Civil Engineering Report: Highway and Bridge Construction Methods

Desklib provides past papers and solved assignments for students. This report details the construction of an industrial complex.

CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
LO1.......................................................................................................................................................4
P1......................................................................................................................................................4
P2......................................................................................................................................................5
P3......................................................................................................................................................5
M1.................................................................................................................................................6
LO2.......................................................................................................................................................8
P4......................................................................................................................................................8
P5....................................................................................................................................................10
M2...............................................................................................................................................11
LO3.....................................................................................................................................................13
P6....................................................................................................................................................13
P7....................................................................................................................................................13
M3...............................................................................................................................................14
LO4.....................................................................................................................................................15
P8....................................................................................................................................................15
P9....................................................................................................................................................15
M4...............................................................................................................................................16
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................18
References...........................................................................................................................................19
List of figures
Figure 1: construction site.....................................................................................................................9

List of tables
Table 1: Safety measures table............................................................................................................10
Table 2: Risk table...............................................................................................................................11

Introduction
In the construction of the industrial complex includes the factories & buildings that have to
qualify the industrial complex to linked with the London international airport. The industrial
complex is near to the highways that linked the London city with an airport. These works
needs earthworks like landfilling, leveling & excavation, etc.
The process of the excavation will lead to different issues like removing the toxic gases,
contamination of water & food, flood & different pollutants that will escape in the
environments.
To provide the support to buildings there are various foundations like deep & shallow
foundations. The method of the culvert is also inspected & determined.
The work of construction includes the risk of health & the problems that related to the
environments which need to be addressed uniformly by the help of assessment of risk plan &
discussing the measures of safety. The problem during the construction on the site required to
be addressed at the time of phase of designing.

LO1
P1
Earthworks activities
 Developing the ponds settlement & providing the drainage on the construction site.
 Confirmed the access of area of the construction site.
 Developing, the platform for the terminal.
 The access to the emergency roads will be upgraded.
 From the construction site, removal & excavation of peat.
 Providing the facilities for construction temporarily (Whyte, 2015).
Earthworks equipment’s required for the various processes like for construction of the bridge
& roads etc.
 Tools that machinery is a tractor, motor graders, scrapers, clam shell, Machine for
trenching, power shovel & bull dozer, etc. as these tools are utilized where there
required to dig to the depth & force required more.
 Tools that are used for small activities are shovel rake, hoe, spade, etc. as these tools
are utilized where they're not required much depth for excavation.
The techniques of the earthwork are greatly used for various good planning in the
construction.
 Benched slopes
It is used to reduce the erosion & control the runoff.
 Flattering the slopes of oversteepened
It is the technique used to trim the slopes back to its gentler angle of the slope.
 Land forming & geomorphic modifications
It is used to preserve the landform that is underlying by replication.
 Soil roughening
It is used for temporary use for controlling the erosion measures.
These techniques help to resolve the challenges related to the construction site (Baek, 2015).

P2
Methods about the foundation:
The deep foundation may have depth up to 60 to 200 feet’s that is approx. 20 to 65m, it
basically depth of the soil. It is mostly utilised for the big & heavy building. It is used to give
the shape to the flow of material.
The shallow foundation may have depth up to 3 feet’s that is approx. 1m which very depth in
comparison to the deep foundation. It is mostly utilized for small & light buildings. It is used
to minimize the water surface, trenches of shallow are developed.
The deep foundation, it is developed under the ground with respect to pillars. Pile is used for
these type of situations.
 There will be the weak layer of the soil so, this layer will not support the building.
Loads of these buildings required to by-pass it & transfer it to the stronger layer.
 Or when the buildings are heavy, loads are concentrated like in high structures.
This is capable by the pile foundation, end bearing & friction pile (Albusoda, 2016).
The shallow foundation, it is developing above the ground level & is the low part.
 Stepped foundation –It is developed by the soil excavation into the small depths &
thickness is uniform. The bed of concrete is created on the top of this.
 Spread footing – it is developing the offsets like pillar footing to maximize the base of
the structure.
 Inverted foundation – the load is transferred to the pies to the soil through the arches
in the base in the position of inverted.
 Grillage foundation – It contains the steel tiers & wooden tiers of two and filled with
concrete between them. It will minimize the intense pressure (Van, 2017).
P3
Underpass construction methods:
1) Precast concrete

It is constructed as standards units & may be supplied to the site as, like box having
end section open, segments of portal & the walls are separated. The units of the box
are linked using the strips of sealant that is already formed. The unit frames of the
portal are already stressed & need a membrane for keeping the slab that is made from
concrete. As the walls & roofs placed in the loading of situ as they have units of
precast need to describe the thickness.
2) Thrust bored
It is utilised for the suspension of bentonite that is a lubricant. For transferring the
loading thrust it requires the units to have a connection with edge either then strip of
sealing.
3) In situ concrete
It is used the similar methods that are the underground construction of tunneling.
 Waterproofing
 Lighting & drainage
Culvert construction method
In this construction, required to control the traffic of road when half of the culvert begin. The
inspection & approving the excavation by the engineer & the treatment required that is
necessary are applied. The surface is stable according to the engineer & the testing done to
make sure the level before beginning the construction of a culvert. At last, concrete is
mounted over it (Illingworth. 2017).
M1
Techniques & methods used for deep excavation & large complex operations
 Full open cut
It split it into two types first is sloped full open cut & second is cantilever full open
cut. If the excavation is slightly deep then it will be expensive.
 Bracing excavation method
 Island excavation method
 Anchored excavation method
 Zoned excavation method (Valipour, 2017).

LO2
P4
Risks on the construction sites while working
 The collapse of the buildings.
 Accidents may lead when working on heights.
 Risk like shock due to an electrical wire.
Safety arrangements
 Required experienced workers.
 Proper dress code needs to follow.
 Tools & measures for safety.
Risk while construction on the highway
 Not easy to move the equipment.
 Weather is bad.
 Accidents & collisions
Safety arrangements
 Planning required for controlling the traffic & for diversion of the vehicles.
 Workers should planed their roles & responsibilities.
 Used banners for diversion the vehicles
 The speed of the vehicle is slow.
 Proper dress code should be followed by the workers.
 Work performed by facing the side of traffic.
Risk for excavation
 During the excavation gas escape.
 Mining may lead to the collapse of the buildings.
 Materials may befall to the workers at the time of excavation.
 Collapsing the sides of the excavation.

Safety arrangements
 Workers need to be experienced & trained during working on construction sites.
 Material like petrol will not be placed near to the excavation.
 It is done where there are no cables under the ground.
 The shovel is utilized to minimize the damage of wires (Iqbal, 2015).
Figure 1: construction site
(Source: Iqbal, 2015)

P5
The safety plans for the site are:
Table 1: Safety measures table
Risks Measures for safety
Fire  Take away all the combustible items
from the site of the construction.
 Smoking is not allowed at the site.
Injury due to fall  Properly wear the uniform, helmets &
glasses before going to sites.
 Properly use the ladders.
 Equipment should be inspected
before.
Noise of drilling  Used the ear plugs at the time of
drilling.
 Wear helmets.
Electric shock  Workers should wear gloves that are
insulated.
 Properly shut the plug after using the
equipments.
Failure of equipment’s  Pre-checking of the equipments.
 Properly maintains the equipments.
Contaminate the environment  By disposal of the waste in the
dustbin.
 By reclying the material if not used
further.
 By following the rules & regulation
for disposal of waste.
Table 2: Risk table
Name of the risk Description of the risk Plan of management
Water comes from factories
like soap etc.
Pollution in the river This will impact the sewer
system that is linked to the

sites. The collection of waste
in the sewerage.
Supplies of power Required the supply of the
power to continue the
construction otherwise, it
will hinder the work of
construction.
Plan the strategy to make
sure the supply of the power.
Highway linked roads & land
permit
There will be late in the
approval of the application.
By the help of the consultants
of local, & the scope of each
level required to described
beforehand (Iqbal, 2015).
M2
The health & safety legislation in civil engineering are:
 Handling the operations manually regulations.
 Health & Safety regulation
 Personal protective equipment’s at the workplace regulations.
 Management health & safety at workplace regulation.
 Workplace
 Use of equipments at the workplace & provisions (Ganah, 2015).