Analysis of Civil Engineering Problems and Proposed Solutions

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Civil Engineering Technology

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
LO1 Explain the common methods and techniques used in civil engineering earthworks and
substructures...............................................................................................................................5
P1 Discuss earthworks activities, equipment and techniques................................................5
P2. Describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundation, pilling works and
drainage works.......................................................................................................................8
P3. Describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass....................9
construction and provision for utilities..................................................................................9
LO2. Present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statement for a given civil
engineering activity..................................................................................................................10
P4. Identify the hazards, risks and safety management for excavation, working in............10
confined spaces, working on structure and for working within temporary works...............10
on highways.........................................................................................................................10
P5. Develop and present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statement............11
for a given civil engineering activity...................................................................................11
LO3 Evaluate a given civil engineering problem and propose a solution...............................12
P6 Evaluate the environment, quality, geotechnical and economic contexts of a given civil
engineering problem............................................................................................................12
P7 propose a solution to a given civil engineering problem...............................................13
LO4 prepare a design proposal for a new infrastructure project..............................................14
P8 Describe the methods and techniques used in highway design.....................................14

P9. Develop a civil engineering design proposal for a new infrastructure project..............15
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................16
References............................................................................................................................17

Fig: 1 Excavator.........................................................................................................................6
Fig: 2 Motor grade.....................................................................................................................6
Fig: 3 A back holder ladder........................................................................................................7

Introduction
Civil engineering technologies are used to various purpose in engineering, there are various
points which are fundamental present in the primary area for analysis of different purpose as
like structural, constructions and transportation. Structural analysis is used for simply
fundamental analysis simply used to emphasise basic designs, locate and also finite element
analysis. Construction analysis is simply used to construction emphasis, and it also provides
structural analysis. Transportation analysis is simply used to emphasise transportation, and it
also provides structural analysis and design. To understand earthworks in civil engineering
there is excavation term is used which is helpful to include earthwork, tunnelling and
different things and purpose in it, this includes important application and as well as
exploration and mining which is an important aspect in it (Sunypoly, 2019).

LO1 Explain the common methods and techniques used in civil engineering
earthworks and substructures.
P1 Discuss earthworks activities, equipment and techniques.
Earthworks & excavation earthwork is generally used in civil engineering project to make
roads, building and other things, it is also considered as shallow excavation but in this side by
side also use sides of supports which is used to run between the side of the trench.
Construction methods and techniques also used during the building process, designing
buildings have so many different types of methods inside it, excavation is a given simple
technique which is used inside it, there are simple types of excavation also useful like (Anon,
2019).
 Rock excavation
 Topsoil excavation
Which is used to the removal of formation and also it is used to the removal of the exposed
layer surface of it.by using these techniques it is used to build a complex which is 1km by
1km in the area which is given below:
 There are so many equipments and devices are used to make a complex and as well
as to create a hole and trench inside the land.
 Proper drilling and as well as a proper foundation is also important to make any
complex.
 Concrete which is not so important has to be removed from the site by site according
to the process, which makes that process easy.
 Grading the soil and rocks or another building complex heavy kind of duty
equipment is used.
There is so many equipment presents of doing earthworks activity which is heavy equipment,
designed for the constructions operations which are involved in earthwork, they are used to
move a large amount of earth and other foundations and so on (Falcao, 2016).
 Material handling
 Construction equipment
 Excavator
 Motor grade

 A backhoe loader
Material handling : It is a simple movement which is used for protection, storage and
control of the material and products for reconstruction or manufacturing, distribution, or we
can consider it as raw goods from their native site which is used inside the manufacturing, it
is used and made for the final user, and it is used for ranges from the simplest carts, to a
specialized variety of sophisticated cranes.
Construction equipment: Earth moving machines are used in construction work, and also in
road-building like dumpers, grades and another rope excavator.
Excavator: It is heavy construction equipment which is used in construction, it also consist a
boom, and a cab on a rotating platform, in this it is also used hydraulic fluid which is used to
accomplish any task (Cat, 2017).
Fig: 1 Excavator
(Source: Sany Hydraulic, 2019)
Motor grade : Motor grade is simply to define as the construction machine which is used to
create a level surface and wide-ranging, and most commonly motor grade is used to maintain
the road, and also these machines are also used as scarify option and also for underlying
layer, and it is also dependent on the frame management motor further classified in to
different parts:
 Articulated frame
 Rigid frame

Fig: 2 Motor grade
(Source: Deere, 2019)
A backhoe loader: Backhoe loader is very common equipment which is used for a wide
variety of construction and also for the light transportation of building material, it is also
known as building equipment. It is also divide into 3 parts like
 Tractor
 Loader
 Backhoe
Fig: 3 A back holder ladder
( Source: Stokker, 2019)

P2. Describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundation, pilling
works and drainage works.
There are various types of methods and techniques present which is used to create a complex
foundation, pilling work and also for the drainage work. Foundation is important because
either it is a complex structure or a building structure because in this complex is near to the
river so the foundation which is used in it is more deeply.
Pile foundation: Pile foundation is used when we required a deeper foundation, and for
making a complex design in its pile foundation is used.
General classified techniques which are used in a complex foundation;
 Micropile
 Foundation pile
 Soil improvement
Micropile: It is referred by its name and use to drill through the previous foundation, and it is
not a very useful foundation because it is complex.
Foundation pile: It is the simple technique of foundation which is done with the drilling
process, it is a given scenario that is used across the land closed to the river so that soil has
more moisture and used to drill deeper than usual ones.
Soil improvement: This technique is also used or term as soil mixing techniques, in this
techniques soil is used at the level of capacity of the increment of the foundation.
There are also some methods present for the drainage work for a complex or industry,
drainage can be either natural or artificial, which is simply used to excess the water flow, and
there are 3 types of drains present in this :
 Artificial drainage
 Subsurface drainage
 Surface drainage
Artificial drainage: It is a simple type of drainage which is used to measure widespread and
improve the condition of some increase in crop yield.
Subsurface drainage: Subsurface drainage is used to reduce the pugging and some other soil
environment, it is most importantly used to reduce stress.
Surface drainage: It includes some basic steps in it like draining large quantities of surface
water off and use to runoff from other sources (Cityu, 2019).

P3. Describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass
construction and provision for utilities.
A culvert is a simple structure which is used to allow water to flow under the road and as well
as it is used for similar obstruction from one side to another, there is also various type of
culvert is present which is used for construction:
 Pipe culvert
 Arch culvert
Pipe culvert: It is used for lowland path construction and also used to build cross drain or
stone culvert, and some of the basic advantages also present in pipe culvert and that is by
using this user can any desired proper design, and it is used to withhold the thickness and
high stress.
Arch culvert: It is simply used for the excellent replacement of multiple culverts, and also
used in high grade which is used to observance quality control which contributes high durable
structure form in construction.
Underpass construction: This type of construction has simply used some steps of
excavating ditch which is side by side road of the foundation, this is applied on the various
type of constructions like, in underpass construction, it consists three methods like:
 Pre-cast concrete unit
 Thrust bored unit
Pre-cast concrete unit: These are units which are used more often to separate a wall for
rooftop and also for other purposes.
Thrust bored unit: This is used for proper support of managing load present on the roof,
then this type of construction is used inside it (The Constructor, 2019).

LO2. Present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statement for a
given civil engineering activity.
P4. Identify the hazards, risks and safety management for excavation, working in
confined spaces, working on structure and for working within temporary works
on highways.
While making any complex and for design the constructions it is important to keep in mind
about the safety of the labours and for the other works, as well safety of the material is also
important or require, and for this complex construction builder and the constructor has to take
and keep in mind some of the instruction like in this it has to verify the structure and also the
blueprint of the building. In this, there is basic hazard identification and risk assessment is
used inside it which is a simple method which is used to carry out the process systematically
and procedurally. Which have to associate and connect with the complex design which is
constructed and these points are given below :
 Risk of stability
 Risk of fire
 Risk of some natural phenomena
So these are the simple types of risks present in the identification and the risk assessment of
these type of risks are simply present in the process and it also occurs and present in while or
during constructions of the task so these types of risk used for stability and for some other
management risks.

P5. Develop and present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statement
for a given civil engineering activity.
While constructing any kind of complex design it is very most important and also it is very
part of life and also for so many people because it is considered and spent a lot of time on the
construction of the site. Generally, sometimes construction sites are a normal area which is
generally accident prone and as well as dangerous for life.
There are some steps which should be followed on the construction site to manage risk:
 Always work in a hierarchical format.
 Inspection on a daily basis.
 Before starting the construction proper training along with the aim or objective of the
project need to be explained in a clear and conceptual manner.
 The task assigned to the engineer and the labour after exploring the qualification, and
scalability of them.
Risk assessment: It is used while the construction to ensure health and safety and as well as
to construct any complex assessment is used to avoid risk, and also to evaluate all risk, or
control all source which is creating risk in any complex construction.
Method assessment: It is used in wide purpose in any construction for controlling specific
health purpose and other risks, which is also perform various operations, it is used to manage
work and also used to communicate with necessary precautions (Has, 2019).