CLD13: Evaluation of Exercise Programs for Children: Case Studies

This assignment presents two case studies focusing on exercise programs for children. The first case study outlines a fun program for Amy and her friends, incorporating jumping, hopping, skipping, and ball-related activities designed for Saturday and Sunday sessions, respectively. The second case study centers on John, a child struggling with obesity, and examines the health implications of his condition, including elevated BMI, hypertension, and potential risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It analyzes John's physical limitations, the importance of BMI monitoring, and motivational factors to overcome his situation. Furthermore, it details a home exercise program designed for John, including warm-up, conditioning, and cool-down phases with specific exercises, intensities, and observations. The program incorporates bicep curls, chest presses, squats, and yoga sessions, providing a structured approach to improving John's fitness and addressing his weight management goals.

CLD13

Table of Contents
Case study 1................................................................................................................................................3
Case study 2................................................................................................................................................5
Task 3..........................................................................................................................................................6
Task 4..........................................................................................................................................................7

Case study 1
Keeping in mind the favorite sports activities of Amy, separate fun programs can be arranged on
Saturday and on Sunday. The Saturday program can include jumping, hopping and skipping
activities while the Sunday program can include activities with a ball.
Jumping, hopping and skipping activities
 Warm-up for five minutes
The four children (Amy, Gypsy, Apple, Grace) can be encouraged to try out various
warm-up exercises. For example, Gypsy was asked to develop easy Zumba steps for his
friends. Amy will take responsibility to prepare her friends with butt kicks. Apple can
lead his friends with side hopes and Grace will demonstrate the dynamic stretching
processes to her friends.
 Jumping activities
Jumping activities improve the physical flexibility of the children. Before going ahead
with the activities, the children should be demonstrated the technique for the longest
jump. They can then be instructed to jump as far as possible across the skipping rope.
Each one will lead each type of jumping in the group. For example, Amy will lead the
hula hoops jumping in the team, Grace will convey the process of Island Jumping, Apple
will help to do the skipping activity. In island jumping, markers such as mats or hula
hoops are spread across space and the participants are asked to jump from one marker to
the other without landing on the ground in between.
 Hopping activities
Hopping is a kind of jumping on a single leg and landing on the same leg. In order to
maintain balance while hopping, the children should bend their arms at the sides. They
should be encouraged to land on the ball of their feet. The children can then start hopping
on the right foot followed by the left foot, without making any noise while landing. The
instructor asks Amy to lead the team because of her efficiency in push-ups.

To conclude, they can be asked to execute a hop-step-jump sequence in which they hop
forward on the right foot, step onto the left and finally jump forward to stand upright on
both feet.
 Skipping activities
Once the children are done with jumping and hopping, they can move on to skipping,
which is a combination of both. They can be encouraged to compete with each other to
see who can complete the greatest number of skips on the skipping rope without
interruption. Before cooling down, the trainer could scatter objects all over the ground
and ask the children to skip around the objects, collect them and place them in the hula
hoops.
 Cool-down phase
It is essential to include a cool-down phase within the program because the body requires
time to slow down after strenuous activity. Exercises in this phase should consist mainly
of stretching activities such as the toe touch, the overhead arm stretch (which relaxes the
triceps) and the side-lying stretch (for the relaxation of the quadriceps).
Kicking and throwing the ball (Sunday)
 Warm up for ten minutes
Place two chairs some distance apart and stretch a rope in between them. The children
should be asked to first dribble the ball and then try to hit the target from a close range. If
they succeed, the distance can be gradually increased.
 Kicking the ball
The children should be instructed to place their body right behind the ball to generate
more power. One leg should be planted firmly on the ground while the ball should be
kicked with the instep of the other. The children are divided into two teams where Amy
will lead one team and Grace will lead the other. They can also practice dribbling the ball
or kicking it to a partner.
 Throwing the ball

While throwing the ball, the instructor can mark several targets on the ground or on the
trees using chalk or ribbon. The targets should be spaced 1 meter apart from each other.
The children first attempt to hit the 2meter target. Three points should be awarded if the
target is hit in the first attempt. Successes in subsequent attempts can earn the thrower
only one point. Following a success, the target should be shifted 1m farther away from
the thrower. This goes on until the target at a distance of 5 meters is hit. The scores are
added up and a winner is declared.
 Cooling down
The children can cool down by performing the chair stretch against a tree that reduces the
tension in the hamstring and the hips.
Case study 2
Task 1
A BMI value greater than 31 indicates obesity. John is clearly suffering from childhood obesity.
Obese children show reduced levels of physical fitness. John is likely to show significantly poor
results in activities such as the 50 meter dash, the 1500 meter run as well as the 5 minute run. His
obesity will have an adverse effect on the ability to perform chin-ups. A study has revealed that
the results of balance tests taken by obese children were much inferior to the results of children
with BMI in the normal range. Victims of childhood obesity such as John suffer from
impairment of motor abilities and visual coordination. Physical activities may cause cardio-
pulmonary stress. John may often complain of pain, breathlessness and premature fatigue during
exercise. He might also experience postural constraints and abnormal gait patterns.It has been
observed that an increase in body mass leads to a decrease in flexibility. It is highly likely that
John will be unsuccessful in flexibility tests such as the sit and reach test. Difficulties faced
during exercise encourage increasingly sedentary habits, which in turn promote obesity.
Obesity in childhood has profound health effects. John‘s obesity is responsible for his elevated
blood pressure or hypertension. Around 11 percent of obese children like John are hypertensive.
John also tends to have dyslipidemia, a condition in which there are high levels of lipids in the
blood. John needs to be regularly tested for diabetes as there is a high positive correlation
between childhood adiposity and type-2 diabetes. Obese children like John are four times more

prone to type-2 diabetes as compared to children with normal BMI. They also suffer from
metabolism issues such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
John’s obesity has alarming long-term consequences as well. His high blood pressure of 138/96
is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease as he grows into adulthood. A Harvard
Growth Study conducted between 1922 and 1935 found that pediatric obesity led to a twofold
increase in the risk of death due to coronary artery disease. There is also a risk of developing
chronic kidney disease (CKD) as an adult. The renal system of an obese individual performs
hyper-filtration in order to compensate for the increased metabolic demands of the body. This
puts immense pressure on the kidneys and increases the chances of renal failure. Research has
revealed a positive correlation between obesity and the risk of cancer. John’s obesity increases
his chances of developing renal, esophageal, thyroid and most importantly, colon cancer in the
future. Obese individuals have a thirty percent greater risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Task 2
John’s BMI in his profile can give him and his family a true picture of his obese condition. If the
adverse effects of obesity are explained, the acceptable range of BMI values can serve as a
suitable target for them to aim for. A recent systematic study has confirmed the fact that obese
children have a very high probability of turning into obese adults and this risk increases with the
increase in the level of pediatric obesity. Hence, it is essential to cure obesity at the pediatric
stage with proper BMI monitoring. BMI in childhood is a good indicator of adulthood BMI.
Adult obesity is associated with a high mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases, renal failure
and cancer.
Hypertension is frequently observed among obese children and childhood hypertension is highly
likely to result in adult hypertension. Hypertension is considered a high risk factor for
cardiovascular disease among adults. John’s high blood pressure level can draw attention
towards the possibility of cardiovascular disease in the future. The screening of hypertension in
children such as John can help prevent adult hypertension and thus reduce morbidity due to
cardiovascular disease.
During John’s exercise-training program, his baseline measurements such as BMI, blood
pressure and resting heart beat can serve as useful parameters to measure his progress. Obese
children have significantly higher resting heart rates than normal children. This is reflected in
John’s high heart-beat rate of 85 bpm. With proper exercise, the heart beat rate should come
down. This can prevent the onset of cardiovascular disease as an adult.

Task 3
Two motivational factors that John might need to overcome his current situation are:
 High levels of physical activity in schools should be rewarded with benefits in other fields
of life. For example, if John meets a certain fitness target, he could be exempted from
homework for a day and his parents might also take him to watch his favorite movie.
 Exercise should be made a positive and fun activity because compelling a child to
participate in exercise can result in negative reactions from the child. Instead of
concentrating on core fitness skills and sports, obese children can be given innovative but
easier activities to participate in.
Strategy
John is likely to have certain negative feelings about his fitness levels and obesity. In order to
overcome these psychological barriers, he should be given innovative activities that are easy to
accomplish. This can dispel any doubts in his mind about his self-efficacy. The difficulty of the
tasks can be increased gradually as he gains competence. When he performs poorly in a
relatively tough activity, he should be reminded of the difficulty of the task. The trainer should
provide positive feedback without being excessively critical.
Task 4
Program one – Home program
Client
name
John Client age 10 Session
length
30 min
Goal Boost confidence, lose weight, and increase energy.
Warm-up/preparation phase:
March in the same place for 3 to 5 minutes. Start walking briskly and follow it up with jogging
for 5 minutes. Perform arm circles forward and then backward 20 times. Stand on the toes for 10
seconds. Try to increase this interval. Repeat the exercise around 10 times.
Conditioning phase:
Exercise Intensity 1RM
% Sets Reps Rest Notes

1. Bicep Curl- left
hand
As per Wendler
Rules
1RM%=
w*r*0.0333+w
=
10*5*0.0333+10
=11.66
W= Weight
lifted (10
Pounds)
R= Reps
3 5 2 min
Completed successfully
but experienced some
stiffness in the bicep
2. Bicep curl-right
hand
As per Wendler
Rules
1RM%=
w*r*0.0333+w
=
10*5*0.0333+10
=11.66
W= Weight
lifted (10
Pounds)
3 5 2 min Better performance than
the left hand
3. Chest press with a
Dumbbell
As per Wendler
Rules
1RM%=
w*r*0.0333+w
=
30*5*0.0333+30
=34.99
W= Weight
lifted
(30Pounds)
3 5 5
min
Muscular fatigue set in
before completion of the
task. John was reminded
of his success in the two
previous tasks.
4. Chest press with a
dumbbell- second
attempt
As per Wendler
Rules
1RM%=
w*r*0.0333+w
=
20*5*0.0333+20
=23.33
3 5 5min Completed successfully

W= Weight
lifted
(20Pounds)
5. Squats with
dumbbells
As per Wendler
Rules
1RM%=
w*r*0.0333+w
=
35*5*0.0333+35
=40.82
W= Weight
lifted
(35Pounds)
3 5 10
min
Pain in hamstring. Failed
to complete
6. Squats with
dumbbells
As per Wendler
Rules
1RM%=
w*r*0.0333+w
=
35*5*0.0333+35
=40.82
W= Weight
lifted
(35Pounds)
3 5 10
min Completed successfully.
Exercise Intensity
HRmax% Time Rep. Rest Notes
1. Yoga session
(plank)
HRmax = 206.9
– (0.67 x age)
= 206.9 – (0.67
x 10)
=202.2
10
sec
3
times
30
secs
Find hard for first time
then completed
successfully
2. yoga session
(warrior II)
HRmax = 206.9
– (0.67 x age)
= 206.9 – (0.67
x 10)
=202.2
10
sec
3
times
15
secs
Legs shivers but
completed
3. yoga session
(Triangle)
HRmax = 206.9
– (0.67 x age)
= 206.9 – (0.67
x 10)
20
secs
3
times
10
secs
Completed successfully

=202.2
Cool-down phase:
Low intensity activity like slow walking is highly prioritized to cool down. It is impactful in
balancing heartbeat by controlling the breathing rate. Apart from that, it is an effective way to
reduce dizziness, fainting and muscle pain. It nullifies the adverse effectives of waste products in
muscles which build up during stressful activities. It also controls lactic acid in the muscle
through gentle exercises and static stretching for ten minutes. It is a great way to relax muscle
and improve, muscle flexibility.
Notes for next session:
Follow up the new diet chart plan for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Strictly avoiding snacks and
over-eating. Taking a quality sleep for non-stop 7 hours.
Client feedback:
It was tough at the beginning to continue the exercises due to fatigue but gradually enjoying this
as it is showing the results within a few days. Life is getting easier when exercises become a
habit. Weight has been started to reduce. It also helps to change food habits and understand the
necessity of a healthy and fit life.