Civil Engineering Technology Report: Design, Safety, and Analysis

This report delves into the application of civil engineering technology within the context of constructing an industrial complex near a major expressway. The report begins by detailing various earthwork techniques, equipment, and methods used in the initial phases of construction, including excavation types, equipment like bulldozers and excavators, and methods for calculating volumes. It then explores methods for complex foundations, piling, and drainage systems essential for the stability of large structures. The report also covers the design and construction of culverts and underpasses, highlighting the materials and techniques employed. Furthermore, it addresses deep excavation and earthwork operations, including methods for dealing with groundwater. The report also emphasizes slope stability techniques. The second part of the report focuses on risk assessments, safety plans, and health and safety legislation relevant to civil engineering projects. It outlines risk and hazard identification, safety arrangements, and the importance of method statements. The report also explores the environmental, quality, geotechnical, and economic considerations of a civil engineering problem, proposing viable solutions. Lastly, the report describes methods and techniques used in highway design, providing a proposal for new infrastructure access within the project.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a) Various types of earthworks, equipment and techniques........................................................1
b) Methods for complex foundation, piling and drainage works................................................1
c) Methods and techniques used in culverts and underpass........................................................2
d)Methods used in construction of deep excavation and earthworks operations........................2
e) Techniques used in slope stability .........................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
(a) Explain risk, hazards and safety plan for civil engineering...................................................4
(b) Risk assessments and safety plan..........................................................................................4
(c) Health and safety legislations and code of ethics..................................................................5
(d) Justification of safety and risk assessments and method statements.....................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
(a)Explore and evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contests of a
civil engineering problem...........................................................................................................7
Propose and explore a viable solution to this problem...............................................................8
(b) Proposal to address the identified problem...........................................................................9
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
(a) Describe methods and techniques used in highway design...................................................9
Proposal for the new infrastructure access for the project........................................................10
(b) Methods and techniques......................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Construction engineering technology is very important for construction industry as it
makes the work of labours easier in building construction. This report highlights the various
types of earthworks and equipments required for the initial phase constructing school in South
England. It shows methods and techniques to design complex foundations, culverts and
underpasses for the infrastructure. The scenario includes office blocks in the industrial park
which has deep basements and methods used for earth moving operations and slope stability in
the industrial park area.
TASK 1
a) Various types of earthworks, equipment and techniques.
From the above scenario it shows what are the various types of earthworks, equipments
and techniques would use to build industrial complex (1 km by 1 km) near parallel expressway
main road for the long term in part of South England. To build an industrial complex the will
require a lot of earthworks techniques and equipments.
Types of earthworks are topsoil excavation, earth excavation, rock excavation, muck
excavation- this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil. The above scenario will
require all of this excavation as the site is separated from one of the express main road by a large
flowing river.
There are various methods to carried out the excavation such as average method, box
method and section method (Kieran and Timberlake, 2004). The block method is very easy to
calculate the area, Block method resets the volume when both cutting and filling are on the same
block. Usually used to find the volume of project orientation before building construction.
Usually, heavy construction equipment is used because of the amount of material being moved -
up to millions of cubic meters. Various types of equipment such as bulldozers, trenches are
needed to complete this excavation. Excavators can be used on wheels or stairs and are mainly
used to remove dirt or lift heavy equipment.
b) Methods for complex foundation, piling and drainage works.
For constructing the industrial complex it will require a complex foundation. The
foundations are generally of two types shallow and deep foundation. The shallow foundations are
used for small and light buildings whereas deep foundations are used for large and heavy
buildings. From the above scenario to build industrial complex it will require deep foundation to
maintain the stability of structures.
Piling works: In deep foundation, piling works are done with a long cylinder of a strong material
like concrete so that structure can be stiff enough to be support the load imposed and piling is
essential technique that is used in deep foundation for any type of construction works (Piling -
What Exactly is Piling, 2018).

Drainage works: Methods for drainage works in construction of building are point drainage and
channel drainage. Point drainage, which collects water in the gutter (point) and are connected to
underground drainage pipes, and deep trenches are needed to simplify this system. Channel
drainage that cross water throughout the canal cycle. Sewer drainage is usually made of concrete,
steel, polymers or composite materials.
c) Methods and techniques used in culverts and underpass.
As from the above scenario the design of complex infrastructure includes culverts and
underpasses (Paulson Jr, 1994). Culverts can be made from various materials, including cast or
composite concrete. There are two methods used in culverts such as
Low gradient: No slope, tailwater control
• Size of drain pipe - Hydrology and Hydraulics, Opening width> Bank zone width
• There is usually no material placed in culvert
• The plate is fixed with flow control
High gradient: Stream simulation
• Opening width> Bank zone width
• Natural channels in the waterfall
• Skip all water species and stages of life
Underpasses are located on roads or waterways and can be open structures, such as
overbridges or underbridges. They include methods such as:
• Foundation construction
• Abutment, pier and wall construction
• Deck construction
• Finishes
The utilities which are used in construction of culverts and underpasses are concrete,
galvanized steel, aluminium or PVC and skilled labours depending upon the project policy.
d)Methods used in construction of deep excavation and earthworks operations.
As from above scenario some of office blocks has deep basements. An earthmoving
operation consists of preparing materials, loading trucks, transporting trucks to the disposal site,
storing material and returning the truck to the loading station to start another loading cycle.
 The first excavation method is to use a variety of excavators, wheel loaders and heavy
equipment to prepare, lift, load and transport land.

 The second method is to use more independent equipment such as scratches and wheel
loaders to do the whole process. This method is more suitable if the transportation
distance is short.
Deep excavation often require side pieces to be protected with proper support. In
addition, problems with ground water cannot be avoided. There are ways to overcome this by:
Dumpling Method
This is used where there are buildings or roads nearby. This method is to build a series of
retaining walls in a ditch in several parts around the site, leaving the centre called dumpling.
Diaphragm Wall
This method must be R.C. retaining wall along the work area. Because the wall is
designed to reach very high depths with a mechanical excavation method. Typical order of work
includes:
 Construct a guide wall
 Excavation for the diaphragm wall
 Excavation support using bentonite slurry
 Inert reinforcement and concreting
e) Techniques used in slope stability
Stability is determined by the balance of shear stress and shear strength. If the force
available to resist is greater than the force of motion, the slope is considered stable. The
following are the methods to make it stable are as follows:
 Finite element method - These methods offer several advantages such as slope
modelling with very high realism complex geometry, sequence of loads, presence of
reinforcing materials, action of water, complex law of soil behaviour and better
visualization of soil deformation.
 Slope sustainability – It can be improved by aligning slope results in weight reduction,
which makes the pitch more stable, soil stabilization, give a side support or retaining
wall, grouting or inject cement in special places, consolidation by filling or electric moss
increases slope stability.

TASK 2
(a) Explain risk, hazards and safety plan for civil engineering.
Risk and Hazards Safety arrangements
Working in confined
spaces
 Fire or explosion
 Unconsciousness due to
increased body temperature
 Loss of consciousness due
to lack of oxygen.
 Proper supervision
 Test and monitor the
atmosphere
 Cleaning and ventilation
 Selection and use of
appropriate equipment
Working on
structures
 Working at height is the
most common fatal injury
 Slips, trips, and falls can
occur in almost all
environments.
 Suitable training must be
given on using different
types of equipments.
 By providing safety nets or
extra level of safety like
trailing cables to minimize
the consequences of fall
(Shetty, 2005).
Temporary works  The lack of stability and
durability of temporary
work means that it is a very
real danger of collapse,
causing falls, lubrication,
injury or death.
 It is important to take all
the necessary precautions
to prevent such a disaster,
to ensure that those who
build temporary jobs are
responsible for creating and
monitoring signs of
problems such as cracks or
sidewall erosion

(b) Risk assessments and safety plan
Risk assessments: To ensure that all risks are identified, the safety system must include an
official risk assessment to identify risks in certain spaces and operations to be carried out in that
space. Effective risk assessment usually involves five steps:
 Identification of related hazards
 Identify who is at risk
 Assess risk and decide whether precautions are appropriate or if further precautions must
be taken
 Write down the details and results of the evaluation
Safety Plan: As with safety and health plans, the main approach to developing a civil protection
work plan is:
 Identify the hazards facing business
 Eliminate this danger if possible
 Minimize the potential impact of this danger if it cannot be completely eliminated
Method statements: Method statements are often needed as part of an auction process to help
companies understand the nature of organization and how it works. As per above scenario list of
method statement for civil works are:
 Excavation and back filling
 Plastering works
 RCC columns and walls
 Concrete works substructure
(c) Health and safety legislations and code of ethics
Health and safety legislation
 LEGISLATION - L.N. 281 of 2004 - Workplace (minimum requirements for health and
safety at work) The project manager coordinates the implementation of the provisions of
this article and to ensure that health and safety plans are prepared before the construction
site is established according to regulation (Rivard, 2000).
 LEGISLATION - L.N. 281 of 2004 - Workplace (minimum requirements for health and
safety at work) The client is obliged to show the project manager for the design phase for
each project and the project supervisor for the construction and designation phase will be
terminated.

As per above scenario code of ethics can be defined as follows:
 Ensure the safety, health and welfare of the community.
 Providing services only in their field of competence.
 Make public statements only objectively and binding.
 Acting for each employer or customer as a real agent or guardian.
 Avoid misleading actions.
 Honest, responsible, ethical and legitimate to promote the honour, reputation and benefits
of the profession.
(d) Justification of safety and risk assessments and method statements
Site safety plan can help in various parts of construction as per the above scenario it
includes various types of earthworks operations are used to carried our industrial park therefore,
site safety plan will help in choosing best practices and safety measures based on services. Risk
assessment can help in minimizing the hazards or risks like working at heights, danger of
collapse so it helps in identifying and accessing the risks. Method statements can help the client
to understand the working structure of organization. It can provide the goods and services in a
high quality manner (Teicholz and Fischer, 1994). For the above scenario, method statement
helped the client to follow the safe system of work.

TASK 3
(a)Explore and evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contests of a civil
engineering problem
Civil engineering problems are huge when undergoing any construction or building
project. It has been demonstrated that there are several areas such as quality control,
sustainability factor, implementation of modern technologies, safety measures and design related
aspects that lead towards the onset of barriers and challenges. Moreover, these areas generated
several difficulties and problems while constructing the industrial complex near the parallel
express way. This site location lies in the prime location where its proximity is nearby the
Heathrow airport and River Thames. Therefore, the associated problems might be prominent and
consists of noise pollution, excavation issues, mishandling of materials due to restricted storage
places, logistics related obstacles, monitoring issues including vibrations aspects, overloading
pressures etc. It is identified in terms of economic, quality, geotechnical and environmental.
These identified problems must be overcome by strategic planning and must be evaluated to
maintain the on site fabrication and its related intermediate stages for successful completion of
this building project.
Furthermore, the influence of vibrations on this constructing site has played a menace in
all the aspects. It can be classified into two parts such as firstly, the vibrations of the structures
which are found nearby the site and undergoing the construction work and secondly, vibrations
of the structure that exists under construction with influence of the surroundings of this project.
Here according to the given scenario, the vibrations of the structure under construction under the
influence of the project's surroundings and has effects on the environmental and quality aspects.
The vibrations led to unregulated damage to the building of the complex and might impact the
safety of the depth of the foundation (Raj and Wadsamudrakar, 2018). Alongside, the ongoing
traffic had also impacted on the excavation works and has affected the works associated while
building the industrial complex. Thus, it affects the quality parameters and might leads to adding
unwanted materials in the surroundings impacting the environmental aspects.
The environmental factor also shed light on the mismanagement of wastes in the form of
agglomerates nearby the site location. It has negative impact and collection of such heaps affect
the environment in both aesthetics and maintenance levels. These both aspects have an indirect

influence on the economies and the scale of need of management to regulate the ongoing
activities. There is an initial budgeting before initiating any construction or building project.
Nevertheless, these mishandling of materials or disposing methods might add supplementary
costings and bringing a dis-balance in the financial reporting.

Herein, the geotechnical aspects are directly proportional to quality aspect where the
monitoring of vibrations must be done regularly to avoid any accidents or damage on the
materials of construction. The vibrations created due to several factors and exist in a persistent
ways and must be mitigated to make the soil mechanics in the form of potential cuts, soft
compressible soils etc. It affects the quality parameter and must be taken care to avoid the
additional economic factors which act as a burden. Thus, this identified problem must be solved
in order to justify the selection of specific needs, requirements and designing features.
Propose and explore a viable solution to this problem
The viable solution to the above problem needs a step by step method to be followed.
This is mainly based on conducting analyses to check the modes for propagation of vibrations at
the construction site of building the industrial complex. Here it is also followed by the
supervision of the structures that are under construction and is of existing structures to overcome
the existing obstacles that has been recognised in relation to the vibrations. This is possible by
using the implementation of semi active controllable fluid dampers. The aim is to employ the use
of variable size or openings in the orifices. There are use of smart fluids which assist in
controlling the structural vibrations and are capable of enhancing the apparent viscosity that
leads to limiting the onset of electric or magnetic fields. It is further helpful in developing the
strategic designing and support in tailoring of materials handling.
Here, the two types of fluids are used in this as follows: magnetorheological fluids and
electrorheological fluids. In addition to these, McNally (2017) stated that this system acts as a
dampener which behaves like a passive system and helps in appropriate redistribution of the
vibrational energy. It also shed light on installing the semi active control devices within the
premises of building by measuring the response time of the order. Moreover, the generation of
algorithm is mostly used as an efficient optimization method. It minimises the challenges by
analysing and measuring the vibration attenuation performance of the dampers. One must know
that the minimum generation of such vibration levels takes place only due to the alterations in the
energy inputs or system's dissipation levels by adopting a redistribution energy in accordance to
the area distribution. This is mainly dependent onto high surface vibration area and low surface
vibrations and the reductions in the total sound power to overall optimise the utility and enhance
the effects of vibrations in positive direction.

(b) Proposal to address the identified problem
In regard to this, the noise pollution created by using several types of machineries and
equipments which adds to the problems associated with the construction of an industrial
complex. Moreover, the focus is on noise generation due to traffic, usage of modern machineries
and has ill effects on the people who are directly involved in this process (Papagiannakis and
Masad, 2017). These consist of engineers, workers, supervisor etc. The focus here is on
developing an integrated system to maintain the economic aspects in relation to the entire fixed
budget. Moreover, the environmental, geotechnical, quality aspects must be treated by a proposal
where the influence of vibrations can be mitigated. For this, installation is considered as the
challenging part and must be executed in feasible manner through an integrated system in the
overall maintenance under construction. Thus, it aids in ensuring the optimization of costs and
managing the other aspects while maintaining project.
TASK 4
(a) Describe methods and techniques used in highway design
From the given scenario of building an industrial complex, there are few considerations
that might be underpinned and including about human factors, roadways and vehicular aspects.
The purpose to study about this is to know about the planning an efficient network which leads
to humans' accessibility and overseeing the costings with respect to the construction and
maintenance of the roads (Kırbaş and Karaşahin, 2016). Here the geometric design methods are
useful in decreasing the consumption of vehicular fuels and also by proper reviewing
geotechnical specifications to understand the specifications in terms of excavation, shoring
requirements and materials handling.
Furthermore, the techniques used here are the sub base course construction, base course
construction, surface course construction and hot mix asphalt layers (HMA) etc. The commonly
used techniques for this scenario to be successful involves the surface course construction where
hot mix asphalt and Portland cement concrete are used and it gives a safe riding surface. Along
with this, it is related to the maintenance for designing the entire planning and devlopment to
manage the overall project management.

Proposal for the new infrastructure access for the project
The proposal is based on using the flexible pavement design where it would last for three
decades and contains approximately three-four layers. Its load bearing capacity is the highest at
the surface and decrease with the incremental value of pavement. Thus, the highest stress takes
place by the asphalt where its ability is to deform and bend helps the construction professionals
to improve the effectiveness of the designing aspects involved in this project.
(b) Methods and techniques
Key geotechnical parameters to be identified: There are several parameters like type of soil,
utility of techniques, need of auxillary supports, use of cable stays or beam weight for
distribution of stress or lift on the stressing platform. It also includes about Sub grade
methodology which focusses on identifying the properties of soil, shear strength, the resilient
modulus of sub grade (Heralova, 2016). Moreover, it includes about three types of soils namely
in-situ, compacted and prepared. These help in creating the designing and construction parts by
keeping in mind about the geotechnical issues.
Methods for bridge foundations: Cast in situ method, precast method, balanced cantilever
method etc. are few methods (Wang, 2008). Using above scenario, Balanced Cantilever Method
of Bridge Construction method must be implemented either in cast-in-place form or precast
form. It is the best choice for the construction of long span length bridges or irregular length.
Methods for flexible highway construction foundations: Binder course, base course, sub base
later, frost protection layer etc. are few methods. Here, Subgrade is the natural soil layer that has
been compacted to around 150 to 300 mm depth and primarily, it is termed as foundation for the
pavement system. Moreover, this must be strong to carry the capacities and stresses that are
generated from the top layers.
CONCLUSION
It has been summarized that the civil engineering technology is one of the wider
conceptual frameworks that proved beneficial in construction project. This formulated a basis to
understand the complex foundations, piling works, culverts etc. and use of earthworks,
techniques and earthworks. In addition, it has also described about the hazards, risks and safety
arrangements and also outlined a safety plan under the health and safety legislation ad codes of
practice. Moreover, it emphasis on the need to evaluate a civil engineering problem and solve its

basic criteria in terms of quality, environmental, economic and geotechnical aspects. Lastly, it
elucidated on the methods and techniques used in the highway design engineering to know the
execution part and assist in optimising the resources including costs, time, labour etc. It also
included about the methods for bridge foundations with the highway construction foundations
using the give case scenario.

REFERENCES
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