Construction Project Report: Heathrow Airport Complex

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UNIT 18: CIVIL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
LO1..................................................................................................................................................5
P1.................................................................................................................................................5
P2.................................................................................................................................................7
P3.................................................................................................................................................9
LO2................................................................................................................................................12
P4...............................................................................................................................................12
P5...............................................................................................................................................13
LO3................................................................................................................................................14
P6...............................................................................................................................................14
P7...............................................................................................................................................14
LO4................................................................................................................................................16
P8...............................................................................................................................................16
P9...............................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................19
References......................................................................................................................................20

List of figures:
Figure 1: Shovel...............................................................................................................................5
Figure 2: Road lorries......................................................................................................................6
Figure 3: Backhoe............................................................................................................................6
Figure 4: Forward loader.................................................................................................................6
Figure 5: Piling through explosion..................................................................................................7
Figure 6: Piling by jet......................................................................................................................8
Figure 7: Piling through dropping hammers....................................................................................8
Figure 8: Jacked piling.....................................................................................................................9
Figure 9: Vibration piling................................................................................................................9
Figure 10: Pipe culverts.................................................................................................................10
Figure 11: Pipe arch culverts.........................................................................................................10
Figure 12: Box Culvert..................................................................................................................11
Figure 13: Highway.......................................................................................................................16

Introduction
The main aim of the document is to discuss various concepts of the civil engineering with respect
to the provided scenario of construction of 10 building near the London, Heathrow airport
situated at the outskirts of the city. The area in which the building will be constructed is near to
the river that goes straight into the Thames. The documents discuss various aspects related to
civil engineering and the problems that will be faced during this construction of a complex of
size 1km by 1km.

LO1
P1
The earthwork activities or the earth process are the processing of earth parts and completing the
work that includes a large amount of soil and unmade rocks. The process of earthwork includes
four main parts: excavate, transport, uploading and compaction on the various locations of the
earth. This is the type of activity that is usually carried out at the start of the construction phase
and the time consumed in the earthwork activities often define the complete time that will be
consumed in completion of the whole construction project. The three types of activities that are
included in the earthwork are:
1. Excavation process for foundation building and trenches: this is the excavation process
used when the large-sized earthmoving will be used.
2. Clearance of site: the removal of the bad soil and the trees from the land.
3. Huge or large-sized excavation: these are the big sized excavation examples including
basement formation, filling, and cuttings.
There is a need to plan such activities like the earthwork before the initiation of the construction
project. The planning of the earthwork activities and related process help in making sure of the
quality of the project and profit that can be earned from the project. The planning includes
finding the type of earthwork that is suitable for the construction site and the consequences that
can happen with the same. Following are the equipment used for handling earthwork process:
Front, face or loading type shovel (Suryakanta, 2014).
Figure 1: Shovel

 Road lorries
Figure 2: Road lorries
 Backhoe
Figure 3: Backhoe
 Forward loader
Figure 4: Forward loader

P2.
The following are the methods that are used to build complex foundations:
1. For the deep-lying basements, the old method of the bottom up method/cut & fill method
can be used.
2. As the depth of foundation increases the methods like a combined method or top-down
method can be used to reduce the overall complexities.
3. Centre- foundation and basement construction arrangement ( Wong, 2017).
The process of installation and techniques of the piling foundations are as important as the
complete infrastructure designing process. The installation of piles is a very sensitive process and
therefore the selection of the equipment and process for piling should be done carefully so that
the damage can be avoided. There are various methods that are used for pile driving such as:
1. Explosion: the method of piling by the explosion is also known as the pressure piling
method. The phenomenon of pressure piling is related to the outburst of gases on the high
temperature inside of a big vessel or a tube (pipeline). The pressure exerted by the
heating of the gases varies from the twice of initial pressure to the 8 times of it.
Figure 5: Piling through the explosion
2. Jetting: the use of jets that is the use of water with pressure makes the penetration of the
piles very easy and the soil is easily displaced with this method.

Figure 6: Piling by jet
3. Dropping heavyweight or drop hammer method: using the heavyweight uplifted at a
calculated height to make the piling process easy.
Figure 7: Piling through dropping hammers
4. Jacking: also known by the name of press piling is the new method of installation of the
already formed piles, the hydraulics rams are utilized in this process to push the pile into
the grounds (The Constructor., 2010).

Figure 8: Jacked piling
5. Vibration
Figure 9: Vibration piling
For the drainage installation purpose, there are various technologies like French Drain,
Corrugated Drain Pipes, and Reln Storm Masta.
P3.
The culvert or the underpass is the tunnels shaped structures that are constructed under the
railway lines or roads to provide the water flowing facility or to transfer cables from one side to
other. The culverts are completely enclosed by ground or the pipes. There are various types of
culverts:
1. Single or multiple pipe culverts: they are the most utilized culverts and are found in
round shapes. The use of single or multiple culverts is based on the width size of the
culvert. The multiple culverts are used when the channel size is too large.

Figure 10: Pipe culverts
2. Single or multiple pipe arch culverts: they are the half circle or semicircle looking type
culverts. They are used for the places where the flow of water is large but stable. This
also promotes the health status of the aquatic life and these can be installed on the basis
of the requirements.
Figure 11: Pipe arch culverts
3. Single or multiple box culverts: they are made in the square or rectangle shape and are
constructed by using concrete. Reinforcement is one of the provisions of the box culverts
and is usually used for the disposing of rainwater. They serve as the passage under road
or railway lines in the dry seasons (The Constructor, 2016).

Figure 12: Box Culvert

LO2
P4
The following are required to manage the risk at the construction work:
1. The identification of future hazards that can cause an increment in the potential risks.
2. The elimination of the risk activity.
3. If the risk elimination is not possible on reasonable terms then use techniques to
minimize risk so that it can be handled using some prevention & control methods.
4. The risk prevention and control measures should be maintained properly so they can be
effectively used when needed.
5. Review and revise the safety and health risk management in the most reasonable price
(Legislation.gov.au., 2019).
The work and safety of the people doing construction work are managed and handled by both the
person itself and the person/company doing business by using:
1. The businessman needs to ensure:
o The provision of a work environment that is risk-free for both health and safety
side.
o The assurance of safe handling, storage and structure.
o The provision of the right amount of health care facility to the worker.
o The provision of right training, supervision, and training that can prevent workers
from any safety risk.
o The monitoring of the workers' health and safety at the workplace.
2. The workers need to ensure:
o The take care of their health and safety.
o The take care of their work so that no one else is harmed.
o The use of safety devices such as the helmet and torch.
o Being informative of the risk and hazards of the workplace (Zealand, 2019).