Civil Engineering Design Proposal for New Infrastructure Project

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Construction
and the
built environment

Contents
List of figures:..................................................................................................................................3
Introduction:....................................................................................................................................4
LO1 Explain the methods and techniques used in civil engineering for earthworks and
substructures....................................................................................................................................5
P1 discuss earthworks activities, equipment and techniques.......................................................5
P2 describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundations, pilling works and
drainage works.............................................................................................................................7
P3 describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass construction and
provision for utilities....................................................................................................................9
LO2 Present a safety plan risk assessment and method statement for a given civil engineering
activity...........................................................................................................................................11
P4 identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working in confined
spaces, working on structures and for working within temporary works on highways............11
P5 develop and present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statements for a given
civil engineering an activity.......................................................................................................14
LO3 Evaluate a given civil engineering problem and propose a solution.....................................16
P6 evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic context of a given civil
engineering problem..................................................................................................................16
P7 propose a solution to a given civil engineering problem......................................................16
LO4 Prepare a design proposal for a new infrastructure project...................................................18
P8 describe methods and techniques used in highway design...................................................18
P9 develop a civil engineering design proposal for a new infrastructure project......................19
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................20
References:....................................................................................................................................21

List of figures:
Figure 1 earthwork equipment.........................................................................................................4
Figure 2 piling work........................................................................................................................6
Figure 3 bored piling.......................................................................................................................7
Figure 4 drainage system.................................................................................................................7
Figure 5 culvert................................................................................................................................8
Figure 6 underpass...........................................................................................................................9
Figure 7 common risks..................................................................................................................10
Figure 8 safety equipment and signs.............................................................................................12
Figure 9 highway section...............................................................................................................16

Introduction:
The assignment helps to understand the concepts of civil engineering technology. The
assignment includes four major tasks that build the understanding upon techniques for
substructures and earthworks. The assignment covers topics such as safety plan, proposed
solution for a problem related to civil engineering etc. This assignment aims to create a
conceptual design and the implementation report on a complex. The complex site is separated
from the express highway by a river that is parallel to the highway. The width of the river is
20m. This river lies between one expressway and the industrial complex. According to the
scenario, the client is a private investor that requires 10 factories and industrial buildings for
manufacturing soaps, baby food, perfumes etc. The factory building is made by using concrete,
steel, and other materials

LO1 Explain the methods and techniques used in civil engineering for
earthworks and substructures.
P1 discuss earthworks activities, equipment, and techniques.
According to the given scenario of the complex, earthwork techniques and equipment are
required to make the surface plane. Earthworks are created through the processing parts of the
earth surface that includes unformed rock and soil. There is various type of earthwork equipment
which is also known as earth moving equipment in civil engineering technologies such as
scrapers, excavators, backhoes, wheel loaders, dump trucks, and rollers etc. This equipment is
used to transfer the amount of earth to make a plan surface or to dig landscape and foundations
areas.
Figure 1 earthwork equipment
 Power shovel: This is used to excavate the earth of all class. This is a basic tool of loading
and excavation of materials.

 Backhoe: these are useful for suburban areas. these are similar to tractors but they contain
shovel at the front side and a bucket at the backside. These are used to shift soil and pipe
positioning.
 Bulldozers: this is the most heavy-duty machine. This is able to shift a large amount of soil.
These have huge blades at the front end that can be controlled by hydraulic pistons.
 Trenchers: it is helpful before lying the pipes down. This has a variety of machines
including small size trenchers, walk behind modules etc.
 Scrapper: it is used to remove the unwanted matter from the earth or surface. This is useful
in mining, agriculture, and construction.
Earthwork techniques and activities include the movement of rock, soil for slope stabilization
and erosion control. These techniques can be used to shape again the ground surface. Example of
this technique is land grading, soil roughening, flattening slopes and land forming.

P2 describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundations, pilling
works, and drainage works.
There are mainly two types of foundation which are the shallow foundation and second is the
deep foundation. There can be a different type of methods to create a complex building based on
the scenario. Some of the methods can be platform framing along with wood, EWP (Engineering
Wood Products), steel framing or concrete. Some other construction methods such as 3-
dimensional volumetric construction can be used for the complex foundation. Each construction
method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
Pilling foundations are also an important part of the design. There are various methods for pile
driving such as vibration, weight dropping, jacking, explosion and jetting etc. In drop hammer
method of pile driving, a hammer is released from an appropriate height to strike the head of the
pile. In the vibration method of pile driving, these hammers are powered electrically or
hydraulically. This method is suitable for gravelly or sandy soil. Jetting method is helpful in pile
penetration. This is not effective for soil that contains cobbles or coarse gravel.
Figure 2 piling work

Figure 3 bored piling
The drainage system is a system that is used to remove the water from the foundation. For
drainage works, types of drains can be constructed, open drains, composite drains, blanket
drains, and drains and closed drains. For drainage work, various methods can be used such as
drainage, dewatering and other miscellaneous methods such as drain away panel foundation
drainage system. This system is helpful ineffective drainage and eliminates hydrostatic pressure.
Figure 4 drainage system

P3 describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass
construction and provision for utilities
According to the given scenario, the complex foundation requires underpass and culverts to pass
the water or traffic from one point to another. Culvert is used to pass the water from one place to
another. It acts as a closed waterway. Culverts are used as cross drains which come in different
size and shapes. Various types of culverts can be used in construction such as pipe culvert, pipe
arch culvert, arch culvert, box culvert, bridge culvert etc. Methods and procedures of culvert
construction include excavation, bed preparation to maintain the levels required, placement of
screed concrete and finally diversion of traffic.
Figure 5 culvert
The underpass is a type of tunnel that acts as an underground way to pass the traffic from one
end to another end. The method for constructing underpass can be affected by the length of the
tunnel, hydrological and geological conditions, cost and limits. Underpass construction methods
are of three types firm ground, running ground and soft ground. Underpass methods include
excavation, cut and cover method and immersed tunnel. In Bottom-up method excavation of the
main site is done then the trench is backfilled followed by restoration of the surface. In Top-
down method cap beams and side support beams are created, then the tunnel roof is made
followed by surface excavation.

Figure 6 underpass

LO2 Present a safety plan risk assessment and method statement for a given
civil engineering activity.
P4 identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working in
confined spaces, working on structures and for working within temporary works on
highways.
The first stage of risk management is the identification of hazards and risk that are associated
with excavation work. Then risk should be assessed to minimize the impact of that.
Risks associated with excavation includes:
 Falling into excavation
 Fall of rock or dislodgement of earth
 Object falling
 The inrush of liquid or water
 Disturbance of ground
 Instability of adjacent structure
 Improper placement of materials that are excavated
 Hazardous atmosphere or chemicals
 Overhead powerlines
 Exposure to an airborne contaminant
 Trapped in the collapse of the excavation
Figure 7 common risks

Safety arrangements to manage the risks:
To minimize the risk following methods can be used:
Engineering controls: This includes battering, benching and shoring of the edges and sides of
the excavation to minimize the risk of ground collapse.
Isolation: This includes the separation of powered mobile plant and pedestrians with the help of
concrete barriers. This helps to minimize the collision of risk.
Substitution: this refers to the use of an excavator along with rock breaker in place of the
manual method.
For further improvement, administrative controls and personal protective equipment should be
used.
Risks associated with working on highways:
Road hazards – curves, overhead cables, parked vehicles, bike lanes, obstacles, uneven ground
etc.
Vehicle hazards – rush hour, school or hospital nearby etc.
Weather hazards – fog, cloud, storm, snowfall, dim light etc.
Work activity hazards – equipment operation, placement of supplies etc.
Safety arrangements to manage the risks on highways:
 Wear such type of clothes that are highly visible and reflective
 Use spotter
 Develop an understanding upon all communication signals
 Avoid riding on moving equipment such as rollers