Analysis and Response to Client Health Information - Assignment

This assignment analyzes client health information, covering a wide range of topics relevant to healthcare professionals. It begins with an overview of cell structure, function, and requirements for survival, including cellular respiration. The assignment then explores cellular adaptation mechanisms like atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and metaplasia. Transportation systems for cells, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, are discussed. Environmental emergencies, such as diving incidents, high altitude sickness, and temperature-related issues are examined. The assignment then delves into the pathophysiology of carbon monoxide poisoning, its signs, and symptoms. It further explores the impact of surgical, penetrating, and blunt trauma on the human body. Key medical terms are defined, and concepts like CNS stroke are addressed. The assignment covers various aspects of health and disease, including blood pressure, body mass index, cardiac output, and respiratory conditions like tachypnea, hypercapnia, and hypoxia. The document concludes with a detailed analysis of various health-related scenarios and their implications.

ANALYSE AND
RESPOND TO CLIENT
HEALTH
INFORMATION

Table of Contents
QUESTION 1...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Cell structure ........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Functions of cell....................................................................................................................1
1.3 Cellular respiration................................................................................................................1
1.4 Cell requirements for survival...............................................................................................1
QUESTION 2 ..................................................................................................................................1
Cellular adaptation .....................................................................................................................1
QUESTION 3...................................................................................................................................1
Types of cellular adaptation........................................................................................................1
QUESTION 4...................................................................................................................................2
Transportation systems for cell ..................................................................................................2
QUESTION 5...................................................................................................................................3
Environmental emergencies........................................................................................................3
QUESTION 6...................................................................................................................................3
6.1 Pathophysiological changes in body due to Carbon monoxide ...........................................3
6.2 Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning ...........................................................3
QUESTION 7...................................................................................................................................4
7.1 Surgical insult........................................................................................................................4
7.2 Penetrating trauma ...............................................................................................................4
7.3 Blunt trauma .........................................................................................................................4
QUESTION 8...................................................................................................................................4
Terms and definition...................................................................................................................4
QUESTION 9 ..................................................................................................................................7
CNS STROKE ................................................................................................................................7
QUESTION 10.................................................................................................................................7
QUESTION 11.................................................................................................................................7
QUESTION 12.................................................................................................................................8
12.1..............................................................................................................................................8
12.2..............................................................................................................................................8

12.3..............................................................................................................................................8
12.4..............................................................................................................................................8
QUESTION 13.................................................................................................................................9
13.1..............................................................................................................................................9
13.2..............................................................................................................................................9
13.3..............................................................................................................................................9
13.4..............................................................................................................................................9
QUESTION 14.................................................................................................................................9
14.1..............................................................................................................................................9
14.2..............................................................................................................................................9
14.3..............................................................................................................................................9
14.4............................................................................................................................................10
QUESTION 15...............................................................................................................................10
15.1............................................................................................................................................10
15.2............................................................................................................................................10
15.3............................................................................................................................................10
15.4............................................................................................................................................10
QUESTION 16...............................................................................................................................10
16.1............................................................................................................................................10
16.2............................................................................................................................................11
16.3............................................................................................................................................11
16.4............................................................................................................................................11
QUESTION 17...............................................................................................................................11
17.1............................................................................................................................................11
17.2............................................................................................................................................11
17.3............................................................................................................................................11
17.4............................................................................................................................................11
QUESTION 18...............................................................................................................................12
18.1............................................................................................................................................12
18.2............................................................................................................................................12
18.3............................................................................................................................................12

18.4............................................................................................................................................12
QUESTION 19...............................................................................................................................12
19.1............................................................................................................................................12
19.2............................................................................................................................................12
19.3............................................................................................................................................13
19.4............................................................................................................................................13
QUESTION 20...............................................................................................................................13
20.1 ...........................................................................................................................................13
20.2............................................................................................................................................13
20.3............................................................................................................................................13
20.4............................................................................................................................................13
QUESTION 21...............................................................................................................................14
21.1............................................................................................................................................14
21.2............................................................................................................................................14
21.3............................................................................................................................................14
21.4............................................................................................................................................14
QUESTION 22...............................................................................................................................14
22.1............................................................................................................................................14
22.2............................................................................................................................................14
22.3............................................................................................................................................14
22.4............................................................................................................................................15
QUESTION 23...............................................................................................................................15
23.1............................................................................................................................................15
23.2............................................................................................................................................15
23.3............................................................................................................................................15
23.4............................................................................................................................................15
QUESTION 24...............................................................................................................................15
24.1............................................................................................................................................15
24.2............................................................................................................................................16
24.3............................................................................................................................................16
24.4............................................................................................................................................16

QUESTION 25...............................................................................................................................16
25.1............................................................................................................................................16
25.2............................................................................................................................................16
25.3............................................................................................................................................16
25.4............................................................................................................................................17
QUESTION 26...............................................................................................................................17
26.1............................................................................................................................................17
26.2............................................................................................................................................17
26.3............................................................................................................................................17
26.4............................................................................................................................................17
QUESTION 27...............................................................................................................................17
27.1............................................................................................................................................17
27.2............................................................................................................................................17
27.3............................................................................................................................................18
27.4............................................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 28...............................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 29...............................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 30...............................................................................................................................18
30.1............................................................................................................................................18
30.2............................................................................................................................................18
QUESTION 31...............................................................................................................................18
31.1............................................................................................................................................18
31.2............................................................................................................................................19
31.3............................................................................................................................................19
QUESTION 32...............................................................................................................................19
32.1............................................................................................................................................19
32.3............................................................................................................................................19
32.4............................................................................................................................................19
32.5............................................................................................................................................19
32.6............................................................................................................................................19
QUESTION 33...............................................................................................................................20

33.1............................................................................................................................................20
33.2............................................................................................................................................20
33.3............................................................................................................................................20
33.4............................................................................................................................................20
33.5............................................................................................................................................20
33.6............................................................................................................................................20
QUESTION 34...............................................................................................................................20
34.1............................................................................................................................................20
34.2............................................................................................................................................20
34.3............................................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 35...............................................................................................................................21
35.1............................................................................................................................................21
35.2............................................................................................................................................21
35.3............................................................................................................................................21
35.4............................................................................................................................................21
35.5............................................................................................................................................21
35.6............................................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 36...............................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 37...............................................................................................................................21
37.1............................................................................................................................................21
37.2............................................................................................................................................21
37.3............................................................................................................................................21
37.4............................................................................................................................................22
QUESTION 38...............................................................................................................................22
38.1............................................................................................................................................22
38.2............................................................................................................................................22
38.3............................................................................................................................................22
38.4............................................................................................................................................22
QUESTION 39...............................................................................................................................22
QUESTION 40...............................................................................................................................22
40.1............................................................................................................................................22

40.2............................................................................................................................................22
40.3............................................................................................................................................22
40.4............................................................................................................................................22
40.5............................................................................................................................................23
QUESTION 41...............................................................................................................................23
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................24

QUESTION 1
1.1 Cell structure
Cell structure is made up of 3 components. The cell or plasma membrane is the outermost
covering of cell which separates intercellular and extracellular material. Nucleus is innermost
and controlling part of cell and is formed by nuclear membrane. All cellular functions are
performed within cytoplasm which lies in between other two components.
1.2 Functions of cell
Cells provide growth, structure and support to organisms. They facilitate functions like
reproduction, metabolism, protein synthesis and replication of DNA. Cells are also responsible
for active and passive transportation of nutrients.
1.3 Cellular respiration
Biological processes within cells which produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy
from nutrients and molecules of food are known as cellular respiration. ATP is used to provide
energy to all other cellular functions.
1.4 Cell requirements for survival
Oxygen and glucose nutrients are important elements for the survival of cells. They are
required for cell respiration. Water is also required by cells for survival because it is essential in
removing the waste products from cells.
QUESTION 2
Cellular adaptation
It is defined as the reversible changes introduced by cells against variations in
environment to avoid injuries. The changes can be in terms of size, functionality or quantity.
QUESTION 3
Types of cellular adaptation
S.N. Type Description
1 Atrophy Cells decreases their functional components to reduce their size.
It is caused due to increased rate of protein degradation and
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lower metabolism which reduces protein synthesis.
2 Hyperplasia Within this adaptation, cell formation is increased and thus,
replication of cells occurs to increase the tissue size. It is caused
when hormonal and growth stimulation is in excess or after
resection.
3 Hypertrophy To increase the size of tissues, cells adapt to increase their
property. It occurs in permanent cells like skeletal, cardiac
muscles and nerves due to hypertension and intense physical
workouts.
4 Metaplasia In this type of cellular adaptation, tissues can replace each
other. Chronic irritation, vitamin A deficiency, bone and
cartilage formation as well as hematopoietic proliferation
exterior to bone marrow are the major causes for this
adaptation.
QUESTION 4
Transportation systems for cell
Transport system Carrier molecule and
energy requirement
Example Direction
Simple diffusion No energy required,
carrier
Ions and molecules
such as sodium and
chlorine ions, water
molecules
High to low
concentration
Facilitated diffusion Does not require ATP.
Energy. Carrier
molecule: protein
Glucose, valinomycin
potassium carrier,
Downhill (Down to
concentration gradient
of substance)
Osmosis No energy required Glucose, salt and
water
High to low
concentration of water
Hydrostatic force Carrier molecule: Salts Higher osmotic
2

water and solute
molecules,
concentration to lower
osmotic concentration
QUESTION 5
Environmental emergencies
Environmental
emergency
Effect on human
body
Signs and symptoms
Diving Irregularity in heart
beats can cause death
 Breathing shortness
 Visual abnormalities
 Chest pain and unconsciousness
High altitude Cardiovascular
diseases
 Dehydration
 Respiratory and heart beat rate
increases
 Nausea, appetite loss and vomiting
Temperature Irritation and
concentration loss
 Heat stroke
 Difficulty in respiration
 Dizziness and fainting
QUESTION 6
6.1 Pathophysiological changes in body due to Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is absorbed by the lungs and causes cellular and cardiac injury. It
also damages central nervous system due to hypoxia. It diffuses into haemoglobin and
completely binds with it and cause abnormalities in respiratory functions as well as myocardial
injuries. Carbon monoxide poisoning can also influence the brain tissues. As soon as it enters in
blood, it starts displacing the oxygen from blood due to its higher affinity as compared to
oxygen. CO also gives rise to increased growth of free radical which results in brain
demyelinization
6.2 Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
 Fatigue and dizziness
3

 Vomiting and imbalance
 Respiratory system blockage
 Nausea and exertional dyspnea
 Obtundation, syncope and seizures
 Weakness, difficulty in concentration
 Numbness
QUESTION 7
7.1 Surgical insult
Surgical insults can significantly affect the immune system of human body. It also
generates greater risks of infections to various body parts. The weak immune system can give
rise to new diseases.
7.2 Penetrating trauma
This injury is caused when any object penetrates into body tissues due to piercing into the
skin. Head related trauma can cause death while chest penetrations can cause lung injuries, lung
and heart failures. Abdominal penetrating trauma can injure liver, profuse bleeding and dullness.
7.3 Blunt trauma
It is also called as non-penetrating trauma and is caused when blunt objects with great
force makes an injury. It can deform the organ structure and thus, leading to rupture of organs.
Blunt trauma may also lead to shearing and stretching of mobile joints like injuries to renal
arteries.
QUESTION 8
Terms and definition
S.N. Term Definition
8.1 Lateral It is defined as the side or part of body which is far from
body centre.
8.2 Mid axillary
line
It is defined as the imaginary vertical line which is
passing midway between both posterior and anterior
axillary line
4

8.3 Anterior The body parts situated in front are called anterior. For
instance: face, knees, stomach, fingers and lungs are
anterior body parts.
8.4 Posterior Parts of the body which are situated on back side are
called as posterior body organs. For example: spinal cord
and shoulders are posterior.
8.5 Ventral The front or lower surface of organisms is known as
ventral surface. For example: knee cap is the ventral part
of legs.
8.6 Dorsal The upper or back side surface of human body refers to
dorsal surface. For instance: the top surface of skull is
dorsal.
8.7 Superior With reference to the vertical axis of body, parts located at
higher position are called as superior. For example: mouth
is superior to legs.
8.8 Inferior In reference with vertical body axis, the body part situated
below than the other part is called as inferior like legs are
inferior to mouth.
8.9 Proximal It is used to refer the relative locations of body parts on
limbs. Proximal is defined as the locations which are
closer to torso.
8.1O Distal Distal is defined as the body places which are located far
from the torso. For instance: elbow is distal to shoulder.
8.11 Torso The thorax and abdomen part of human body is called as
Torso. It is the central part from which limbs and neck
5