Civil Engineering Tech: Earthwork, Drainage, Safety & Highway Design

This comprehensive report on Civil Engineering Technology covers various aspects of construction and civil engineering practices. Task 1 details earthwork processes, equipment, and techniques, including excavation, transportation, compaction, and methods for creating complex foundations and drainage systems. It also discusses culvert and underpass construction, large earth moving operations, and slope stability techniques. Task 2 focuses on hazards and risks associated with working on structures and in confined spaces, along with a method statement for site installation, safety plans, and risk assessment. Task 3 addresses the environmental, quality, geotechnical, and economic contexts of civil engineering problems, particularly concerning industrial development near water bodies and soil contamination. Finally, Task 4 outlines the methods and techniques used in highway design, emphasizing design standards, safety, and engineering judgment. Desklib provides students access to similar solved assignments and past papers.

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Civil ENGINEERING
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

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Task 1
Earthwork
Earthwork refers to the process of removing the soil through the prospect of excavation,
transporting the material and thereby, depositing it away from the site. The process is mainly
carried out during the engineering construction projects. It usually involves various stages as
discussed below
 Excavation of the soil
 Transportation of the excavated soil
 Soil offloading
 Compaction and depositing of the soil
There is different equipment as well as methods applied in the earthworks. The process mainly
depends on the work amount, site conditions as well as resource availability1.
Earthwork Processes Equipment
Preferably, there are different techniques employed in carrying out the earthwork. The earthwork
equipment mainly grouped as per the overall operations they are used for as discussed below
Excavating Equipment
The equipment mainly used in the process of excavating the soil. The equipment comprises of
the Power shovels, Dragline, Backhoe, Bulldozers, Scrapers and Clamshell.
1 Antony Wood, the Tall Buildings Reference Book, Berlin, Routledge, 2018

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Equipment used for transportation
Preferably, they are the techniques employed in the transportation of the excavated materials.
These materials include belt conveyers, tippers, graders as well as dumpers.
Equipment used for compaction
These are the equipment utilized in the processes of compacting overall materials after
deposition. The equipment includes sheep foot roller, smooth wheel roller, pneumatic tired roller
as well as the vibratory roller equipment.
Earthwork Techniques
There are various techniques which are often applied during the makeable earthwork processes.
They entail
 Borrow
 U-cut 2
 Levelling
 Cut to crossfil
Methods to create complex foundation
Different methods are applied in the constructions of deep foundations. There are numerous
types of foundations that can be use depending on different factors like; ground condition, the
nature of the load requiring support, load exerted on the pipes, cost, and the durability of the
materials. Currently there are many types of suitable foundations that are available.
2 John Gardner, Earthwork in Railway Engineering, Read Books, Kiev, 2018

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Method used for pilling work
In the construction and installation of piles various methods can be applied. The materials to be
used in the constructions will be selected depending on the functions of piles, the involved
installations procedures and the available materials. The piling work will be done using a bore
piling machines by drilling a vertical hole into the ground. By using a pile driver, the drilling of
piles can also be achieved. The piling work is highly preferred in the places with poor soil
conditions.3
Work of Drainage
The works related to the drainage entails a number of activities such as
 Controlling of the overall rill erosion via the application of the sheet and runoff
management
 Dividing of the overall sites into various drainage blocks to help in managing the
processes
 Diverting the parametric storm water to control the runoff
 Also reducing the makeable soil erosions and this is carried out by monitoring the flow
velocities of the system
Methods and techniques used in culvert and underpass construction
3 John Macneill, Tables for Calculating the Cubic Quantity of Earth Work in the Cuttings and
Embankments of Canals, Railways, and Turnpike Roads, Chicago, Roake and Varty, 2016

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The construction of the various culverts entails a number of process and culvert types as
discussed below.
 Pipe culverts
 Box culverts
 Pipe arch culvert
The type of culvert to be used will depend on the available space and dimensions required. The
construction of the underpasses will involve excavation of a ditch on a given specific side of the
construction.
Methods and techniques utilized in large and complex earth moving operations and deep
excavations.
There are two methods will are generally used in complex earth moving operations is employing
a number of excavators, haulers and wheel loaders to arrange, excavate, load and transport the
excavated soil to the disposing area. This method is generally more advantageous when the
moving distance and material involved are very massive4. The second technique which is usually
used is using equipment which are more independent such as the scrapers and wheel loaders to
perform the entire process, this technique is more suitable when the distance between the
excavation point and disposal point is relatively short.
Techniques used in dealing ground and slope stability for slopes found to be unstable
Making use of the inward and the outer adjustment framework will be of extraordinary help in
tending to the issue of instable inclines. The outer adjustment sick include utilizing cantilevers,
4 Alex Trenter, Earthworks: A Guide, London, Thomas Telford, 2011

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steel canister dividers and the timber bunks. The interior adjustment procedure will include
making use of support frameworks. In certain cases holding dividers will be utilized in lessening
the point of the incline.
Task 2
Hazards and risks associated with working on structures and working in confined spaces
There are different hazards which can results when one operates within the confirmed space.
Some of the key risks include excessive heat, deficiency of oxygen, toxic atmosphere as well as
free flowing solids and explosive atmosphere.
Hazards and risks associated with working on tall structures
Also, there a number of risks associated with the operations and the works in the tall structures.
Some of the key risks and problems include accidents resulting from the slip strips, harmful
materials, falling, structural collapse accidents as well as noise pollution.
Method Statement of Site Installation
The installations at the site are often carried out by four key individuals. The individuals often
receive the go-ahead and the permissions from the project manager and tackles issues related to:
 Setting the rules of the site
 Welfare facilities
 Outlining the emergency procedures
 Establishing restrictions on the security process for all workers

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It is important to note that the process commences with the conservatory delivery of at least 7.5
ton and this has to be offloaded to the parametric site by the team members5. The procedures
regarding the materials safety at the construction site is not only important but also fundamental
at all costs.
 Preferably, the matters relating to the safety at the construction site must be put into
consideration at all costs. Thus, members are advised to wear gloves and this has to be
monitored by the lead expert in the team.
 Also, it is necessary to check all the materials and this is carried out by the team leader
and all the shortages documented.
 It is also important to ensure that the component stacking is carried out and this must be
conducted in a manner that it will reflect the overall requirements.
 It is essential to carry out initial frame erection
The second concept is on the rainwater plumping and piping and this must be carried out
properly. The fixing must be done using the brackets.
 Opening the parametric vents and fittings
 Metal components trimming and roofing
 Carry out roof glazing
 Fixing of the hanging doors
5 Robert Roberts, Earthwork: later poems from the Otter Valley, Chicago, Pikestaff Press,2018

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Safety plan
Duty to be performed Requirements N/A Name of individual
responsible
Supervision of site
safety
Need to be competent
safety of the Crane
operation
Need to be qualified
inspection and design
and of false work
Need to be qualified
Checking of ladders
conditions
Need to be competent
Use of heavy
equipment
Need to be qualified
Plans to avoid fall at
the site
Need to be competent
Construction site Risk Assessment plan

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Sample Form of risk assessment
Name of the person carrying out an assessment:
Date:
Assessment steps:
Possible/known risk and hazards connected with the operations(Xia et al.2016):
The possible aftereffects: What are the likely consequences? What is the likely degree of the
damage?
What kind of a person is actually or likely to be at risk?
What remedies are to be put in place to remove the hazard or lower the level of risk?
Are there risk control mechanisms that are likely to fail? What are the possible aftereffects?
Any need for training?
The degree of remaining risk:
What kind of activity to be carried out in the event of an emergency:

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Any place or points to refer if any:
Assessor’s signature:
Health and safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil engineering sites
The guideline section 317 piece of Federal Register of Regulations expresses that an individual
completing any business must check the consistence of specialists with the standards in regards
to development enlistment. Preparing this ought to be completed a couple of days before the
development work starts. Each specialist must have a card appearing/he has experienced an
acceptance program and an authentication which is issued inside 60 days’ time frame before the
development.
Justification
The foundation of legitimate site establishment will be important to guarantee that the materials
and hardware utilized for development stay safe amid the time of the activity. It ought to along
these lines not be undermined or ignored. The security plan that has been prescribed will
likewise decrease instances of mishaps and passing in the time of development.
Task 3
The environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contests of a civil engineering
problem

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The mechanical complex is set to be found near a stream that depletes its substance into the
Thames. The release from the modern plant will influence the water bodies. The surface spillover
will convey spills of oil, diesel, and paint synthetics into the stream. The unearthing procedure
will set free trash and earth that will again make water in the waterway to be turbid. These are
conceivable natural obstruction that must be given consideration6.
The PH of the dirt will successfully change because of the corrosive idea of the contaminations.
This will influence the topographical uprightness of the region for other development works. The
groundwater quality will crumble and its treatment is costly and such tasks may not be
monetarily practical.
How the environmental, geotechnical, quality and economic contexts of the problem
identified
 Containers carrying chemicals like paints, and oil should properly be monitored
 Application of the chemicals for curing should only be done after the protection of the
drains.
 Surface runoff with the pollutants should be managed at a specific place including pits.
The industrial complex is set to be located close to a river that drains its content into the Thames.
The discharge from the industrial plant will definitely affect the water bodies. The surface runoff
will carry spills of oil, diesel, and paint chemicals into the river. The excavation process will set
loose debris and dirt that will again make water in the river to be turbid. These are possible
environmental interference that must be given attention7.
6 Newman, John, Earthwork Slips and Subsidences Upon Public Works: Their Causes,
7 Prevention, and Reparation. Especially Written to Assist Those Engaged in the Construction or
Maintenance of Railways, Docks, Canals, Roads, Waterworks, River-banks, Reclamation

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The PH of the soil will effectively change as a result of the acid nature of the pollutants. This
will affect the geological integrity of the area for other construction works. The groundwater
quality will deteriorate and its treatment is expensive and such projects may not be economically
viable.
 Containers conveying synthetics like paints, and oil ought to legitimately be checked
 Application of the synthetic concoctions for restoring should just be done after the
assurance of the channels.
 Surface overflow with the contaminations ought to be overseen at a particular spot
including pits.
Task 4
Methods and Techniques Used In Highway Design
Roadways are structured related to the plan benchmarks and rules. These are typically received
by the national experts. The plan models consider the speed, street level, kinds of vehicles, see
deterrent and ceasing separations. The precise use of the set measures alongside exact building
judgment it is workable for the specialists to structure a street which is much sheltered, agreeable
and in the meantime engaging the clients.
The highway configuration can be can be classified into three principle parts that is the profile,
arrangement and the cross segment.
Embankments, Drainage Works, Texas, E. & F.N. Spon, 2014.

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The profile of the parkway alludes to the vertical parts of the street, which incorporate the droop
and peak bends and the straight levels lines which associates them
The arrangement alludes to the course of the street which is characterized as a progression of flat
extraneous bends
The cross-segment ordinarily demonstrate the position and the quantity of vehicles, walkways
and bike paths alongside their cross incline 8.
Methods and techniques used to create bridge foundations and flexible highway
construction foundations
The extension foundations are basic since they should have enough solidarity to help the whole
weight of the scaffold and the traffic loads which will be conveyed by the scaffold. There are
diverse kinds of foundations that can be utilized for the scaffold development and they
incorporate;
i) Drilled Shaft Foundation
This type of foundation are constructed within the overall excavation deeps and they rae
supported by the overall lining during the construction process. Subsequently, they can be fixed
with either the pre-fabricated loading or the concrete bearing units.
ii) The Pile Foundations
8 Alberto Munguia, Field Book for Quality Control in Earthwork Operations, Sydney, iUniverse,
2015

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This type of foundation is defined as long cylinder and it has slender column. These are made of
different materials which include concrete and steel. The materials are used to provide the
support and they facilitate the transfer of load to desired depths. The transfers mainly estimated
to reach either the skin friction or the end bearings of the system.
iii) Caissons foundations
A caisson establishment is additionally alluded to as a pier foundation. This kind of
foundation is watertight holding structure which is normally connected in the development of
extension wharfs. The establishment is normally a manufactured empty barrel or box which
is sunk into the ground to a specific profundity and it is then loaded up with cement thus
shaping an establishment.

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References
Gardner, John, Earthwork in Railway Engineering, Read Books, Kiev, 2018
Macneill, John, Tables for Calculating the Cubic Quantity of Earth Work in the Cuttings and
Embankments of Canals, Railways, and Turnpike Roads, Chicago, Roake and Varty, 2016
Munguia, Alberto, Field Book for Quality Control in Earthwork Operations, Sydney, iUniverse,
2015
Newman, John, Earthwork Slips and Subsidences Upon Public Works: Their Causes,
Prevention, and Reparation. Especially Written to Assist Those Engaged in the Construction or
Maintenance of Railways, Docks, Canals, Roads, Waterworks, River-banks, Reclamation
Embankments, Drainage Works, Texas, E. & F.N. Spon, 2014.
Robert Roberts, Earthwork: later poems from the Otter Valley, Chicago, Pikestaff Press,2018
Trenter, Alex, Earthworks: A Guide, London, Thomas Telford, 2011
Wood, Antony, the Tall Buildings Reference Book, Berlin, Routledge, 2018

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