due to low sales, the organization makes less expense and due to
this reason firm costs are favorable and sales are adverse. Due to anticipation of increase in sale
firm produces higher quantity of goods. Hence, firm labor and overhead expenses get increased.
Finally, it can be said that City Brasserie hotel needs to do lot of work in order to prepare
accurate estimates for the budget.
8

TASK 4
AC 4.1 Calculation of ratios to determine business performance
Every business organization is required to prepare profitability statement in order to
determine their business performance. However, balance sheet is prepared so as to determine
their financial status. As per the scenario, City Brasserie Ltd. prepares its financial statements for
the year ended on 31st December 2014. Business can take necessary decisions through analyzing
these statements. Ratio analysis is the best tool that analyzes business performance by computing
different kind of ratios (Ward, K., 2012). Ratio indicates the relationship between two
components. The method employs liquidity ratio, profitability ratio, leverage and efficiency
ratio.
Table 2: Calculation of ratio for City Brasserie Ltd. (In £)
Ratio Formula Calculation Answer Measures
Current ratio
(current assets)/(Current
Liability) 154/146 1.05:1
Normally need to be 2:1. In our
situation is too low-and they might
have difficulty meeting current
obligations.
Quick ratio or
acid test ratio
(Current assets-
Inventory)/(current
liability) (154-51)/146 0.7:1
This should ideally be 1:1, it shows in
our exercise is lower and they can have
problem to pay their bills when is
required.
Return on capital
employed
(Earnings before
interest and tax)/(Equity
+Non current
(154+16)/774-
146
27.07% This is a good profit, but we should try
to increase this.
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liability)*100
Gross profit
percentage
(Gross
profit)/(Sales)*100 500/920 54.3%
This is as high as possible; we need to
try to keep on track.
Net profit
percentage (net profit/(Sales)*100 103/920 11%
This is too low; we need to find some
solution to bring it a higher level.
Debtors
collection period
(Receivable)/
(revenue)*365 92*365/920 36.5 days
Try to collect your debts more quickly.
Should be in 30 days.
Creditors
payment period
(Creditors)/
(Purchase)*365 45*365/420
39.10
days
This is a good period to pay our debt.
Inventory
turnover ratio
(Cost of goods
sold)/(Inventory) 920/51
18.03
times per
year
This is a reasonable times per year.
Debt to equity
ratio (Debt)/(Equity) 571/203 2.81
We need to try to keep our debts lower.
Interpretations:
Profitability ratio: Profitability can be analyzed by computing gross profit ratio, net
profit ratio and return on capital employed. City Brasserie Ltd. gross margin and net margin are
54.3478% and 11.19565% respectively. However, return on capital employed is 27.07% in the
year 2014. It indicates that business is performing better in the market, as its profitability ratios
are good.
Liquidity ratio: It measures the business ability to pay its current liabilities. City Brasserie
Ltd. current ratio and quick ratio are 1.05 and 0.705 respectively. Business current assets and
liabilities are 154£ and 146£ respectively. It indicates that business have availability of working
capital which implies that company is able to discharge its current obligations. On contrary,
debtor’s collection period helps in measuring the business ability to receive cash from its
debtors. However, creditor’s payment period indicates the time taken to discharge business
creditors. In context to City Brasserie Ltd., creditor’s payment period and debtor’s collection
period are 39.107 days and 36.5 days. Higher the creditor’s collection period indicate that
business is taking higher time period to receive cash from debtors while debtors are paid earlier.
Thus, the ratios indicate that company will be having lower working capital for operational
10

purpose. In addition to it, inventory turnover ratio measures the business ability to manage its
inventory effectively. City Brasserie Ltd. inventory turnover ratio is 18.
03 times which indicates that business is taking 18 days to convert its inventory into cash.
Leverage ratio: The ratio of debt and equity states the leverage ratio. City Brasserie Ltd.
is using debt amounted to 571£ and equity amounted to 203£ respectively. Therefore, the debt to
equity ratio is 2.81. The ratio indicates that business is using higher level of debt as compared to
equity in its capital structure.
AC 4.2 Recommendation for improve financial management strategies
On the basis of computed ratios, City Brasserie Ltd. can improve its financial status by
employing qualified decisions.
Liquidity ratio: Adequate availability of liquidity helps in paying off business current
liabilities effectively. City Brasserie Ltd. can improve its liquidity by improving its current ratio
and quick ratio. Further, it can be done through managing receivable and payment period. City
Brasserie Ltd. is required to regularly monitor its accounts receivable so as to ensure prompt
payments from debtors. Moreover, delayed payment to creditors implies higher availability of
money in the business for longer time period. Thus, it is clear that faster conversion of debtors
implies higher liquid availability in the business (Ward, 2012). In addition to it, unproductive
business assets can be sold out so as to increase its cash balance. With the help of this, business
can increase its current assets. Moreover, business current ratio can be increased through raising
shareholder's funds. The reason for that is when current assets are funded by owners rather than
creditor’s helps to decrease current liability. This in turn, current ratio will be increase. Further,
through managing the business inventory effectively, it can improve its liquid position.
Profitability ratio: Gross profit can be increased by improving its business sales and
decreasing goods sold. Sales can be enhanced through increasing selling prices. However, cost of
goods sold can be decreased through finding suppliers that provide material at lower rate.
Moreover, using advanced technology helps to save labor payments. However, net profit can be
increased by reducing the operating expenses; such as rent, insurance, wages and salary and so
on (Sinha, 2012). Increasing the net profits will lead to increase in net margin and return on
capital employed. This in turn, City Brasserie Ltd. can improve its business performance.
Leverage ratio: City Brasserie Ltd. needs to acquire funds at minimum cost and manage
it efficiently. Company is using 425£ of debt and 203£ of equity in its capital structure. Higher
11

level of debt implies higher interest payments but this expenditure is allowable for tax payments.
However, higher level of equity requires higher payment of return to the shareholders. For
instance increasing the debt leads to increase the risk for the shareholders. However, lower the
debt equity ratio implies higher cost for acquiring business equity. Therefore, it becomes
essential for the company to manage funds efficiently.
TASK 5
AC 5.1 Type of costs
Costs include all the incurred business expenditures that company is required to pay off
to others. There are different types of costs which involve fixed cost, variable cost and semi-
variable costs that are listed below:
Fixed cost: These types of cost are not related to the business operations. It remains
unchanged with changing business productions. In context to City Brasserie Ltd., fixed cost
includes depreciation, insurance and rent payments. All the expenditures are not related to
business activities and remain constant over the period.
Variable cost: This cost gets change with the production changes. The costs are directly
related to business operating activities (Datar and et. al., 2013). For instance, in case of increase
in the business production variable cost tends to increase and vice versa. In context to City
Brasserie Ltd., variable cost includes wages and salary expenditures, energy cost and cost of
goods sold.
Semi-variable cost: These costs remain fixed up to a certain level of production and after
that level it gets changed with the production. For instance, telephone charges are a semi variable
cost that requires a fixed line payment. Further, the consumption of the facility will cause
additional cost for the business.
AC 5.2 Calculation of contribution per customer and cost volume profit relationship
Marginal costing: The cost of producing one additional unit of product is called marginal
cost (Rajan, Datar and Horngren, 2015). The concept is greatly used in the business to determine
contribution and profitability.
(1) Contribution
According to the marginal costing method, contribution is the excess of sales over the
variable cost (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). As per the stated scenario, City Brasserie Ltd.
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charging ticket price amounted to 80£ per customer. However, the fixed cost and variable cost
per customer are 500£ and 30£ per customers. Thus, contribution for City Brasserie's champagne
Holiday Dinner can be computed by subtracting sales to the total of variable cost.
Contribution = sales – variable cost
Particulars Amount
Sales (ticket prices) 80£
Less-Variable cost 30£
Contribution 50£
City Brasserie Ltd. earning contribution amounted to 50£ per customer at Champagne
Holiday Dinner.
(2) Cost, profit and volume relationship
Marginal cost analysis also helps to determine cost, volume and profit relationship
(DRURY, 2013). Increasing the number of customers at Champagne Holiday dinner leads to
increase the business variable cost and sales. This in turn, profitability also tends to increase. For
instance, through serving 100 customers and 150 customers revenue, cost and profits will be as
follows:
Particular Amount (100 Customers) Amount (150 Customers)
Sales 8000£ 12000£
Less- Variable cost 3000£ 4500£
Contribution 5000£ 7500£
Less-Fixed cost 500£ 500£
Profits 4500£ 7000£
Interpretation: City Brasserie Ltd's revenues are 8000£ when it serves 100 customers.
However, increase in the volume to 150 customer’s sales gets increased to 12000£. Further, the
13

total variable cost of the company increases from 3000£ to 4500£. However, the volume does not
affect the fixed cost. As per the table, fixed cost remains same to 500£. Therefore, profits tends
to incline from 4500£ to 7000£. Thus, it becomes clear that increase in the volume contributes to
increase in the sales and variable cost. Further, it increases the total profits for City Brasserie
Ltd.
AC 5.3 Recommendation for short term management decisions
(1) Breakeven point
It is the point at which the total business revenues are equal to the total cost. It is also
called no profit no loss situation (Introduction to breakeven point. 2016.). It can be calculated
through dividing the total fixed cost to the contribution per unit. The break-even point for City
Brasserie Ltd. at Champagne Holiday Dinner is calculated as under:
Break-even point = Total fixed cost/ Contribution per unit
= 500£/ (80£-30£)
= 500£/50£
= 10 customers
Thus, it becomes clear that Company has to sell 10 tickets to the consumers to reach at
break-even point. At this point, the total business revenue and variable cost will be 800£ and
300£ respectively. This in turn, contribution will be amounted to 500£ equivalent to the fixed
cost. Hence, business is not getting any loss or profits.
(2) Number of tickets that needs to be sold to make 5000£
Marginal costing method is also applied for determining number of units that are required
to be sold out for getting target profits (Zhou, Fan and Zhou, 2015). As per the scenario, City
Brasserie Ltd. wants to get profits amounted to 5000£ at Champagne Holiday Dinner. The
required number of tickets that need to be sold by the company is calculated as under:
Number of tickets = (Fixed cost + Target Profits)/ (Contribution per unit)
= (500£ + 5000£)/ (50£)
= 5500£/50£
= 110 Tickets
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Thus, it is clear that through serving 110 customers, total revenue, variable cost and
contribution will be 8800£, 3300£ and 5500£. However, the fixed cost remains still constant to
500£. Therefore, profits will be 5000£ as excess of contribution over fixed cost.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above report, it can be concluded that hospitality industry can acquire
funds from both internal and external finance sources to fulfill its capital requirements.
Moreover, the report described that by minimizing the cost and maximizes the revenues; industry
can enhance its profits to a great extent. Further, the report explained that budgetary process is
best management tool that identifies the variances and take necessary decisions in order to
eliminate it. Further, short term management decisions can be taken by applying marginal
costing method. This method helps in maximizing the contribution and profits of the company.
In addition to it, ratio analysis is a best tool that helps to improve the business performance,
manage its liquidity and leverage risk. Through this method, business managers can take
qualified decisions that assist in achieving organization targets.
15

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