Analysis of Methods and Techniques in Civil Engineering Construction

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Civil Engineering Technology
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Table of Contents
Task 1.............................................................................................................................................................2
P1 Discuss the earthworks, equipment, and techniques............................................................................2
P2 Describe the methods used to create complex foundations, piling works and drainage works............4
P3 Describe methods and techniques used in culvert and underpass construction including the provision
for some utilities to be named....................................................................................................................6
M1 Analyze methods and techniques utilized in large and complex earth moving operations and deep
excavation..................................................................................................................................................7
D1Evaluate methods and techniques used in dealing ground and slope stability for slopes found to be
unstable in the vicinity of the industrial park area.....................................................................................8
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................................9
P4 Identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements, working in confined spaces, working on
structures including tall ones and for working within any temporary works that may be included in the
interconnecting highways and local infrastructure....................................................................................9
P5 Develop and present a safety plan, risk assessments and method statements for a given civil
engineering activity to be identified........................................................................................................10
M2 discuss health and safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil engineering sites such as
provided in the scenario above................................................................................................................11
D2Justify a site safety plan, risk assessments, and method statements report for identified activities
related to a scenario project above...........................................................................................................12
Task 3...........................................................................................................................................................13
P6 Evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contests of a civil engineering
problem....................................................................................................................................................13
P7 Propose and explore a viable solution to an identified problem.........................................................14
M3 Develop a proposal that states how the environmental, geotechnical, quality and economic contexts
of the problem identified in (a) are addressed.........................................................................................15
Task 4...........................................................................................................................................................16
P8 With the scenario above describes methods and techniques used in highway design........................16
P9 Develop a proposal for the new infrastructure access for the project.................................................17
M4 Analyze methods and techniques used to create bridge foundations................................................19
D3 Justify the selection of a specific feature in the development of civil engineering solution to a given
problem....................................................................................................................................................20
References....................................................................................................................................................21
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Task 1
P1 Discuss the earthworks, equipment, and techniques.
Earthworks and the Techniques and Methods used
Earthworks are the works produced during the dispensation of massive amounts of soil or
amorphous rocks. It is done to rearrange the topography of a location to attain the design levels.
Earth Moving Equipments includes:
1. Backhoe Loaders: generally used in suburban areas. It is essentially the finest choice for
minor jobs which desires to be completed in an extra reserved space. Assists in shifting dirt,
arranging pipes into place.
2. Trenchers: they are extremely versatile in nature and uses alternating digging methods
according to the requirement of the job.
3. Motor graders: recognized by the longer modifiable blade and hence helps in making the
surface smoother. It takes out a small amount of dirt and prepares the base.
4. Skid steer loaders: used as a purpose of heavy earth moving equipment, it helps in
lessening soil compaction, works well in complex conditions such as snow, mud, etc (Taylor,
2014).
5. Excavators: used in lifting heavy loads or pieces of heavy materials.
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P2 Describe the methods used to create complex foundations, piling works and drainage
works.
Methods used in Complex Foundation, drainage and piling work
Piling is a kind of complex foundation. It is used to shift loads to a deeper level with a shallow
foundation. Piling techniques can be categorized into Displacement piling method and
Replacement Piling Method.
Displacement piling methods typically include screw piles, timber piles, vibro concrete columns,
thin wall driven pile, Helical displacement pile, precast driven piles, tripod piles, Odex pile
(Zavadskas et. al., 2018).
Drainage Techniques:
1. Surface Drainage: excess flow is the main component of surplus water movement to main
drains or ordinary streams. The technique usually involves the mining of open drains. It contains
construction based ridges, grassed way with water being released through dejection among
ridges. Surface Drainage is mainly generally functional on heavier soils wherever infiltration is
deliberate and surplus rainfall cannot penetrate liberally to the soil return to the water table.
These methods also have been useful in further preamble soils to the water regions having a
surface groundwater table. It is the main important drainage technique in sub-humid and humid
zones.
2. Vertical Subsurface Drainage: includes the elimination of groundwater by the aid of
pumped tube wells in single or multiple configurations. The trouble with this method is extra
salinity can be assembled which can cause disposal troubles. Also, the water is utilized for
irrigation purpose. Salt is used through soil profile as well as salinity will increase by time.
3. Horizontal Subsurface Drainage: in this technique, water removal is beneath the surface.
The grassland drains can either be released ditches or generally a network of tube installed
horizontally under the ground surface. They task equally to tile drains. The procedure is applied
in intense soils as new to another drainage system. Mole drains are mainly frequently used for
the management of ofhovering water tables. Horizontal subsurface drainage has been found
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toward the most efficient technique. It pedals the raising of the groundwater table and facilitates
productive farming. But it is costly to install, preserve and operate. Also, the drainage water
knows how to hold a high quantity of impurities such as boron that can generate problems
(Benedetto et. al., 2015).
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P3 Describe methods and techniques used in culvert and underpass construction including
the provision for some utilities to be named.
Methods for constructing underpass and culvert construction
 In Situ Concrete: it uses a similar technique as underground tunneling construction.
 Thrust Bored Units: needs a suspension called bentonite as lubrication. By the means of
transferring the thrust load, the unit must comprise edge contact relatively than the preformed
sealing band. This joint technique should allow jacking for edge contact.
 Precast concrete units: made as a standard unit, can be supplied as an entire box like
openly ended segment as divide roof and wall units( Barrias et. al., 2016).
 Entryway outline units: They are pre-focused, require the lower waterproofing layer to be
set on a solid section, with consistent solid bearing cushions (normally 300 mm wide x 25 mm
profound) are laid on top.
 Divider and rooftop unit: These frameworks involve precast units that are set in position
with the floor laid in situ utilizing the units as shuttering. The rooftop units are then set and the in
situ stacking section poured, with stacking prerequisites deciding the thickness
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M1 Analyze methods and techniques utilized in large and complex earth moving operations
and deep excavation
Methods used in large deep excavations and complex earth moving operations
1. Full open cut method: it involves dig out down to and exposing the accessible pipe that
can be substituted or repaired or backfilled. This process is used when a pipe is positioned on the
backyard or front
2. Top-down excavation methods: in this method, the creation begins from the top to the
base of excavation and superstructure production begins after the construction of the first block.
3. Bracing Excavation Method: In bracing excavation technique horizontal struts are located
in frontage of the retaining wall to grasp excavation wall material force
4. Island Excavation: the method includes the excavation of the center of the excavation
region and the dig out material is positioned securely to the retaining wall (Awad et. al., 2012).
5. Zoned Excavation Methods: the diaphragm walls are worn as a retaining wall.
Deformation of the large span wall would be presented greater than the min span walls.
6. Anchored Excavation Method: Anchors are mounting to counter adjacent to the earth's
pressure. Bonded parts of the Anchor offer the anchoring force that works beside the earth
pressure and vice versa.
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D1Evaluate methods and techniques used in dealing ground and slope stability for slopes
found to be unstable in the vicinity of the industrial park area.
Methods used in dealing Ground and Slope stability
1. Densification by utilization of exclusives and vibroflotation aids in yielding the sheer
power of cohesion fewer soils and thus improves stability.
2. Slope flattening decreases the load of the nearly all tending to slide. It can be engaged
wherever feasible.
3. Grouting and cement insertion concrete mixture all along with the complex into explicit
zones helps in growing the constancy of slopes.
4. Drainage aids in dropping the seepage forces and thus improve the strength of the slopes.
The region of subsurface water is lowered and penetration of the surface water is prohibited.
5. Sheet piles in addition to retaining walls structure can be fixed to supply lateral strength.
6. Consolidation via surcharging, electro-osmosis or numerous other dependable efficient
methods assists in enhancing the constancy of incline in cohesive soils.
7. Stabilization of soil facilitates in enhancing the solidity of slopes (Krishna et. al., 2014).
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Task 2
P4 Identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements, working in confined spaces,
working on structures including tall ones and for working within any temporary works
that may be included in the interconnecting highways and local infrastructure.
Safety methods during excavations or working on construction sites:
1. Inspection of trenches at the beginning of each shift.
2. Know about the location of underground utilities.
3. Tests for toxic gases, fumes, and oxygen.
4. Safe work method training
5. Site security
6. Separate exit and entry points.
7. First aid kits must be placed on site.
8. Providing individual protecting equipment (Manzo, 2012).
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P5 Develop and present a safety plan, risk assessments and method statements for a given
civil engineering activity to be identified
Site Safety Plan
A safety site plan is provided during every construction work. All workers are appropriately
trained in safe work practices. Safety plan includes:
1. General site safety: that includes chemical inventory and labeling on it.
2. Material safety data sheet: includes Ingredients, fire hazards, health hazards
3. Training on hazard communication programme.
4. Personal protective equipment: protective glasses with the shield on sides, hardhats, t-
shirts, long, pants, hard sole shoes, earmuff, steel foot guards.
5. Cranes: should not operate less than 10ft of high voltage line. Load chart is pasted on all
the equipment.
6. Electrical Safety: extension cord with missing ground prong will not be used; during
working near electrical circuits do not wear any conductive hard hat or metal.
7. Excavations: ladders should be above 3 feet from the top, verification may be needed in
private utilities (Beetham et. al., 2015).
8. Fire Extinguisher is primary equipment on construction site.
1.
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M2 discuss health and safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil engineering
sites such as provided in the scenario above.
Health and safety policy and code of practice:
Health and safety are organized for staff and others. It is important to all the employees should
be aware of health and safety policy and have access to this. The policies include:
1. Employees in trade shall become known with the given necessity of experience.
2. Employees undertaking effort with hand apparatus shall evaluate their safe work method
with their direct supervisor (Azarov et. al., 2016).
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D2Justify a site safety plan, risk assessments, and method statements report for identified
activities related to a scenario project above.
Project's Site Safety Plan
Safe working conditions are crucial in construction work. Safety is good for customers,
employers as well as the company. There are many safety measures taken during this project
with the help of the entire safety site plan. This safety site plan includes:
 Administrative duties such as reviewing project specifications, assisting the project
supervisor, monitor safety contractors, monitor project safety.
 General site safety includes labeling on chemical inventory products.
 Personal safety includes equipment such as hard hats, safety glasses with side shield,
gloves, earmuffs-hearing protection, steel foot guards, etc.
 Modification should not be made in crane without written consent (Trani et. al., 2016).
 Light bulbs must have cage guards.
 Fall protection
 Fire prevention and Protection
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