Civil Engineering Design Proposal: A 1km² Industrial Complex

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Contents
Introduction:....................................................................................................................................3
LO1 Explain the methods and techniques used in civil engineering for earthworks and
substructures....................................................................................................................................4
P1 discuss earthwork activities, equipment, and techniques.......................................................4
P2 Describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundations, piling works and
drainage works.............................................................................................................................5
P3 Describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass construction and
provision for utilities....................................................................................................................7
M1 Analyze methods and techniques used in large complex earthmoving operations and deep
excavations..................................................................................................................................9
LO2 Present a safety plan risk assessment and method statement for a given civil engineering
activity...........................................................................................................................................10
P4 identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working in confined
spaces, working on structures and for working within temporary works on highways............10
P5 develop and present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statements for a given
civil engineering activity...........................................................................................................11
M2 discuss health and safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil engineering sites.
...................................................................................................................................................11
LO3 Evaluate a given civil engineering problem and propose a solution.....................................13
P6 evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic context of a given civil
engineering problem..................................................................................................................13
P7 propose a solution to a given civil engineering problem......................................................13
M3 Illustrate how the environmental, geotechnical, quality and economic contexts of a
problem are addressed through a proposal................................................................................13
LO4 Prepare a design proposal for a new infrastructure project...................................................15
P8 describe methods and techniques used in highway design...................................................15

P9 develop a civil engineering design proposal for a new infrastructure project......................15
M4 Analyze methods and techniques used to create bridge foundations, flexible highway
construction foundation criteria and related geotechnical parameters.......................................16
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................17
References:....................................................................................................................................18
Table of figures:
Figure 1 earth moving equipment....................................................................................................4
Figure 2 piling work........................................................................................................................6
Figure 3 drainage work....................................................................................................................7
Figure 4 culvert................................................................................................................................8
Figure 5 underpass...........................................................................................................................8
Figure 6 safety at construction site................................................................................................11
Figure 7 highway design................................................................................................................15

Introduction:
The assignment helps to understand the concepts related to civil work. The assignment aims to
prepare a conceptual design along with the report on implementation. The assignment is divided
into 4 main sections which include various topics such as earthwork activities, piling, drainage
system, underpass, utility provision, identification of hazards, arrangements for safety, the
foundation of bridges and highways etc. These help to build strong concepts for the same.
The assignment helps to develop a design and proposal plan for a complex building which is 1
kilometer by 1 kilometer in size. The private investor requires 10 factories and industrial
buildings. The factories and industrial buildings are required to manufacture soaps, baby food
etc. The material of factory building is concrete, steel, and some other materials. The material of
complex building can be steel or concrete or the combination of some materials. Also, the
interconnecting roads, bridge, and walkway can be created by using steel or RC concrete.

LO1 Explain the methods and techniques used in civil engineering for
earthworks and substructures.
P1 discuss earthwork activities, equipment, and techniques.
Earthwork activity is a process that is used to make the plane surface. The activity includes
various techniques and equipment for the same. Earthwork equipment is also known as
earthmoving equipment which includes dump trucks, backhoes, excavators, rollers, scrapers,
wheel loaders etc. This earthwork equipment makes the surface plane by transferring the amount
of soil and rock. Some of this equipment is described below:
Figure 1 earth moving equipment
Bulldozers: This is a large-sized machine which is able to transfer a big amount of soil at once
because it has large blades at front. To control the blades hydraulic pistons used. The tractor type
can be wheeled or crawler.
Backhoes: The structure of backhoe is similar to tractors the only difference is that it contains
shovel. These machines are helpful in pipe positioning and soil shifting.
Scrapper: This removes the unwanted things from the surface such as soil, stones. This is
helpful in digging.

Power shovel: This is suitable for all kind of earth surface. This is used in earth excavation. This
cannot excavate hard rock type of earth.
P2 Describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundations, piling
works and drainage works
Complex foundations can be created by two methods one is a shallow foundation and another is
a deep foundation. Foundation act as a support system for the structures. A shallow foundation is
suitable when the imposed load by a structure is relatively less than the load-bearing capacity of
soils. Whereas deep foundations are suitable if the imposed load required to be transferred into
deeper layers. Shallow foundations can be of a different type such as trench fill, raft foundation,
rubble trench foundation etc. Whereas, deep foundation types are piles, sheet piles, and
diaphragm wall etc.
Piling work refers to the driving piles of steel, timber or concrete into the ground in order to
support the structure. Piling work can be done by using various methods such as weight
dropping, vibration, explosion, jacking and jetting. For example, for sandy and gravelly type of
soil, the vibration method is preferable. Whereas the jetting method is used in pile penetration
thus not suitable for coarse gravel. Piling techniques are divided into mainly two categories on is
displacement and second is a replacement(www.aeyates.co.uk, 2015).
Displacement piling method: This method is suitable for contaminated sites. In this method,
piling is done by pushing the earth out of the way. These methods are timber piles, screw piles,
thin wall bottom driven piles, precast concrete drove piles, vibro concrete columns, helical
displacement piles etc. Advantages of this piling method are little disturbance, high production,
and limited access.
Replacement method: in this method of piling work, muck is replaced with the pile. Using this
piling method bigger piling can be used. Replacement pile techniques are odex piles, CFA, open
hole auger piles, tripod piles, larger diameter rotary piles etc. Advantages of this piling method
are high production, effective vibration-free work, and restricted access(Hertlein and Verbeek,
2016).

Figure 2 piling work
The drainage system is used to make the building foundation free from water. There can be a
different type of drains such as open or closed drains, composite drains etc. There is various type
of drainage technologies such as French drain, corrugated drain pipes etc. Corrugated pipes are
used in such a situation where durability, flexibility, and strength of pipe are required. French
drain pipe includes a substitute in the form of lightweight gravel. There are various methods that
can be used to prevent the infiltration of water on the ground such as geotextiles, cement mortar,
and channel sealing method. There are method statements defined for drainage work such as
TBM level should be set during the site survey, site clearance should be done properly and
excavation should be carried out. After that set out for drainage should be done, followed by
formwork installation and sand blinding etc(Markovic and Zelenakova, 2019).

Figure 3 drainage work
P3 Describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass
construction and provision for utilities
The Complex building given in the scenario needs a mechanism to pass the water etc. from one
place or a point to another. For this, culvert and underpass should be constructed. Culverts are
mainly used to pass the water from place to another and thus act as a closed waterway. The
culverts can be of a different type such as box culvert, pipe culvert, arch culvert etc. In Civil
engineering technology, various methods and techniques have been used to construct culverts.
The design and method of the culvert are depending on hydraulic, the height of roadway,
elevation of water surface and other different conditions. For example, to build driveway
culverts, some steps should be followed which are drive layout, cross rails, driveway assemble
and culvert grates (this step is optional).

Figure 4 culvert
The underpass is used to pass the traffic from one point to another. The underpass construction
method can be affected by the tunnel length, cost, geological and hydrological conditions. There
are three types of underpass construction: soft ground, running ground and firm ground. The
underpass construction method is divided into mainly two types which are bottom-up and top-
down. In the top-down method, side supported beams and cap beams are created before the
creation of the tunnel roof whereas in bottom-up method excavation of the main site is done
before the trench is backfilled.
Figure 5 underpass

M1 Analyze methods and techniques used in large complex earthmoving operations
and deep excavations
In the given scenario, earthmoving operations and excavation are required to create factories and
buildings. There are various methods to move earth such as by hand, using simple containers but
these methods are not suitable for the complex foundation as the quantity of the earth is very
high that cannot move by using hand or a simple container. Thus, other various techniques can
be used in such situations such as the use of earthmoving equipment. Earthmoving equipment is
large machines that are capable to move earth from one place to another easily, for example,
scraper, tractor, grader, ripper, bulldozer etc. This equipment is also able to perform other
operations such as digging, excavation, leveling, compacting etc.

LO2 Present a safety plan risk assessment and method statement for a given
civil engineering activity.
P4 identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working in
confined spaces, working on structures and for working within temporary works on
highways.
Risk management can be done properly if risks and assets are properly identified. In the civil
engineering field, there can be a number of risks related to excavation work, working on
highways or in a confined area. Some of the risks that are associated with the excavation work
are: falling of object, overhead lines for power, rock falling, being stuck in the collapse of
excavation, the unplanned flow of water or other fluid, fire-related risk etc.
Proper safety arrangements should be taken in order to prevent major loss. Some of the safety
arrangements can be the following:
 Batter, bench and shore the edges or sides to diminish the risk of ground collapse.
 Pedestrians and Powered mobile plants should be separated by using concrete barriers.
 Excavator with rock breaker should be used.
 Wear safety goggles
 Wear steel toe cap boots
 The operator of the equipment should properly handle the equipment.
 Properly take care when working with cuts, edges or fills(Highway Design and Road safety,
2018).

Figure 6 safety at the construction site
Risks associated with working on the highway:
 Traffic issues
 Diversion issue
 Weather issue
 Work activity related issues
Safety arrangements for managing the risks on highways:
 Wear light reflective clothes
 Carefully deal with the running equipment.
 Develop own communication signs (tang, Chen and Cheng, 2018)
P5 develop and present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statements for
a given civil engineering activity.
A site safety plan should be developed to minimize risk and loss. The site safety plan is an
analysis of the complete site environment including surrounding, weather, cost etc. Proper
administrative controls should be defined in the site safety plan. Risk identification is necessary
in order to make a plan for risk management or risk assessment. The risk assessment plan should
include steps: an asset identification, risk identification, risk evaluation, risk mitigation, and risk
management.
In the construction field, method statements are the control mechanism to deal with the health
and safety related issues. This ensures proper management of work. For the given scenario, the

site safety plan should include COC (chain of command), a method of communication,
emergency response plan, medical response plan, inspection management etc.
M2 discuss health and safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil
engineering sites.
Health and safety regulations and legislation key pieces are:
 HASAWA (Health and safety at work Act)
 COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health)
 PUWER (Provision and Use of Work Equipment)
 PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Regulations for working at height
 Regulations for working at confined spaces
 RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations)
For example, the main responsibilities of employers under the HASAWA act are a risk
assessment, safe working environment, proper training of staff, supervision, Health, and safety
information and PPE. Similarly, employee key responsibilities are to report about hazards and
accidents, wear PPE, work safely, work in the partnership with the employer.
Code of practice at the construction site:
 Always wear helmet
 Always check for site clearance before starting the work
 Always use hand lines and tool belts
 Use proper running cables or harness when working on height
 Cables should be properly checked
 Lighting should be proper
 Fencing should be done to keep it distinct from public
 Incomplete scaffolding should not be used
 Toeboards and toe boards should be used at edges